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Geocentric orbit with an altitude entirely above that of a geosynchronous orbit
high Earth orbit is a geocentric orbit with an apogee farther than that of the geosynchronous orbit, which is 35,786 km (22,236 mi) away from Earth.
High_Earth_orbit
Earth-centered orbit above low Earth orbit and below geostationary orbit
A medium Earth orbit (MEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an altitude above a low Earth orbit (LEO) and below a high Earth orbit (HEO) – between 2,000
Medium_Earth_orbit
Topics referred to by the same term
Earth Geostationary orbit Geosynchronous orbit Low Earth orbit Medium Earth orbit High Earth orbit Earth Orbiter 1, a shuttle simulator This disambiguation
Earth_orbit
orbit of Earth per sidereal day (relative to the stars, not the Sun). High Earth orbit: geocentric orbits above the altitude of geosynchronous orbit (35
List_of_orbits
Trajectory of Earth around the Sun
Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of 149.60 million km (92.96 million mi), or 8.317 light-minutes, in a counterclockwise direction as viewed
Earth's_orbit
Orbit around Earth between 160 and 2000 km
A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit around Earth with a period of 128 minutes or less (making at least 11.25 orbits per day) and an eccentricity less
Low_Earth_orbit
The Moon's circuit around Earth
geocentrically since the Moon is mainly bound to Earth, but it also orbits together with Earth, as the Earth–Moon system, around their shared barycenter.
Orbit_of_the_Moon
Orbit around Earth
A geocentric orbit, Earth-centered orbit, or Earth orbit involves any object orbiting Earth, such as the Moon or artificial satellites. In 1997, NASA estimated
Geocentric_orbit
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
A geosynchronous orbit (sometimes abbreviated GSO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an orbital period that matches Earth's rotation on its axis, 23 hours
Geosynchronous_orbit
Range of low orbital altitudes
Very low Earth orbit (VLEO) is a range of geocentric orbits with lowest altitudes (at perigee) below 400 km (250 mi). It is of increasing commercial importance
Very_low_Earth_orbit
Transfer orbit used to reach geosynchronous or geostationary orbit
transfer orbit (GTO) or geosynchronous transfer orbit is a highly elliptical type of geocentric orbit, usually with a perigee as low as low Earth orbit (LEO)
Geostationary_transfer_orbit
Circular orbit above Earth's Equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation
geostationary orbit, also referred to as a GEO or GSO, is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) in altitude above Earth's equator, 42,164 km
Geostationary_orbit
Claims that Earth may have other natural satellites
the existence of other moons of Earth—that is, of one or more natural satellites with relatively stable orbits of Earth, other than the Moon—have existed
Claimed_moons_of_Earth
2026 crewed flyby of the Moon
NASA-led Artemis program. It was the first crewed flight beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) since Apollo 17 in 1972 and the only crewed flight beyond LEO not
Artemis_II
Arrival of a spacecraft on the Moon's surface
would carry various radiation detectors in test flights to a very high Earth orbit that came nowhere near the Moon; Block II, which would try to accomplish
Moon_landing
Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
laws for calculating orbits, and it is sometimes necessary to use it for greater accuracy or in high-gravity situations (e.g. orbits near the Sun). Until
Orbital_mechanics
Spacecraft end-of-life orbit
graveyard orbit, also called a junk orbit or disposal orbit, is an orbit that lies away from common operational orbits. One significant graveyard orbit is a
Graveyard_orbit
Speed at which a body orbits around the barycenter of a system
negligible compared to the other mass, as the case for Earth and Sun, one can approximate the orbit velocity v o {\displaystyle v_{o}} as: v o ≈ G M r {\displaystyle
Orbital_speed
Type of high-latitude satellite orbit
particular, is located at high northern latitudes. To broadcast to these latitudes from a geostationary orbit (above the Earth's equator) requires considerable
Molniya_orbit
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
on a spacecraft. Halo orbits exist in any three-body system, e.g., a Sun–Earth–orbiting satellite system or an Earth–Moon–orbiting satellite system. Continuous
Halo_orbit
Equilibrium points near two orbiting bodies
the orbital plane of the two large bodies. There are five Lagrange points for the Sun–Earth system, and five different Lagrange points for the Earth–Moon
Lagrange_point
Estimate of total change in velocity of a space mission
needed to transfer a heavier communication satellite from low Earth orbit to geosynchronous orbit than for a lighter one, the delta-v required is the same
Delta-v_budget
Type of co-orbital motion of a small orbiting body relative to a larger orbiting body
horseshoe orbit of (419624) 2010 SO16 around the Earth-Sun system over 900 years In celestial mechanics, a horseshoe orbit is a type of co-orbital motion
Horseshoe_orbit
Type of geocentric orbit
A Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), also called a heliosynchronous orbit, is a nearly polar orbit around a planet, in which the satellite passes over any given
Sun-synchronous_orbit
Natural or artificial object that orbits another body
possible orbit classifications for an object are low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), high Earth orbit (HEO) or geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO)
Resident_space_object
Curved path of an object around a point
orbit of Earth per sidereal day (relative to the stars, not the Sun). High Earth orbit: Geocentric orbits above the altitude of geosynchronous orbit 35
Orbit
Crash of rocket into the Moon
spacecraft had been abandoned the previous year in a Moon-crossing high Earth orbit after delivering two lunar landers: Blue Ghost-1 and Hakuto-R Mission
2026_SpaceX_lunar_impact
Highly elliptical and highly inclined synchronous orbit
Tundra orbit (Russian: орбита «Тундра») is a highly elliptical geosynchronous orbit with a high inclination (approximately 63.4°), an orbital period of
Tundra_orbit
Transfer manoeuvre between two orbits
to raise a satellite's orbit from low Earth orbit to geostationary orbit. In the idealized case, the initial and target orbits are both circular and coplanar
Hohmann_transfer_orbit
Quasi-periodic orbital trajectory
transferred two of its THEMIS spacecraft from Earth orbit to Lunar orbit by way of Earth–Moon L1 and L2 Lissajous orbits. In June 2018, Queqiao, the relay satellite
Lissajous_orbit
Coordinate frames
Moon's gravitational influence on a high-Earth orbiting satellite is significantly different than its influence on Earth, so observers in an ECI frame would
Earth-centered_inertial
Designation of part of the Saturn V rocket
permanent heliocentric orbit in November 1969, but is now believed instead to have gone into an unstable high Earth orbit which left Earth's proximity in 1971
J002E3
Saturn V-launched payload that took men to the Moon
Saturn IB launch vehicles for low Earth orbit Apollo missions. Larger Saturn Vs launched two uncrewed CSMs on high Earth orbit test flights, the CSM on one
Apollo_(spacecraft)
Orbit in the two body case with high eccentricity
elliptical orbit (HEO) or highly eccentric orbit is an orbit of one body about another with high eccentricity, usually referring to one around Earth. Examples
Highly_elliptical_orbit
Maintenance of a particular orbit
thruster burns to keep the active craft in the same orbit as its target. For many low Earth orbit satellites, the effects of non-Keplerian forces, i.e
Orbital_station-keeping
Upcoming crewed mission of the Artemis program
Planned for 2027, the mission is designed as a demonstration flight in low Earth orbit rather than a lunar landing. Four astronauts will launch aboard the Orion
Artemis_III
USA Classified X-37B spaceplane mission
horizontal-landing spaceplane. It was launched to a highly elliptical high Earth orbit aboard a Falcon Heavy rocket (for the first time) from LC-39A on 29
OTV-7
Reusable robotic spaceplane used by US military since 2010
known as the Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV), is a reusable robotic spacecraft. It is boosted into space by a launch vehicle, re-enters Earth's atmosphere,
Boeing_X-37
Orbit of an object around the Moon
spaceflight, a lunar orbit (also known as a selenocentric orbit) is an orbit by an object around Earth's Moon. In general these orbits are not circular.
Lunar_orbit
Movement around a celestial body that remains below its Karman line
orbit (TAO) is an orbit around a celestial body in which a portion of the orbit intersects with the defined atmosphere. Transatmospheric Earth orbits
Transatmospheric_orbit
Indian lunar mission (2023–Present)
The orbiting propulsion module remained operational and was repurposed for scientific observations of Earth; it was shifted from lunar orbit to a high Earth
Chandrayaan-3
Configuration of two or more astronomical objects
orbit centered on a position ahead of the position of Earth. This orbit slowly moves further ahead of Earth's orbital position. When Cruithne's orbit
Co-orbital_configuration
Class of spy satellite operated by the United States
the 1980s and 1990s to collect signals intelligence (SIGINT) from high Earth orbit. The Vortex satellites were operated by the National Reconnaissance
Vortex_(satellite)
Satellite orbit with high inclination
polar orbit is one in which a satellite passes above or nearly above both poles of the body being orbited (usually a planet such as the Earth, but possibly
Polar_orbit
in 1983 for a comet rendezvous mission. Currently in heliocentric orbit. The Sun–Earth L1 is also the point to which the Reboot ISEE-3 mission was attempting
List of objects at Lagrange points
List_of_objects_at_Lagrange_points
Saudi deep-space cubesat
radiation, solar X-rays, charged particles, and magnetic fields in high Earth orbit. On Saturday, April 3, the SSA would announce that the probes name
SHAMS_(satellite)
Artificial satellite that relays radio signals
track the satellite. However, most form satellite constellations in low Earth orbit, where ground antennas must track the satellites and switch between them
Communications_satellite
subsequently from satellites around Earth, and eventually from spacecraft beyond Earth's orbit. List of notable images of Earth from space List of photographs
Timeline of first images of Earth from space
Timeline_of_first_images_of_Earth_from_space
Astrodynamic equation
surface of the Earth, then the orbit is elliptic with eccentricity close to 1 and one end of the ellipse just beyond the center of the Earth, and the other
Orbit_equation
Earth observation satellites for missions targeting Earth. Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit
List_of_space_telescopes
Movement during spaceflight
an orbital maneuver (otherwise known as a burn) is the use of propulsion systems to change the orbit of a spacecraft. For spacecraft far from Earth, in
Orbital_maneuver
Aten asteroid co-orbital with Earth
asteroid in orbit around the Sun in 1:1 orbital resonance with Earth, making it a co-orbital object. It is an asteroid that, relative to Earth, orbits the Sun
3753_Cruithne
Quasiperiodic orbit around a Lagrange point
for example, in the Earth–Moon system. Trojan bodies also exhibit libration dynamics. Two varieties of libration point orbits amenable to Lyapunov
Libration_point_orbit
S2CID 41507183. "Preliminary Results of the GPS Flight Experiment on the High Earth Orbit AMSAT OSCAR-40 Spacecraft". 25th Annual AAS Guidance and Control Conference
List of communications satellite firsts
List_of_communications_satellite_firsts
Conceptual artificial ring around the Earth
gravity. For the Earth, the required speed is on the order of 10 km/sec,[citation needed] compared to a typical low Earth orbit orbital speed of 7.9 km/sec
Orbital_ring
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
In orbital mechanics a near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) is a halo orbit that passes close to the smaller of two bodies and has nearly stable behavior
Near-rectilinear_halo_orbit
Height in relation to a specified reference point
Geocentric orbits with altitudes at apogee higher than that of the geosynchronous orbit. A special case of high Earth orbit is the highly elliptical orbit, where
Altitude
Void between celestial bodies
century with the advent of high-altitude balloon flights. This was followed by crewed rocket flights and, then, crewed Earth orbit, first achieved by Yuri
Outer_space
NASA scientific research satellites
satellites designed to provide an orbiting laser ranging benchmark for geodynamical studies of the Earth. Each satellite is a high-density passive laser reflector
LAGEOS
Kind of planetary orbit
supersynchronous orbit is an orbit with a period greater than that of a synchronous orbit, or an orbit whose major axis is larger than that of a synchronous orbit. A
Supersynchronous_orbit
Zone of energetic charged particles around the planet Earth
fields of the Van Allen radiation belts that surround the Earth is known as High Voltage Orbiting Long Tether, or HiVOLT, a concept proposed by Russian physicist
Van_Allen_radiation_belt
Angle between the rotational axis and orbital axis of a body
the Earth's orbital axis is the line perpendicular to the imaginary plane through which the Earth moves as it revolves around the Sun; the Earth's obliquity
Axial_tilt
1987 video game
E.O.S.: Earth Orbit Stations is a space station construction and management simulation video game developed by Karl Buiter for Electronic Arts. It was
Earth_Orbit_Stations
American prototype spacecraft
vehicle malfunction, the spacecraft could reach only Low Earth orbit, rather than the high Earth orbit that had been planned, and was only able to complete
Ranger_1
Spaceflight where spacecraft orbits an astronomical body
trajectory where it could remain in space for at least one orbit. To do this around the Earth, it must be on a free trajectory which has an altitude at
Orbital_spaceflight
Orbit around the barycenter of the Sun
targets Earth's orbit – Trajectory of Earth around the Sun Geocentric orbit – Orbit around Earth List of artificial objects in heliocentric orbit List of
Heliocentric_orbit
Series of NASA satellites
launched in 1999 aboard Columbia during STS-93 into an elliptical high-Earth orbit, and was initially named the Advanced X-ray Astronomical Facility (AXAF)
Great_Observatories_program
This is a list of space probes that have left Earth orbit (or were launched with that intention but failed), organized by their planned destination. It
List_of_Solar_System_probes
Topics referred to by the same term
orbit, an orbit with greatly varying distance High Earth orbit, an orbit which is always far from Earth Health extension officer, a category of health
HEO
Chinese satellite internet constellation
卫星互联网系列卫星; pinyin: Wèixīng hùliánwǎng xìliè wèixīng) is a Chinese low-Earth orbit satellite internet constellation to create a system of worldwide internet
Guowang
describe an orbit. Contrast descending node. aspect The position of a planet or Earth's Moon with respect to the Sun, as viewed from Earth. asterism Any
Glossary_of_astronomy
Kepler orbit with an eccentricity of less than one
Some orbits with high eccentricity are described as "elongated", but that is not an explanatory term. For the simple two-body problem, all orbits are ellipses
Elliptic_orbit
observed in a high Earth orbit appears to have ceased S-Band radio emissions". X (Formerly Twitter). Retrieved 23 August 2024. "Returns to home Earth: Chandrayaan-3
List_of_ISRO_missions
Use of satellite signals for navigation or geo-spatial positioning
medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites spread between several orbital planes. The actual systems vary, but all use orbital inclinations of >50° and orbital periods
Satellite_navigation
Proposed type of space transportation system
cargo to and from orbit. The design would permit vehicles to travel directly between a planetary surface, such as the Earth's, and orbit, without the use
Space_elevator
Propulsive maneuver used to arrive at the Moon
parking orbit around Earth. The large TLI burn, usually performed by a chemical rocket engine, increases the spacecraft's velocity, changing its orbit from
Trans-lunar_injection
Theoretical satellite collision cascade
describes a situation in which the density of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) becomes so high due to space pollution that collisions between these objects
Kessler_syndrome
Technology development overview
types of orbits, including low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, geostationary orbit, Sun-synchronous orbit, polar orbit, highly elliptical orbit, Lagrange-point
Outline of artificial satellites
Outline_of_artificial_satellites
Spacecraft capable of aerodynamic flight in atmosphere
gliders. Four examples of spaceplanes have successfully launched to orbit, reentered Earth's atmosphere, and landed: the U.S. Space Shuttle, the Russian Buran
Spaceplane
Objects intentionally placed into orbit
intended for long-term Earth orbit, such as missions to beyond Earth orbit. Included are satellites at Sun-Earth Lagrange point 2. High-altitude platform station
Satellite
Denial-of-service attack tool
High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC) is an open-source network stress testing and denial-of-service attack application designed to attack as many as 256 URLs at
High_Orbit_Ion_Cannon
Process that leads to gradual decrease of the distance between two orbiting bodies
bodies in low Earth orbit, the most significant effect is atmospheric drag. Due to atmospheric drag, the lowest altitude above the Earth at which an object
Orbital_decay
Russian global navigation satellite system
almanac parameters depends on the orbit type. Satellites with geosynchronous, medium-Earth, and high-elliptical orbits could be employed in the future.
GLONASS
Amount by which an orbit deviates from a perfect circle
{1+e}{1-e}}} For Earth, orbital eccentricity e ≈ 0.01668, apoapsis is aphelion and periapsis is perihelion, relative to the Sun. For Earth's annual orbit path, the
Orbital_eccentricity
Situation in which an astronomical object's orbital period matches its rotational period
example, the same side of the Moon always faces Earth, although there is some variability because the Moon's orbit is not perfectly circular. Usually, only the
Tidal_locking
Electromagnetic Pulse HEO (a) High Earth orbit (a) Highly elliptical orbit HEOSS – (a) High Earth Orbit Space Surveillance HEP – (i) High-Explosive Plastic (ammunition)
List_of_acronyms:_H
Time an astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object
e.g. Earth around the Sun. Periods in astronomy are expressed in units of time, usually hours, days, or years. Its reciprocal is the orbital frequency
Orbital_period
Second crewed mission to orbit the Moon
After four orbits they rejoined Young in the CSM and, after the CSM completed its 31st orbit of the Moon, they returned safely to Earth. While NASA had
Apollo_10
Comparison of all orbital launch systems
GTO, geostationary transfer orbit GEO, geostationary orbit (direct injection) HEO, high Earth orbit HCO, heliocentric orbit TLI, trans-lunar injection
Comparison of orbital launch systems
Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems
Type of orbit around an astronomical body
near-equatorial orbit is an orbit that lies close to the equatorial plane of the primary body orbited. Such an orbit has an inclination near 0°. Such orbits lie near
Near-equatorial_orbit
Type of astronomical orbit
rotation. For Earth, a semi-synchronous orbit is considered a medium Earth orbit, with a period of just under 12 hours. For circular Earth orbits, the altitude
Semi-synchronous_orbit
Lunar GNSS navigation experiment
situ demonstration of GNSS-based navigation beyond Earth orbit, extending prior theoretical and high-altitude studies into the lunar environment. Global
Lunar GNSS Receiver Experiment
Lunar_GNSS_Receiver_Experiment
Super-Earth orbiting LHS 1140
composed of water. LHS 1140 b orbits entirely within the star's habitable zone and gets 43% the incident flux of Earth. The planet is 49 light-years away
LHS_1140_b
Laws describing planetary orbits
diameter would cut the orbit into equal parts, but the plane through the Sun parallel to the equator of the Earth cuts the orbit into two parts with areas
Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Kepler's_laws_of_planetary_motion
NASA-led lunar exploration program
of the spacecraft in high Earth orbit before Orion was boosted into a free-return trajectory around the Moon, returning to Earth for re-entry and splashdown
Artemis_program
Hypothetical planets further than Neptune
giant planet, 2 to 15 times the mass of the Earth and beyond 200 AU with possibly a highly inclined orbit at some 1,500 AU. In 2016, further work showed
Planets_beyond_Neptune
Concept in celestial mechanics
1980s, the increasing number of artificial satellites in Earth orbit further facilitated high-precision measurements, and the relative uncertainty was
Standard gravitational parameter
Standard_gravitational_parameter
Third planet from the Sun
minutes). Earth's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to the perpendicular to its orbital plane around the Sun, producing seasons. Earth is orbited by one
Earth
NASA climate research satellite (1999–present)
Sun-synchronous orbit around the Earth. It takes simultaneous measurements of Earth's atmosphere, land, and water to understand how Earth is changing and
Terra_(satellite)
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
The Moon is the only natural satellite of Earth. It orbits Earth at an average distance of 384,399 kilometers (238,854 mi). Because the Moon follows an
Moon
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