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Functional unit of nephron
The glomerulus (pl.: glomeruli) is a network of small blood vessels (capillaries) known as a tuft, located at the beginning of a nephron in the kidney. Each
Glomerulus_(kidney)
Index of articles associated with the same name
fibers, or neurons. Glomerulus is the diminutive of the Latin glomus, meaning "ball of yarn". Glomerulus may refer to: Glomerulus (kidney), the filtering
Glomerulus
Term for several kidney diseases
Glomerulonephritis refers to an inflammation of the glomerulus, which is the unit involved in filtration in the kidney. This inflammation typically results in one
Glomerulonephritis
Organ of the urinary system
removal of toxins. Filtration occurs in the glomerulus: one-fifth of the blood volume that enters the kidneys is filtered. Examples of substances reabsorbed
Kidney
Blood-filtering component of the nephron of the kidney
renal corpuscle is composed of two structures, the glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries containing two cell
Renal_corpuscle
Microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney
of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and a
Nephron
Kidney structure which performs the first step in blood filtration
of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac. Fluids
Bowman's_capsule
Pathological conditions of the kidney, impairing the organ's ability to filter blood
one in seven in 2021. Causes of kidney disease include deposition of the Immunoglobulin A antibodies in the glomerulus, administration of analgesics, xanthine
Kidney_disease
Type of kidney cell
Podocytes are cells in Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus. Podocytes make up the epithelial lining of Bowman's
Podocyte
is a table of permselectivity for different substances in the glomerulus of the kidney in renal filtration. Walter F. Boron, Emile L. Boulpaep (2005)
Table of permselectivity for different substances
Table_of_permselectivity_for_different_substances
Specialised kidney cells
Mesangial cells are specialised cells in the kidney that make up the mesangium of the glomerulus. Together with the mesangial matrix, they form the vascular
Mesangial_cell
Ways of assessing the function of the kidneys
Assessment of kidney function occurs in different ways, using the presence of symptoms and signs, as well as measurements using urine tests, blood tests
Assessment_of_kidney_function
Paired internal organ in vertebrates
with an external glomerulus or glomus. The typical pronephric nephron is non-integrated, and the wastes are filtered through the glomerulus or glomus directly
Kidney_(vertebrates)
Symptoms resulting from kidney inflammation
comprising signs of nephritis, which is kidney disease involving inflammation. It often occurs in the glomerulus, where it is called glomerulonephritis
Nephritic_syndrome
Paired organ in the urinary system of mammals
between species. The cortex and medulla of the kidney contain nephrons, each of which consists of a glomerulus and a complex tubular system. The cortex contains
Mammalian_kidney
Filtration by a semi-permeable membrane
podocytes). The Bowman's capsule contains a dense capillary network called the glomerulus. Blood flows into these capillaries through the afferent arterioles and
Ultrafiltration_(kidney)
Kidney development, or nephrogenesis, describes the embryologic origins of the kidney, a major organ in the urinary system. This article covers a 3 part
Kidney_development
Medical condition
pathophysiology both centre around how the glomerulus, a network of dense capillaries that carries out the kidney filtration process, is affected; with one
Hypertensive_kidney_disease
Tissue lining the surfaces of organs in animals
Histology at KUMC epithel-epith02 Simple squamous epithelium of the glomerulus (kidney) Diagrams of simple squamous epithelium Histology at KUMC epithel-epith12
Epithelium
Symptoms resulting from kidney damage
via the PAR-1 receptor on the podocytes. The kidney glomerulus filters the blood that arrives at the kidney. It is formed of capillaries with small pores
Nephrotic_syndrome
Medical therapy for kidney failure
place in the kidneys when the blood enters the kidneys and the larger substances are separated from the smaller ones in the glomerulus. The two main
Kidney_dialysis
Blood vessels
vein exiting the kidney for transfusion for blood. The table below shows the path that blood takes when it travels through the glomerulus, traveling "down"
Renal_circulation
Goormaghtigh cells) are light-staining pericytes in the kidney found outside the glomerulus, near the vascular pole. They resemble smooth muscle cells
Extraglomerular mesangial cell
Extraglomerular_mesangial_cell
Blood vessel carrying blood out away from glomerulus
from the glomerulus. The efferent arterioles form a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus, and carry blood away from the glomerulus that has
Efferent_arteriole
Principal excretory organ during early human embryonic life
the glomerulus; and a mesonephric tubule, a tube which connects the Bowman's capsule to the mesonephric duct. A unit consisting of a single glomerulus and
Mesonephros
Disease of the kidney
nephropathy is characterized by deposition of the IgA antibody in the glomerulus. There are other diseases associated with glomerular IgA deposits, the
IgA_nephropathy
Region of the kidney containing juxtaglomerular apparatus
the kidney, the macula densa is an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of the distal tubule where it touches the glomerulus. Specifically
Macula_densa
Protein-coding gene in humans
olivary nucleus dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve glomerulus kidney tubule metanephric glomerulus gingival epithelium pancreatic ductal cell Top expressed
LAMP1
Structure that regulates function of each nephron
these cells. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is part of the kidney nephron, next to the glomerulus. It is found between the afferent arteriole and the thick
Juxtaglomerular_apparatus
Innermost part of the kidney
interlobular arteries, and these finally reach the glomeruli. At the glomerulus the blood reaches a highly disfavourable pressure gradient and a large
Renal_medulla
Part of the filtration apparatus of the kidney
The glomerular basement membrane of the kidney is the particular basement membrane of the glomerulus. The glomerular endothelial cells, the glomerular
Glomerular_basement_membrane
Presence of blood in urine
and non-glomerular causes, depending on the involvement of the glomerulus of the kidney. But not all red urine is hematuria. Other substances such as certain
Hematuria
Study of the physiology of the kidney
nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. Each nephron begins in a renal corpuscle, which is composed of a glomerulus enclosed in a Bowman's capsule. Cells
Renal_physiology
Kidney disease
common symptoms are a result of abnormal loss of protein from the glomerulus of the kidney, and include: Frothy urine (due to excess protein) Excess water
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Focal_segmental_glomerulosclerosis
Medical condition
a rare genetic disorder, characterized by glomerulonephritis, end-stage kidney disease, and hearing loss. Alport syndrome can also affect the eyes, though
Alport_syndrome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
expressed in jejunal mucosa right lobe of liver glomerulus metanephric glomerulus kidney tubule human kidney mucosa of colon renal medulla mucosa of sigmoid
PCK1
Medical condition
when the kidney leaks small amounts of albumin into the urine, in other words, when an abnormally high permeability for albumin in the glomerulus of the
Microalbuminuria
Renal function test
that urine has been collected. This mass equals the mass filtered at the glomerulus as nothing is added or removed in the nephron. Dividing this mass by the
Glomerular_filtration_rate
Medical condition
Glomerulocystic kidney disease (GCKD) is a cystic disorder of the kidneys. GCKD involves cystic dilation of Bowman's capsule. It can occur with or without
Glomerulocystic kidney disease
Glomerulocystic_kidney_disease
Urinary organ, nonfunctional in mammals
the first stage of kidney development. It is succeeded by the mesonephros, which in fish and amphibians remains as the adult kidney. In amniotes, the mesonephros
Pronephros
Inflammation of the kidney
Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney, typically due to a bacterial infection. Symptoms most often include fever and flank tenderness. Other symptoms
Pyelonephritis
Enzyme found in humans
(ortholog) Top expressed in glomerulus kidney tubule metanephric glomerulus renal medulla buccal mucosa cell human kidney jejunal mucosa liver vastus
Agmatinase
Segment of nephron in kidneys
Distribution of blood vessels in cortex of kidney. Glomerulus. TEM of negatively stained proximal convoluted tubule of Rat kidney tissue at a magnification of ~55
Proximal_tubule
Fluid in the tubules of the kidney
Tubular fluid is the fluid in the tubules of the kidney. It starts as a renal ultrafiltrate in the glomerulus, changes composition through the nephron, and
Tubular_fluid
Medical laboratory value
kidney injury or dehydration. The principle behind this ratio is the fact that both urea (BUN) and creatinine are freely filtered by the glomerulus;
Urea-to-creatinine_ratio
Medical condition
hyperplasia of podocytes and segmentar or global collapse of the glomerulus. Glomerulocystic kidney disease is a rare form of renal cyst disease. Cortical microcysts
Glomerulopathy
Blood vessels
afferent arterioles, enter Bowman's capsule and end in the glomerulus. From each glomerulus, the corresponding efferent arteriole arises and then exits
Interlobular_arteries
Chronic loss of kidney function
to progressive chronic kidney disease leading to ESKD. The damage is exerted on all compartments of the kidney: the glomerulus, the renal tubules, the
Diabetic_nephropathy
Negative feedback mechanism regulating the glomerular filtration rate
fluid) is signaled to the glomerulus (an upstream area). Tubuloglomerular feedback is one of several mechanisms the kidney uses to regulate glomerular
Tubuloglomerular_feedback
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
expression has been detected particularly in the liver, small intestine, and kidney. The SLC46A3 gene, also known by its aliases solute carrier family 46 member
SLC46A3
Feature of kidney anatomy
proximal convoluted tubule: 1 Glomerulus, 2 proximal tubule, 3 distal tubule Transverse section of pyramidal substance of kidney of pig, the bloodvessels of
Distal_convoluted_tubule
Biological organ system that removes unnecessary materials from the body of an organism
even fatal. Within the kidney, blood first passes through the afferent artery to the capillary formation called a glomerulus and is collected in the
Excretory_system
Protein-coding gene in humans
specific binding of the peptides to cell surface receptors in the vasculature, kidney, adrenal, and brain. Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor GRCh38: Ensembl
NPR3
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Glutaminase kidney isoform (sometimes ambiguously just called glutaminase) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GLS gene. This protein is a type
Glutaminase_kidney_isoform
Medical condition
glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a syndrome of the kidney that is characterized by a rapid loss of kidney function, (usually a 50% decline in the glomerular
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Rapidly_progressive_glomerulonephritis
Inflammatory disease of the kidney
kidney (nephrosis) presenting primarily in the glomerulus (a glomerulopathy) as nephrotic syndrome. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and
Glomerulonephrosis
Group of transport proteins
contribute to renal glucose reabsorption. In the kidneys, 100% of the filtered glucose in the glomerulus has to be reabsorbed along the nephron (98% in
Sodium-glucose transport proteins
Sodium-glucose_transport_proteins
Abnormal presence of albumin in the urine
is not a disease itself but a marker of kidney injury, particularly to the filtration mechanism (glomerulus), and can be caused by a number of pathological
Albuminuria
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
NAT8 gene. Mutations in the NAT8 gene have been associated with chronic kidney disease. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000144035 – Ensembl, May 2017
NAT8
Albumin found in human blood
[citation needed] In the healthy kidney, albumin's size and negative electric charge exclude it from excretion in the glomerulus. This is not always the case
Human_serum_albumin
capillaries along with nitrogenous waste products (i.e. urea) and water in the glomerulus, are reabsorbed from the filtrate as they pass through the nephron. Selective
Selective_reabsorption
Chemical compound
unlike inulin and creatinine, which are filtered in the glomerulus and ignored by the rest of the kidney, aminohippuric acid is both filtered and secreted,
Aminohippuric_acid
Cell in kidneys that produces & secretes renin
– to a lesser extent – efferent arterioles of the glomerulus. They are located near the glomerulus, hence the name. In synthesizing renin, they play a
Juxtaglomerular_cell
Medical condition
glomerulonephritis includes injury to the glomerulus by immune complexes (IgG) passively trapped in the glomerulus, which leads to an inflammatory response
Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis
Mesangial_proliferative_glomerulonephritis
Kidney disease
membrane. Although it usually affects the entire glomerulus, it can affect parts of the glomerulus in some cases. Treatment of secondary membranous nephropathy
Membranous_glomerulonephritis
Medical condition
which in turn have an affinity for sites in the glomerulus. As soon as binding occurs to the glomerulus, via interaction with properdin, the complement
Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis
Acute_proliferative_glomerulonephritis
Protein found in humans
kidney. SGLT2 is located in the early proximal tubule, and is responsible for reabsorption of 80–90% of the glucose filtered by the kidney glomerulus
Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2
Sodium/glucose_cotransporter_2
Natural plant polysaccharides
uniquely treated by nephrons in that it is completely filtered at the glomerulus but neither secreted nor reabsorbed by the tubules. This property of inulin
Inulin
removing waste.[3] When blood flows into the kidneys and into the nephron the blood goes through the glomerulus, which are tiny blood vessels that are group
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody
Anti-glomerular_basement_membrane_antibody
Proteins of low molecular weight are normally filtered at the glomerulus of the kidney and are then normally reabsorbed by the tubular cells, so that
Tubular_proteinuria
Blood vessels supplying nephrons of kidneys
artery, which supplies blood to the kidneys. The afferent arterioles later diverge into the capillaries of the glomerulus. When renal blood flow is reduced
Afferent_arterioles
Medical condition
Medullary cystic kidney disease (MCKD) is an autosomal dominant kidney disorder characterized by tubulointerstitial sclerosis leading to end-stage renal
Medullary cystic kidney disease
Medullary_cystic_kidney_disease
Part of kidney tissue
still has large proteins and ions which were not filtered through the glomerulus. This provides an oncotic pressure for ions to enter the vasa recta from
Loop_of_Henle
Medical condition
glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a type of glomerulonephritis caused by deposits in the kidney glomerular mesangium and basement membrane (GBM) thickening, activating
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Membranoproliferative_glomerulonephritis
Layer of cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels
unique functions that include fluid filtration, such as in the glomerulus of the kidney, blood vessel tone, hemostasis, neutrophil recruitment, and hormone
Endothelium
Autoimmune vascular inflammatory disease
biopsy are increased cells and Ig deposition in the mesangium (part of the glomerulus, where blood is filtered), white blood cells, and the development of crescents
Henoch–Schönlein_purpura
Human enzyme
the other members. α-klotho is highly expressed in the brain, liver and kidney. β-klotho is predominantly expressed in the liver. γ-klotho is expressed
Klotho_(biology)
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
relative contribution of the slit diaphragm to exclusion of protein by the glomerulus is debated. The extracellular interactions, both homophilic and heterophilic—between
Nephrin
Mechanisms that form the urinary system
abdominal cavity, and in the course of each duct a glomerulus also is developed. A secondary glomerulus is formed ventral to each of these, and the complete
Development of the urinary system
Development_of_the_urinary_system
Kidney disorder
part of the tubule to process fluid after it is filtered through the glomerulus, and the proximal straight tubule (pars recta), which leads to the descending
Fanconi_syndrome
Medical condition
capillaries. The Bowman's capsule surrounds each glomerulus, and collects the filtrate that the glomerulus forms. The filtrate contains waste products (e
Glycosuria
High calcium in urine
the collecting duct. The glomerulus lies ahead of the renal tubules. Calcium is filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus, and 60% of the calcium is
Idiopathic_hypercalcinuria
Presence of an excess of serum proteins in the urine
are three main mechanisms to cause proteinuria: Due to disease in the glomerulus Because of increased quantity of proteins in serum (overflow proteinuria)
Proteinuria
Nerve in the abdominal region
ganglia developed upon them. It enters the kidneys on arterial branches to supply the vessels, renal glomerulus, and tubules with branches to the ureteric
Renal_plexus
obtain a definitive diagnosis. Medical renal diseases may affect the glomerulus, the tubules and interstitium, the vessels, or a combination of these
Renal_pathology
Small tube
after the glomerulus Renal tubule: the minute canals made up of basement membrane and lined with epithelium, composing the substance of the kidney and secreting
Tubule
American biomedical engineer
particular for her work in developing an organ-on-a-chip model of the kidney glomerulus during her postdoctoral fellowship. Musah received her BS in chemistry
Samira_Musah
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
produced by the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle of the mammalian kidney. While the monomeric molecule has a MW of approximately 85 kDa, it is physiologically
Uromodulin
Processes where a drug is removed or cleared
of intermediate metabolism. Therefore, drugs that are filtered by the glomerulus are also subject to the process of passive tubular reabsorption. Glomerular
Elimination_(pharmacology)
Array of tests performed on urine
surrounded by Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule together form the renal corpuscle. A healthy glomerulus allows many solutes in the blood
Urinalysis
Aspartic protease protein and enzyme
angiotensinogenase, is an aspartic protease protein and enzyme secreted by the kidneys that participates in the body's renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)
Renin
Diuretic that reduces the reabsorption of water and sodium
An osmotic diuretic is a diuretic which is freely filtered at the glomerulus and subsequently undergoes limited reabsorption. Osmotic diuretics are relatively
Osmotic_diuretic
Chemical compound
of the urinary space only after exiting the proximal convoluted kidney cells/glomerulus as carbonic acid (H2CO3) because bicarbonate (HCO3−) itself can
Acetazolamide
Removal of kidney tissue for medical examination
to the glomerulus) or when combined with features of progressive renal disease (e.g. increasing proteinuria, elevated blood pressure and kidney failure)
Renal_biopsy
Protein modified with sugar molecules including sialic acid
sialoglycoprotein found in the foot processes of the podocyte cells of the glomerulus in kidneys. Podocalyxin is negatively charged and therefore repels other negatively
Sialoglycoprotein
Medical condition
reported to be caused by microscopic granules of calcium oxylate into the glomerulus itself, causing blood vessels to rupture and increase the distention of
Loin_pain_hematuria_syndrome
Thin layer of extracellular matrix upon which epithelial cells reside
it can also have other function such as a permeability barrier in the glomerulus (urine production). Some of the matrix molecules (of the basal lamina)
Basal_lamina
Increase in urine production
apparatus (glomerulus), and reduced perfusion leads to reduced blood flow; usually this is the result of pre-renal pathology. The kidney's resorptive
Diuresis
Chemical compound
tendency to progressive scarring of the glomerulus (the filtering units of the kidneys) that leads to end-stage kidney disease. Several therapies are available
N-Acetylmannosamine
Topics referred to by the same term
Bowman's capsule (glomerular capsule), a sac surrounding a glomerulus in a mammalian kidney Capsular contracture, the scar tissue naturally forming around
Capsule
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