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Optical microscopy technique based on thin-film interference
Interference reflection microscopy (IRM), also called Reflection Interference Contrast Microscopy (RICM) or Reflection Contrast Microscopy (RCM) depending
Interference reflection microscopy
Interference_reflection_microscopy
Use of optical interference patterns to visualize small objects
contrast microscopy Interference reflection microscopy Phase contrast microscopy Barr, Valarie A.; Bunnell, Stephen C. (2009). "Interference Reflection Microscopy"
Interference_microscopy
Optical microscopy techniques
complex microscopy techniques which take advantage of polarized light include differential interference contrast microscopy and interference reflection microscopy
Polarized_light_microscopy
Viewing of objects which are too small to be seen with the naked eye
An additional technique using interference is interference reflection microscopy (also known as reflected interference contrast, or RIC). It relies on
Microscopy
Topics referred to by the same term
the Canadian Space Agency Reflection Contrast Microscopy, or Interference reflection microscopy, a type of optical microscopy Regulatory Compliance Mark
RCM
Topics referred to by the same term
eugenol L'Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique Interference reflection microscopy, a microscopy method used to image adherent cells Internal Revenue
IRM
Dutch microscopist and artist
contribution to the field of fluorescence microscopy, and invented reflection interference contrast microscopy. Ploem was born on 25 August 1927 in Sawahlunto
Johan_Sebastiaan_Ploem
Type of microscope with electrons as a source of illumination
transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) Environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) Immune electron microscopy In situ electron microscopy Low-energy electron
Electron_microscope
Microscopy methods
methods such as phase contrast or differential interference contrast, or reflection interference microscopy. The key feature of iSCAT is the detection of
Interferometric scattering microscopy
Interferometric_scattering_microscopy
German biophysicist (1934–2024)
improved the technique of reflection interference contrast microscopy – RICM (which is quantitative interference reflection microscopy – IRM) – a powerful tool
Erich_Sackmann
Fluorescence interference contrast (FLIC) microscopy is a microscopic technique developed to achieve z-resolution on the nanometer scale. FLIC occurs
Fluorescence interference contrast microscopy
Fluorescence_interference_contrast_microscopy
Laboratory technique
Dark-field microscopy, also called dark-ground microscopy, describes microscopy methods, in both light and electron microscopy, which exclude the unscattered
Dark-field_microscopy
Recording to reproduce a three-dimensional light field
microscopy, and interferometry. In principle, it is possible to make a hologram for any type of wave. A hologram is a recording of an interference pattern
Holography
backscattering spectrometry REM – Reflection electron microscopy RDS – Reflectance difference spectroscopy RHEED – Reflection high energy electron diffraction
List of materials analysis methods
List_of_materials_analysis_methods
Optical biosensing technology
compared to SPR results for validation. Interference reflection microscopy Surface plasmon resonance microscopy Apiyo D, Schasfoort R, Schuck P, Marquart
Bio-layer_interferometry
Optical imaging technique
Confocal microscopy is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole
Confocal_microscopy
Wavelength-selective optical filter
same principle, but focus exclusively on reflection. Dichroic filters use the principle of thin-film interference, and produce colors in the same way as
Interference_filter
Type of image noise
granular structure observed in coherent light, resulting from random interference. Speckle patterns are used in a wide range of metrology techniques, as
Speckle_(interference)
Microscope that uses visible light
differential interference contrast microscopy, another interference-based imaging technique.[citation needed] Modern biological microscopy depends heavily
Optical_microscope
Quantitative phase microscope
holographic microscopy (DHM) is digital holography applied to microscopy. Digital holographic microscopy distinguishes itself from other microscopy methods
Digital holographic microscopy
Digital_holographic_microscopy
Magnified visualization through ultrasound
Acoustic microscopy is microscopy that employs very high or ultra high frequency ultrasound. Acoustic microscopes operate non-destructively and penetrate
Acoustic_microscopy
Branch of optics
crystallography, X-ray fluorescence, small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray microscopy, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, and X-ray astronomy. X-rays and visible
X-ray_optics
Branch of physics that studies light
reflectivity at a single wavelength. Constructive interference in thin films can create a strong reflection of light in a range of wavelengths, which can
Optics
Colour in living creatures caused by interference effects
principle—wave interference—explained by Thomas Young a century later. Young described iridescence as the result of interference between reflections from two
Structural_coloration
Property in optics
intensity by interference with a reference beam. In the visual spectrum this is done using Zernike phase-contrast microscopy, differential interference contrast
Refractive_index
Interference phenomenon of waves
diffraction Ptychography Quasioptics Refraction Reflection Schaefer–Bergmann diffraction Thin-film interference Thinned-array curse Hecht, Eugene (2002). Optics
Diffraction
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high voltage transmittance electron microscopy (HVTEM) and high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). And finally
Wafer_bond_characterization
Algorithmic imaging methods that reconstruct quantitative phase and amplitude
Computational microscopy combines tailored illumination, coherent scattering, and algorithmic reconstruction to generate quantitative 2D and 3D images
Computational_microscopy
Method of microscopic imaging
resolution in electron microscopy and quantitative three-dimensional imaging through X-ray ptychotomography. Although the interference patterns used in ptychography
Ptychography
Topics referred to by the same term
RICM may refer to: Reflection Interference Contrast Microscopy, a type of optical microscopy Régiment d'infanterie-chars de marine, a regiment of the
RICM
Microscopy technique
Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) or scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) is a microscopy technique for nanostructure investigation
Near-field scanning optical microscope
Near-field_scanning_optical_microscope
Imaging of focal planes within a thick sample
interact with the surface of the sample. Total internal reflection microscopy is a fluorescent microscopy technique, which intentionally restricts observation
Optical_sectioning
Measurement method using interference of waves
CSI exploits coherence to extend the range of capabilities for interference microscopy. These techniques are widely used in micro-electronic and micro-optic
Interferometry
Transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light
converging towards each other; important for differential interference contrast microscopy Both polarizations stay parallel, but are spatially separated:
Prism_(optics)
Scientific instrument for observing small objects
Fluorescence interference contrast microscopy Laser capture microdissection Microscope image processing Microscope slide Multifocal plane microscopy Royal Microscopical
Microscope
Fluorescence microscopy imaging method
Photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM or FPALM) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) are widefield (as opposed to point scanning
Photoactivated localization microscopy
Photoactivated_localization_microscopy
Tool to cut fine samples for microscopy
for light microscopy. Glass knives are used to slice sections for light microscopy and to slice very thin sections for electron microscopy. Industrial
Microtome
Elastic interaction of x-rays with electrons
range of applications for electron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and transmission electron crystallography with high energy electrons is
X-ray_diffraction
Species of wasp
by Sarrazin, Vigneron, Welch and Rassart, using reflection spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, established that the iridescence arises from a
Megascolia_procer
Scientific study of crystal structures
such as low-energy electron diffraction, low-energy electron microscopy and reflection high-energy electron diffraction which can be used to obtain crystallographic
Crystallography
Property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation
without interference from the other. Especially due to the presence of the ground, there are some differences in propagation (and also in reflections responsible
Polarization_(waves)
Small angle deflection of waves
scattering dominates, in particular for electron diffraction and electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction. In these the relevant waves
Forward_scatter
Measuring instrument for surface profile and roughness
holographic microscopy, vertical scanning interferometry/white light interferometry, phase shifting interferometry, and differential interference contrast
Profilometer
Electron diffraction by reflection from surfaces
also rely on diffraction of high-energy electrons. Transmission electron microscopy, another common electron diffraction method samples mainly the bulk of
Reflection high-energy electron diffraction
Reflection_high-energy_electron_diffraction
Type of field where the net flow of electromagnetic energy is zero
biological cells or single protein and DNA molecules for microscopy (as in the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope). The evanescent wave from
Evanescent_field
Measurement technique
the wavelength and the coherence length of the light source. In interference microscopy using white light, a more complete description of signal generation
White_light_interferometry
Filters which selectively transmit specific colors
device in the optical path, which are either dyed in the bulk or have interference coatings. The optical properties of filters are completely described
Optical_filter
Quantum mechanical waves describing matter
zone plates. Scanning helium microscopy uses He atom waves to image solid structures non-destructively. Quantum reflection uses matter wave behavior to
Matter_wave
minimize ghost reflections. An aberrated wavefront from a lens under test is reflected from the front and back of the plate to form the interference pattern
Common-path_interferometer
Color science Common-path interferometer Confocal Confocal laser scanning microscopy Concave lens Concave mirror Convex lens Convex mirror Cooke triplet Corner
Index_of_optics_articles
Lensless computational imaging method
Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) is a computational microscopy method that reconstructs images from coherent diffraction patterns without the use of
Coherent_diffraction_imaging
Optical microscope
descriptions of rocks. The method includes aspects of polarized light microscopy (PLM). Depending on the grade of observation required, petrographic microscopes
Petrographic_microscope
Bending of electron beams due to electrostatic interactions with matter
waves were combined with early instruments, giving birth to electron microscopy and diffraction in 1920–1935. While this was the birth, there have been
Electron_diffraction
Optical device which splits a beam of light in two
may be used. Depending on its characteristics (thin-film interference), the ratio of reflection to transmission will vary as a function of the wavelength
Beam_splitter
based on optical interference such as fluorescence interference contrast microscopy (FLIC) and reflection interference contrast microscopy (RICM) or interferometric
Model_lipid_bilayer
Device used to focus light using diffraction
curved mirrors, zone plates use diffraction instead of refraction or reflection. Based on analysis by French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, they are
Zone_plate
Optical filter device
the Wollaston prism, which is widely used in differential interference contrast microscopy. Thin-film linear polarizers (also known as TFPN) are glass
Polarizer
Optical system with resolution performance at the instrument's theoretical limit
fluorescence microscopy the excitation and emission are typically on different wavelengths. In total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy a thin portion
Diffraction-limited_system
Infrared microscopy technique
scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). As s-SNOM, nano-FTIR is based on atomic-force microscopy (AFM), where a sharp tip is illuminated
Nano-FTIR
Nonlinear optical process
to obtain phase matching. In other cases, like second-harmonic imaging microscopy, only a tiny fraction of the light energy is converted to the second harmonic
Second-harmonic_generation
Notation system for crystal lattice planes
[hkl] by symmetry. Note, for Laue–Bragg interferences hkl lacks any bracketing when designating a reflection Miller indices were introduced in 1839 by
Miller_index
Type of atomic force microscopy
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy (PC-AFM) is a variant of atomic force microscopy that measures photoconductivity in addition to surface forces
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy
Photoconductive_atomic_force_microscopy
English physiologist and biophysicist (1917–2012)
resumed research at the University of Cambridge, where he developed interference microscopy that would be suitable for studying muscle fibres. In 1952, he
Andrew_Huxley
stated without reservation that reflection from the multilayered structure of the tapeta of Carnivora is by interference. Rayleigh (1887) mentions that
Animal_reflectors
Multiple diffraction of waves
refraction and specular reflection of the waves at the interface to the crystal and delivers the refractive index off the Bragg reflection. It also corrects
Dynamical theory of diffraction
Dynamical_theory_of_diffraction
relationships between the recorded amplitude information and phases of strong reflections. In electron diffraction, a diffraction pattern is produced by the interaction
Direct methods (electron microscopy)
Direct_methods_(electron_microscopy)
manufacturing Abnormal reflection Above-threshold ionization Absorption spectroscopy Accelerator physics Acoustic microscopy Acousto-optic deflector
List_of_laser_articles
Spectroscopic techniques that measure the absorption of radiation
Photoemission spectroscopy Photothermal optical microscopy Photothermal spectroscopy Reflectance spectroscopy Reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS)
Absorption_spectroscopy
Imaging technique
Medical ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), confocal microscopy, and OCT are differently suited to morphological tissue imaging: while
Optical_coherence_tomography
Dispersive optical device
spectroscopy (Loubeyre, 2022 and Wu, 2023), beam scanning (Ford, 2008), microscopy (Jalali, 2009), tomography imaging (Ellerbee, 2014), metrology (Bhattacharya
Virtually_imaged_phased_array
Refractive property of materials
which is directionally aligned with the cotton fibers. Polarized light microscopy is commonly used in biological tissue, as many biological materials are
Birefringence
North American bird in the family Columbidae
almost 50%. Transmission electron microscopy and thin-film models revealed that color is produced by thin-film interference from a single layer of keratin
Mourning_dove
Theory in physics about the nature of light
Huygens. In part correct, being able to successfully explain refraction, reflection, rectilinear propagation and to a lesser extent diffraction, the theory
Corpuscular_theory_of_light
Ability to see in low light conditions
scopes, but are also used in security camera systems, astronomy, and microscopy. Infrared illumination can be used, but is not necessary for their functionality
Night_vision
Emission of secondary X-rays from a material excited by high-energy X-rays
spectroscopy (AES) normally uses an electron beam as the probe. Confocal microscopy X-ray fluorescence imaging is a newer technique that allows control over
X-ray_fluorescence
surface forces apparatus, total internal reflection microscopy, and optical tweezers techniques to with video microscopy. The possibility to measure forces
Colloidal_probe_technique
Transmission coefficient (optics) Transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing Transmission line measurement Transmission
Index_of_physics_articles_(T)
Information method in electromagnetic radiation
form of a similar but transparent grating. A form of super-resolution microscopy, this work continues to spawn a family and generation of microscopes of
Optical_heterodyne_detection
Semiconductor laser
diffraction-limited TEM00 beam, such as in printing, activating chemicals, microscopy, or pumping other types of lasers. In applications where a small, focused
Laser_diode
Sound waves with frequencies above the human hearing range
Imaging can be viewed as ranging with added angular information. Acoustic microscopy is the technique of using sound waves to visualize structures too small
Ultrasound
Range of physical processes in physics
the law of reflection. Reflections of radiation that undergo scattering are often called diffuse reflections and unscattered reflections are called specular
Scattering
Elementary particle with negative charge
doi:10.1088/0950-7671/44/9/311. McMullan, D. (1993). "Scanning Electron Microscopy: 1928–1965". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 16
Electron
Technique to analyze the infrared spectrum of matter
the micrometer scale by integrating it into scanning near-field optical microscopy platform. The corresponding technique is called nano-FTIR and allows for
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy
Optical phenomenon
promise of higher bandwidth communication discussed above. In optical microscopy, optical vortices may be used to achieve spatial resolution beyond normal
Optical_vortex
exists between these and that other mystical explanation of reflection, diffraction and interference using 'spatial' quantisation which Compton and Duane proposed
Duane's_hypothesis
Perception caused by wavelengths of light
color perception is related to an object's light absorption, emission, reflection and transmission. For most humans, visible wavelengths of light are the
Color
Award for research in condensed matter physics
of emerging semiconductor materials, particularly through multimodal microscopy techniques to connect photophysical, chemical and structural properties
Nevill_Mott_Medal_and_Prize
Ways in which length, distance or range can be measured
very small in every dimension use specialized instruments such as ion microscopy coupled with intensive computer modeling. These techniques are employed
Length_measurement
Thin sheet made of aggregated carbon nanotubes
buckypaper significantly improves its fire resistance due to the efficient reflection of heat by the dense, compact layer of carbon nanotubes or carbon fibers
Buckypaper
used), it is suitable for various microscopy methods (e.g. TIRFM, dark field, differential interference contrast microscopy, etc.), it can be combined and
Tethered_particle_motion
Chemical compound
layer. These fringes are characteristic of epitaxy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is frequently used to examine the microstructure of NbN films and
Niobium_nitride
Physical phenomenon of electron resonance
the adsorbed amount of molecules, somewhat similar to Brewster angle microscopy (this latter is most commonly used together with a Langmuir–Blodgett trough)
Surface_plasmon_resonance
Sensor that can create 3D scans using visible light
established: Laser interference and projection. The laser interference method works with two wide planar laser beam fronts. Their interference results in regular
Structured-light_3D_scanner
Polynomial sequence
of the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics and the inventor of phase-contrast microscopy, they play important roles in various optics branches such as beam optics
Zernike_polynomials
Prevention of transmission of vibration
vibration isolation involves sensors and actuators that produce disruptive interference that cancels-out incoming vibration. "Passive vibration isolation" refers
Vibration_isolation
American physicist
solids, i.e., solids with fluid-filled discontinuities; scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) to study grain structures and the role of surface waves; higher
Laszlo_Adler
Thin layer of material
Langmuir–Blodgett film Layer by layer Microfabrication Organic LED SEEC microscopy Thin-film interference Thin-film optics Thin-film solar cell Thin-film bulk acoustic
Thin_film
Lithographic technique that uses a scanning beam of electrons
This phenomenon has been observed frequently in transmission electron microscopy. However, this is a very inefficient process, due to the inefficient transfer
Electron-beam_lithography
Technique used to measure 3D topography using shifted interference
University of Arizona. Retrieved 2025-07-18. "Phase shifting techniques [Interference and Diffraction]". optique-ingenieur.org. Retrieved 2026-05-12. Robinson
Phase-shifting_interferometry
Subatomic particle with no charge
internal reflection within hollow glass capillary tubes or by reflection from dimpled aluminum plates has driven ongoing research into neutron microscopy and
Neutron
INTERFERENCE REFLECTION-MICROSCOPY
INTERFERENCE REFLECTION-MICROSCOPY
Girl/Female
Tamil
Reflection, Image, Radiance
Boy/Male
Tamil
Reflection
Girl/Female
Indian, Malayalam
Reflection
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian
Image; Reflection
Boy/Male
Tamil
Reflection through study
Girl/Female
Indian
Reflection, Image, Radiance
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh
Thought; Reflection
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu
Reflection; Outlook; Reflection Reflection
Girl/Female
Arabic, Assamese, Australian, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Muslim, Sindhi
Mirror; Reflection
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Reflection
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Our Reflection
Boy/Male
Tamil
Gunjik | கà¯à®¨à¯à®œà¯€à®•
Reflection
Gunjik | கà¯à®¨à¯à®œà¯€à®•
Boy/Male
Indian
Reflection; Gnawing Reflection
Girl/Female
Bengali, Hindu, Indian
Reflection; Mirror
Boy/Male
Hindu
Reflection
Girl/Female
Tamil
Reflection, Image, Radiance
Girl/Female
Japanese
Mirror reflection.
Boy/Male
Buddhist, Indian, Japanese
Ancient Reflection
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Perception; Reflection
Boy/Male
Hindu
Reflection
INTERFERENCE REFLECTION-MICROSCOPY
INTERFERENCE REFLECTION-MICROSCOPY
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
One who Listens
Girl/Female
Tamil
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Conquest
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Pine Tree
Boy/Male
Muslim
Safety, Protection
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Devoted to Krishna
Girl/Female
Tamil
Lakshika | லாகà¯à®·à¯€à®•à®¾Â
Aim, Lakshya
Boy/Male
Muslim Egyptian
Good. Virtuous.
Girl/Female
Gaelic
From the glen. Valley.
Boy/Male
English
From the broad brook.
INTERFERENCE REFLECTION-MICROSCOPY
INTERFERENCE REFLECTION-MICROSCOPY
INTERFERENCE REFLECTION-MICROSCOPY
INTERFERENCE REFLECTION-MICROSCOPY
INTERFERENCE REFLECTION-MICROSCOPY
n.
The return of rays, beams, sound, or the like, from a surface. See Angle of reflection, below.
n.
Interference; interposition.
n.
A deviation of the rays of light toward the surface of an opaque body; inflection; diffraction.
n.
A reflecting telescope.
a.
Addicted to introspective or meditative habits; as, a reflective person.
n.
Election beforehand.
n.
A device for reflecting sound.
n.
An image given back from a reflecting surface; a reflected counterpart.
n.
See Reflection.
n.
Want of reflection.
n.
The variation of words by declension, comparison, or conjugation; inflection.
n.
The act or state of interfering; as, the stoppage of a machine by the interference of some of its parts; a meddlesome interference in the business of others.
n.
Election a second time, or anew; as, the reelection of a former chief.
a.
The act of choosing; choice; selection.
a.
Capable of exercising thought or judgment; as, reflective reason.
a.
Given to reflection or serious consideration; reflective; contemplative; as, a reflecting mind.
n.
The act of reflecting, or turning or sending back, or the state of being reflected.
n.
That which is produced by reflection.
n.
A part reflected, or turned back, at an angle; as, the reflection of a membrane.
a.
Throwing back images; as, a reflective mirror.