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Space navigation technique
A gravity assist, gravity assist maneuver, swing-by, or generally a gravitational slingshot in orbital mechanics, is a type of spaceflight flyby which
Gravity_assist
Laser microdissection method
Gravity-assisted microdissection (GAM) is one of the laser microdissection methods. The dissected material is allowed to fall by gravity into a cap and
Gravity-assisted microdissection
Gravity-assisted_microdissection
List of cases where spacecraft incidentally performed Earth flybys
performed Earth flybys, typically for a gravity assist to another body. List of Solar System probes Gravity assist Planetary flyby Mars flyby "NASA - NSSDC
List_of_Earth_flybys
other spacecraft making gravity-assist flybys. New Horizons, although eventually targeting Pluto, used Jupiter for a gravity assist and had an extensive
List of missions to the outer planets
List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets
mission planners used a gravity assist from Jupiter. In February 1992, Ulysses passed close to Jupiter, utilizing its gravity to alter its trajectory
List of proposed missions to the outer planets
List_of_proposed_missions_to_the_outer_planets
American mathematician
1936 - 16 September 2022) was an American mathematician who developed gravity assist technique when he was a UCLA graduate student and working summers at
Michael_Minovitch
Proposed Chinese interstellar space probes
of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, are possible, but the focus is on gravity assists from Earth and Jupiter, and heliosphere science. The heliosphere and
Shensuo
ESA/JAXA mission to study Mercury in orbit (2018–present)
the University of Padua, Italy, who first proposed the interplanetary gravity assist manoeuvre used by the 1974 Mariner 10 mission, a technique now used
BepiColombo
Concept in celestial mechanics
reach escape velocity in a single maneuver, and objects can also use a gravity assist to siphon kinetic energy away from large bodies. Precise trajectory
Escape_velocity
Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
proposing the use of intermediary bodies' gravity for interplanetary travels, in what is known today as a gravity assist. The size of the "neighborhoods" (or
Orbital_mechanics
Movement during spaceflight
In astrodynamics a gravity assist maneuver, gravitational slingshot or swing-by is the use of the relative movement and gravity of a planet or other
Orbital_maneuver
Attraction of masses and energy
In physics, gravity (from Latin gravitas 'weight'), also known as gravitation or a gravitational interaction, is a fundamental interaction, which may
Gravity
Second planet from the Sun
1970, with the first images captured by Mariner 10 during its 1974 gravity assist en route to Mercury. As of 2025[update], Solar Orbiter is on its way
Venus
By later passing near a planet, a probe can gain extra speed from a gravity assist. If a probe has current speed v {\displaystyle v} and this is above
List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System
List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System
There have been 47 space missions to the planet Venus (including gravity-assist flybys). Missions to Venus constitute part of the exploration of Venus
List_of_missions_to_Venus
Proposed NASA space mission to Uranus
launch in 2031 using a Falcon Heavy expendable launch vehicle with a gravity assist at Jupiter, allowing arrival at Uranus in 2044. In 2023, however, NASA
Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe
Spacecraft propulsion without on-board reaction mass
very first gravity assist was performed in 1959 by Luna 3. Mariner 10 was the first interplanetary spacecraft to make use of a gravity assist, flying by
Propellantless spacecraft propulsion
Propellantless_spacecraft_propulsion
Soviet lunar probe launched in 1959
Earth. It is the first instance of a "man-made Lidov-Kozai effect". The gravity assist maneuver was first used in 1959 when Luna 3 photographed the far side
Luna_3
Gravity assists are critical for optimizing spacecraft trajectories and accelerating them toward their target dwarf planets. During a gravity assist,
Exploration_of_dwarf_planets
satellite, in December. On 15 May, NASA's Psyche spacecraft performed a gravity assist maneuver at Mars, flying 4,500 km from the planet's surface on its way
2026_in_spaceflight
Sending a space probe past a planet or dwarf planet
2 zoomed by the planet Venus. Planetary flybys are commonly used as gravity assist maneuvers to "slingshot" a space probe toward its primary target without
Planetary_flyby
NASA space mission to Jupiter and Europa
spacecraft ever launched by NASA. The mission used a gravity assist from Mars in March 2025, and will use an assist from Earth in December 2026. Europa Clipper
Europa_Clipper
NASA mission to fly by eight asteroids
gravity assist from Earth a year later on 16 October 2022, and after making a flyby of the asteroid 152830 Dinkinesh in 2023, gained another gravity assist
Lucy_(spacecraft)
Topics referred to by the same term
Planetary flyby, a type of flyby mission Gravity assist or swing-by, a type of flyby making use of the gravity field of a passed celestial body Fly-by
Flyby
Transfer manoeuvre between two orbits
the Moon for a gravity assist. There are also possibilities of using one planet, like Venus which is the easiest to get to, to assist getting to other
Hohmann_transfer_orbit
Physical and science fiction concept
Anti-gravity is the concept of a force that would exactly oppose the force of gravity. Under the known laws of physics, anti-gravity is not possible.
Anti-gravity
Dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt
Makemake for different gravity assists and excess launch energies. For launch dates in 2036–2039, a single Jupiter gravity assist could bring a spacecraft
Makemake
Reconnaissance NASA mission of the main belt asteroid 16 Psyche
Heavy launch vehicle with a January 31, 2026 arrival, following a Mars gravity assist on May 23, 2023. In June 2022 NASA found that the late delivery of the
Psyche_(spacecraft)
Possible dwarf planet
spacecraft launched between 2025 and 2027 could use a single Saturn gravity assist to reach Salacia in 15.4 to 24.2 years, depending on the launch vehicle's
120347_Salacia
Mars sols, solar days on Mars. Mission Type Legend Mission to Mars Gravity assist, destination elsewhere 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 In 1999, Mars
List_of_missions_to_Mars
Type of spacecraft maneuver
or Oberth maneuver, is a maneuver in which a spacecraft falls into a gravity well and then uses its engines to further accelerate as it is falling,
Oberth_effect
NASA probe of the Sun's outer corona
2018 to make observations of the Sun's outer corona. It used repeated gravity assists from Venus to develop an eccentric orbit, approaching within 9.86 solar
Parker_Solar_Probe
Type of physical therapy
workouts, doing inverted crunches or squats. Inversion therapy uses gravity-assisted traction to reduce compressive forces on the spine. When the body is
Inversion_therapy
1962 video game
when the player is not accelerating. Flying near the star to provide a gravity assist is a common tactic. Ships are destroyed when they collide with a torpedo
Spacewar!
2014 book by Kip Thorne
anomaly Gravitational lensing Gravity assist Innermost stable circular orbit Oberth maneuver O'Neill cylinder Quantum gravity Single-stage-to-orbit Singularities
The_Science_of_Interstellar
Earth-Mars-Venus-Earth route
widely assumed that G. A. Crocco would have been the inventor of the gravity assist. Michael A. Minovitch A method for determining interplanetary free-fall
Crocco's Multiplanetary Trajectory
Crocco's_Multiplanetary_Trajectory
NASA spacecraft (2006–present)
3 million kilometers (1.4 million miles). The Jupiter flyby provided a gravity assist that increased New Horizons' speed; the flyby also enabled a general
New_Horizons
Flight event at some distance from the object
target of the space exploration mission and may also be a source of a gravity assist to impel it towards another target in a swing-by. The term has also
Flyby_(spaceflight)
Planned Chinese Jupiter orbiter mission
orbits over about a year before entering its second phase with two gravity assists of Callisto. In February 2038, Tianwen-4 will enter orbit around Callisto
Tianwen-4
Spacecraft trajectory that encounters Earth and Mars regularly
materials between those bodies using minimal propellant (relying on gravity-assist flybys for most trajectory changes) and can carry heavy radiation shielding
Mars_cycler
NASA mission to Mercury
to execute a Discovery-class mission by using multiple, consecutive gravity assist, 'swingby' maneuvers around Venus and Mercury, in combination with minor
MESSENGER
Planned UAESA mission to the Asteroid belt
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Flyby of Venus (gravity assist) Closest approach July 2028 Flyby of Earth (gravity assist) Closest approach May 2029 Flyby of 10253
MBR_Explorer
American space program to study Jupiter (1989–2003)
the STS-34 mission, and arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995, after gravity assist flybys of Venus and Earth, and became the first spacecraft to orbit
Galileo_project
Theoretical spacecraft maneuver
aerogravity assist, or AGA, is a theoretical spacecraft maneuver designed to change velocity when arriving at a body with an atmosphere. A pure gravity assist uses
Aerogravity_assist
NASA space probe proposal to study the ice giant planet Neptune and its moon Triton
2's flyby in 1989. Trident would have taken advantage of an efficient gravity assist alignment of Jupiter and Neptune (that occurs once every 13 years) to
Trident_(spacecraft)
Technology used to produce heavy crude oil and bitumen
Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD; "Sag-D") is an enhanced oil recovery technology for producing heavy crude oil and bitumen. It is an advanced form
Steam-assisted gravity drainage
Steam-assisted_gravity_drainage
European mission to study Jupiter and its moons since 2023
contractor, it is expected to reach Jupiter in July 2031 after four gravity assists and eight years of travel. In December 2034, the spacecraft will enter
Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer
Plutino
gravity assist. By the time the spacecraft arrives in 2050, Ixion would be approximately 31 to 32 AU from the Sun. Other trajectories using gravity assists
28978_Ixion
solar probes, and probes to asteroids and comets. Flybys (such as gravity assists) that were incidental to the main purpose of the mission are also included
List_of_Solar_System_probes
2014 film by Christopher Nolan
a severe dust storm, Murph's bedroom experiences dust being pulled by gravity into lines of binary, which reveal coordinates to a secret NASA facility
Interstellar_(film)
Large plutino
excess launch energies and gravity assists from planets. A spacecraft launched in 2035–2038 could use a single Jupiter gravity assist to reach Achlys in 8.2–11
208996_Achlys
Measure of amount of effort to change trajectory
rockets, "absence of external forces" is taken to mean the absence of gravity drag and atmospheric drag, as well as the absence of aerostatic back pressure
Delta-v
"长征二号丁 • 高分九号04星、清华重力与大气科学卫星" [Long March 2D • Gaofen-9 04, Tsinghua Gravity and Atmospheric Science Satellite]. spaceflightfans.cn (in Chinese). 6
2020_in_spaceflight
First spacecraft to visit Mercury (1973–1975)
the interplanetary medium and to obtain experience with a dual-planet gravity assist mission. Mariner 10's science team was led by Bruce C. Murray at the
Mariner_10
Topics referred to by the same term
meaning "large" that is used in taxonomy Gravity assist, for Moon-Earth gravity assist and Mars-Earth gravity assist Aixam-Mega, a French automobile manufacturer
Mega
Estimate of total change in velocity of a space mission
the Moon for a gravity assist. There are also possibilities of using one planet, like Venus which is the easiest to get to, to assist getting to other
Delta-v_budget
American aerospace engineer
Flandro calculated that the best option was to launch spacecraft in 1977. Gravity assist maneuvers were already known, but according to Flandro he was the first
Gary_Flandro
NASA/ESA solar probe launched in 1990
reach the desired orbit around the Sun, the mission's planners chose a gravity assist maneuver around Jupiter, but this Jupiter encounter meant that Ulysses
Ulysses_(spacecraft)
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
sidereal day then, since the orbit now requires more downward force than gravity alone supplies, the tether is tensioned by the extra centripetal force
Geosynchronous_orbit
Angle between a reference plane and the plane of an orbit
Propellant mass fraction Tsiolkovsky rocket equation Efficiency measures Gravity assist Oberth effect Propulsive maneuvers Orbital maneuver Orbit insertion
Orbital_inclination
Mathematical equation describing the motion of a rocket
specific impulse in dimension of time; g 0 {\displaystyle g_{0}} is standard gravity; ln {\displaystyle \ln } is the natural logarithm function; m 0 {\displaystyle
Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation
Mission to Saturn (1997–2017)
Sun's gravity pulled the space probe back into the inner Solar System. On August 18, 1999, at 03:28 UTC, the craft made a gravitational-assist flyby of
Cassini–Huygens
Overview of the exploration of the moon Titan
requirements and increase payload capacity, spacecraft commonly use gravity-assist maneuvers involving planets such as Venus, Earth, or Jupiter during
Exploration_of_Titan
Investigation of outer space
successfully on 19 January 2006. In early 2007 the craft made use of a gravity assist from Jupiter. Its closest approach to Pluto was on 14 July 2015; scientific
Space_exploration
Curved path of an object around a point
107–108. ISBN 978-0-323-14202-1. Broucke, R. The celestial mechanics of gravity assist. Astrodynamics Conference, 15 August 1988 - 17 August 1988, Minneapolis
Orbit
NASA space program from 1962 to 1973
first successful planetary flyby, the planetary orbiter, and the first gravity assist maneuver. Of the 10 vehicles in the Mariner series, seven were successful
Mariner_program
Either of two extreme points in a celestial object's orbit
Propellant mass fraction Tsiolkovsky rocket equation Efficiency measures Gravity assist Oberth effect Propulsive maneuvers Orbital maneuver Orbit insertion
Apsis
Absence of the sensation of weight
zero g-force, or zero-g (named after the g-force) or, misleadingly, zero gravity. Weight is a measurement of the force on an object at rest in a relatively
Weightlessness
Soviet space mission
to asteroid flybys would be released. It would return for an Earth gravity assist, and then reach about 3–3.3 au from the Sun. There they would fly by
Vesta_(spacecraft)
Crewed or uncrewed travel between stars or planets
heliocentric orbit, possibly accelerating further, often by performing gravity assist flybys at Earth and other planets. Most of today's spaceflight remains
Interplanetary_spaceflight
First planet from the Sun
Mercury. Some portion of this delta-v budget can be provided from a gravity assist during one or more fly-bys of Venus. To land safely or enter a stable
Mercury_(planet)
not always listed in order of launch. In the case of flybys (such as gravity assists) that are incidental to the main mission, "success" indicates the completion
List_of_lunar_probes
Proposed crewed Venus flyby
mission to Venus in an Apollo-derived spacecraft in 1973–1974, using a gravity assist to shorten the return journey to Earth. In the mid-1960s, NASA considered
Manned_Venus_flyby
German-American rocket scientist and engineer and space colonization advocate
Although he was not the first, he clearly demonstrated the so-called "gravity assist" method for using hyperbolic encounters with an intermediate planet
Krafft_Arnold_Ehricke
Poles | ESA". Retrieved 23 November 2025. "Successful Solar Orbiter gravity assist manoeuvre at Venus | Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale". www.ias.u-psud
2025_in_spaceflight
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
Propellant mass fraction Tsiolkovsky rocket equation Efficiency measures Gravity assist Oberth effect Propulsive maneuvers Orbital maneuver Orbit insertion
Halo_orbit
Method used to accelerate spacecraft
expelling on-board propellant. Systems that have been demonstrated include gravity assist for satellite trajectories in a gravitational field, aerobraking using
Spacecraft_propulsion
Spacecraft maneuver
Clipper, gravity assist to Jupiter and Europa. Closest approach was 884 km. Hera, gravity assist in March 2025, en route to 65803 Didymos Psyche, gravity assist
Mars_flyby
Fuel-efficient orbital maneuver
the surface. Spaceflight portal Bi-elliptic transfer Delta-v budget Gravity assist Interplanetary Transport Network Orbital mechanics Belbruno, Edward
Low-energy_transfer
Method of launching an object into outer space via a large gun or cannon
8 km/s (18,000 mph) low Earth orbit. In a three-body or larger system, a gravity assist trajectory might be available such that a carefully aimed escape velocity
Space_gun
Time an astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object
alternative for using a very small number like G, the strength of universal gravity can be described using some reference material, such as water: the orbital
Orbital_period
pre-spaceflight era (1920-1957) who fully understood the promise of the gravity assist method for reducing flight time and increasing payload to the outer
Guido_von_Pirquet
Metallic main-belt asteroid
and was originally targeted to launch in October 2023, with an Earth gravity assist maneuver in 2024, a Mars flyby in 2025, and arriving at the asteroid
16_Psyche
Japanese manga series
mo hazubeki koto nado nai) Doing a 180 (手のひら返し, Te no hira gaeshi) Gravity Assist (スイングバイ, Suingu Bai) Where Their Love Will Go (行方の果て, Yukue no hate)
Tune_In_to_the_Midnight_Heart
Speed at which a body orbits around the barycenter of a system
University Press. pp. 29–31. ISBN 9781108411981. Gamow, George (2002) [1962]. Gravity. New York, NY, US: Anchor Books, Doubleday & Co. pp. 66. ISBN 0-486-42563-0
Orbital_speed
Quasi-periodic orbital trajectory
Propellant mass fraction Tsiolkovsky rocket equation Efficiency measures Gravity assist Oberth effect Propulsive maneuvers Orbital maneuver Orbit insertion
Lissajous_orbit
Type of electrical storage device
A gravity battery is a type of energy storage device that stores gravitational energy—the potential energy given to an object when it is raised against
Gravity_battery
Standard surface gravity
The surface gravity, g, of an astronomical object is the gravitational acceleration experienced at its surface at the equator, including the effects of
Surface_gravity
Cancelled NASA/ESA mission concept to Saturn
was proposed to launch in 2020, following which it would have gotten gravity assists from Earth and Venus, and arrived at the Saturn system in 2029. The
Titan_Saturn_System_Mission
Space mission concept
several possible combinations of launch dates, trajectories, and flybys (gravity assists), including flybys of Earth, Venus, and of the planet Saturn. Indeed
Uranus_Pathfinder
Hypothetical travel between galaxies
For example, a rocket that accelerated at standard acceleration due to gravity toward the Andromeda Galaxy and started to decelerate halfway through the
Intergalactic_travel
Future NASA mission to Titan
years to reach Titan, arriving by 2034. The spacecraft will perform a gravity assist flyby of Earth to gain additional velocity on its way to Titan. The
Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)
Classical Kuiper belt object
gravity assist could bring a spacecraft to Máni over a minimum duration of 16.7 years, while a 2038–2040 launch trajectory using two gravity assists from
307261_Máni
successful maiden launches of the American Vulcan Centaur and China's Gravity-1, and Long March 12 rockets. The European Ariane 6 rocket also conducted
2024_in_spaceflight
2011 novel by Andy Weir
astrodynamicist Rich Purnell devises a "slingshot" trajectory around Earth for a gravity assist that could get Hermes back to Mars on a much-extended mission to save
The_Martian_(Weir_novel)
Explorer would make observations of the planet while using it for a gravity assist to propel it to the asteroid belt. Rocket Lab, a private aerospace manufacturer
Observations and explorations of Venus
Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus
Italian scientist and aeronautics pioneer (1877–1968)
travelling time of a space capsule. This 'gravitational slingshot' or 'gravity assist' or 'swing-by' method was such that the NASA recommended the study of
Gaetano_Crocco
Calendar year
BepiColombo makes its final gravity assist around Earth and begins to depart for Venus, where it will make several gravity assist maneuvers before finally
2020
NASA orbiter mission to asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres (2007–2018)
Dawn completed its first thrusting phase to send it on to Mars for a gravity assist flyby in February 2009. During this first interplanetary cruise phase
Dawn_(spacecraft)
Low-energy trajectories in the Solar System
planetary space resulting in a future collision if traversed by an asteroid Gravity assist – Space navigation technique Halo orbit – Periodic, three-dimensional
Interplanetary Transport Network
Interplanetary_Transport_Network
GRAVITY ASSIST
GRAVITY ASSIST
Boy/Male
Indian
Proud
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Dignity Gravity
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Sindhi
Dignity; Gravity; From Muslim
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
British, Hebrew, Indian, Parsi
Prince; Granite
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone living near a small grove or copse, from Old English grÄfet, grÇ£fet ‘little grove’ (from Old English grÄf(e), grÇ£fe ‘grove’, ‘copse’ + the diminutive suffix -et).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Gravely in Cambridgeshire or Graveley in Hertfordshire. The first is possibly from Old English græf ‘pit’, ‘trench’ + lÄ“ah ‘woodland clearing’. The second is from Old English grÇ£fe, grÄf(a) ‘grove’, ‘copse’ + lÄ“ah.Possibly an altered spelling of Swiss Gräffi, a variant of Graf.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Gravely.Possibly also a variant spelling of Swiss German Gräfli (see Gravely).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by a copse or small grove, Middle English gravette, grevette (from a diminutive of Old English grÄf ‘grove’).Altered spelling of French Gravet, cognate with 1.
Boy/Male
Indian
Gravity
Girl/Female
Indian
Gravity
Girl/Female
Indian
Pride
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Gravett.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Full of Pride; To be Proud of; To be Proud; Pride
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
To be Proud of; Feels Proud
Boy/Male
Biblical
Hardness; his gravity; his offense.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Hardness; his gravity; his offense.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Rarity, Rareness
Boy/Male
Muslim
Gravity
Biblical
Hardness, His gravity, His offense
GRAVITY ASSIST
GRAVITY ASSIST
GRAVITY ASSIST
GRAVITY ASSIST
GRAVITY ASSIST
GRAVITY ASSIST
GRAVITY ASSIST
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