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Kidney development, or nephrogenesis, describes the embryologic origins of the kidney, a major organ in the urinary system. This article covers a 3 part
Kidney_development
Paired internal organ in vertebrates
stages in the development of the final kidney, and each next kidney replaces the previous one. The pronephros is a functioning kidney of the embryo in
Kidney_(vertebrates)
Paired organ in the urinary system of mammals
The mammalian kidneys are a pair of excretory organs of the urinary system of mammals, being functioning kidneys in postnatal-to-adult individuals (i.e
Mammalian_kidney
Organ of the urinary system
The human kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped blood-filtering organs that are a multilobar, multipapillary form of mammalian kidneys, usually without
Kidney
Medical study concerned with the kidneys
of the kidneys, specifically normal kidney function (renal physiology) and kidney disease (renal pathophysiology), the preservation of kidney health,
Nephrology
Urinary organ, nonfunctional in mammals
the first stage of kidney development. It is succeeded by the mesonephros, which in fish and amphibians remains as the adult kidney. In amniotes, the mesonephros
Pronephros
Medical condition
the patient's kidneys fuse to form a horseshoe-shape during development in the womb. The fused part is the isthmus of the horseshoe kidney. The abnormal
Horseshoe_kidney
Disease where the kidneys fail to adequately filter waste products from the blood
Kidney failure, also known as renal failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter
Kidney_failure
Congenital disorder of urinary system
become structurally abnormal, resulting in the development and growth of multiple cysts within the kidney. These cysts may begin to develop in utero, in
Polycystic_kidney_disease
Dilation of the renal pelvis due to obstruction of urine flow
the kidney becomes enlarged due to a complete or partial obstruction in the outflow of urine. This results in the dilation of parts of the kidney that
Hydronephrosis
Critical protein in embryonic development
Sonic hedgehog protein (SHH) is a major signaling molecule of embryonic development in planulozoan animals, encoded by the SHH gene. This signaling molecule
Sonic_hedgehog_protein
Australian scientist and academic (born 1963)
the systems biology of kidney development and also for her pioneering studies into potential regenerative therapies in the kidney. In 2015, Professor Melissa
Melissa_Little
Kidney other than the natural organ
transplantation) that are in use and/or in development. This article deals mainly with bio-artificial kidneys featuring cells that are grown from renal
Artificial_kidney
Protein
development and axon growth guidance, angiogenesis and heart development, skeletal and kidney morphogenesis, and in the immune system. Genetic knockout of
Plexin
Kidney malformation resulting in cysts
Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is a condition that results from the malformation of the kidney during fetal development. The kidney consists of irregular
Multicystic_dysplastic_kidney
Cancer that starts in the kidneys
Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, is a group of cancers that start in the kidney. Symptoms may include blood in the urine, a lump in the abdomen
Kidney_cancer
Formation of mineral deposits in the kidneys
Kidney stone disease or urinary stone disease is a crystallopathy that occurs when there is an excess of minerals in the urine and not enough liquid or
Kidney_stone_disease
Abnormal location of a kidney in the pelvis
A pelvic kidney, also known as an ectopic kidney, is a normal kidney located in the pelvis, instead of the abdomen. This occurs when a kidney does not
Pelvic_kidney
Abnormal kidney structure or gradual loss of kidney function
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a type of long-term kidney disease, defined by the sustained presence of abnormal kidney function and/or abnormal kidney structure
Chronic_kidney_disease
Physical anomaly
draining a single kidney. It is the most common renal abnormality, occurring in approximately 1% of the population. Ureteral development begins in the human
Duplicated_ureter
Abnormal appearance of a baby due to amniotic deficiency in the uterus
system (CNS), gut, lung, limbs, and eyes.[citation needed] Development of the mature kidney begins between weeks 5 and 7 of gestation. Fetal urine production
Potter_sequence
Medical procedure
Kidney transplant or renal transplant is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage kidney disease (ESRD). Kidney transplant is typically
Kidney_transplantation
Protein-coding gene
at risk for the development of benign cutaneous tumors (folliculomas), pulmonary cysts (often associated with pneumothorax), and kidney tumors. The FLCN
Folliculin
Family of transport proteins
polycystic kidney disease, a severe hereditary disorder of the kidneys characterised by the development of renal cysts and severe kidney dysfunction
Polycystin_1
Aspartic protease protein and enzyme
angiotensinogenase, is an aspartic protease protein and enzyme secreted by the kidneys that participates in the body's renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)
Renin
Miniaturized and simplified version of an organ
organic anions and cations in murine embryonic kidney development and in serially-reaggregated engineered kidneys". Scientific Reports. 5 9092. Bibcode:2015NatSR
Organoid
Enzyme decomposing hydrogen peroxide
in the lungs, heart and kidneys of mice. Conversely, dietary fish oil increased catalase activity in the heart, and kidneys of mice. In 1870, Schoenn
Catalase
Embryological structure involved in the formation of the kidneys
developing kidney, lead to the renal abnormalities of BOR syndrome (branchio-oto-renal syndrome). Mesenchyme Metanephros Blastema Kidney development Tang,
Metanephrogenic_blastema
Layer of cells in mammalian embryos
mesoderm after the degeneration of previous, less complex kidney structures. During early development (approximately day 22 in humans), the pronephric duct
Intermediate_mesoderm
Protein found in humans
however, it is understood for its role in the development of the kidneys as well as in the development of the female reproductive tract and female secondary
WNT4
Sudden decrease in kidney function that develops within seven days
Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure, is a sudden decrease in kidney function that develops within seven days, as shown by
Acute_kidney_injury
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
OSR2 transcription factors participate in the normal development of body parts such as the kidney. Protein odd-skipped related 1 is a zinc-finger transcription
OSR1
American biomedical engineer
and medical programs. Her laboratory focuses on understanding human kidney development and guided differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells. At Duke
Samira_Musah
Medical therapy for kidney failure
Kidney dialysis is the process of removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from the blood in people whose kidneys can no longer perform these functions
Kidney_dialysis
Specialised kidney cells
Mesangial cells are specialised cells in the kidney that make up the mesangium of the glomerulus. Together with the mesangial matrix, they form the vascular
Mesangial_cell
Human protein and coding gene
protein 4 has multiple biological functions during kidney and urinary tract development". Kidney International. 63 (3): 835–844. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755
Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4
Protein-coding gene in humans
including placental, lung, eye, dendrite, and bone formation along with kidney development. The primary role of Wnt7b is to establish the cortico-medullary axis
WNT7B
Government hospital in Quezon City, Philippines
The National Kidney and Transplant Institute (NKTI; Filipino: Pambansang Surian sa Bato at Transplant) is a tertiary referral hospital located in Central
National Kidney and Transplant Institute
National_Kidney_and_Transplant_Institute
Malposition of the kidney
An ectopic kidney is a kidney that is not located in its usual position (ectopia) in the lumbar retroperitoneal space. It is the result of anomalous migration
Ectopic_kidney
Protein family
midgestation, the most dramatic effect being the complete failure of kidney development. This family is related to InterPro: IPR005331. Li J, Shworak NW,
Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase
Heparan_sulfate_2-O-sulfotransferase
Medical condition
Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome (CKM syndrome) is a multisystem disorder of the metabolic, renal and cardiovascular systems. (The term CKM syndrome
Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome
Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic_syndrome
Medical condition
Cystic kidney disease refers to a wide range of hereditary, developmental, and acquired conditions and with the inclusion of neoplasms with cystic changes
Cystic_kidney_disease
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
stroke and chronic kidney disease. It has been demonstrated that follistatin contributes to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes development and nonalcoholic
Follistatin
Mammalian protein found in humans
the endoplasmic reticulum. It is expressed mainly in liver, intestine, kidney, skin and the central nervous system. After being processed in the ER, PCSK9
PCSK9
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
heparan sulfate proteoglycan that is highly expressed in developing brain and kidney". The Journal of Cell Biology. 130 (5): 1207–1218. doi:10.1083/jcb.130.5
Glypican_3
Medical condition
as early as during intrauterine life and it prevents normal development of fetal kidneys and fetal urine. Low levels of fetal urine leads to low amniotic
Bladder_outlet_obstruction
Medical condition
a rare genetic disorder, characterized by glomerulonephritis, end-stage kidney disease, and hearing loss. Alport syndrome can also affect the eyes, though
Alport_syndrome
Protein found in humans
"Human adolescent nephronophthisis: gene locus synteny with polycystic kidney disease in pcy mice". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 12 (1): 107–13. doi:10.1681/ASN
Nephrocystin-3
22nd episode of the 3rd season of 30 Rock
"Kidney Now!" is the twenty-second episode and season finale of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 58th overall
Kidney_Now!
Protein found in humans
crucial for the development of elastic fibers in the aorta. While expression of fibrillin-2 decreases significantly after fetal development, the expression
Fibrillin-1
Genetic disorder of the ears, kidneys, and neck
consistent with underdeveloped (hypoplastic) or absent kidneys with resultant chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. Ear anomalies include extra openings in
Branchio-oto-renal_syndrome
Kidney paired donation (KPD), or paired exchange, is an approach to living donor kidney transplantation where patients with incompatible donors swap kidneys
Kidney_paired_donation
Enzyme
introns. In humans, ASS is expressed mostly in the cells of the liver and kidney. In the first step of the catalyzed reaction, citrulline attacks the α-phosphate
Argininosuccinate_synthase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2010). "LRP4 mutations alter Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and cause limb and kidney malformations in Cenani-Lenz syndrome". American Journal of Human Genetics
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4
Low-density_lipoprotein_receptor-related_protein_4
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
factor is found in adults in the cerebellum, kidneys, and cerebrum, but plays a larger role in development of the fetal head and the female reproductive
LHX1
Whitechapel murder victim (1842–1888)
Lusk. The author of this letter claimed the section of kidney was from Eddowes, whose left kidney had been removed, and that he had fried and eaten the
Catherine_Eddowes
Anatomical space in the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum
structures were retroperitoneal during the entirety of development: urinary adrenal glands kidneys ureter circulatory aorta inferior vena cava digestive
Retroperitoneal_space
Medical condition
the inherited cystic kidney diseases — a group of disorders with related but distinct pathogenesis, characterized by the development of renal cysts and
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal_dominant_polycystic_kidney_disease
Protein-coding gene in humans
"Lgr5+ve stem/progenitor cells contribute to nephron formation during kidney development". Cell Rep. 2 (3): 540–52. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2012.08.018. PMID 22999937
LGR5
Protein found in humans
of relapse. Targeted and selective Bcl-2 inhibitors that have been in development or are currently in the clinic include: An antisense oligonucleotide
Bcl-2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
functions in developing and adult tissues. ALDH1a2 is critical to fetal development by activating the RAR nuclear receptors. Studies of ALDH1a2 in mice suggest
ALDH1A2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
(TPR) family. Mutations of a similar gene in mouse can cause polycystic kidney disease. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified
IFT88
Protein-coding gene in humans
cells in the skin (called seam cells) and vulva (called VPCs) during development. In mice, LIN28 is highly expressed in mouse embryonic stem cells and
LIN28A
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
"Abnormal nephron development associated with a frameshift mutation in the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 beta". Kidney Int. 57 (3): 898–907
HNF1B
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Cellular and subcellular localization of enzymes of arginine metabolism in rat kidney". The Biochemical Journal. 282 (Pt 2): 369–375. doi:10.1042/bj2820369. PMC 1130788
Argininosuccinate synthetase 1
Argininosuccinate_synthetase_1
Mechanisms that form the urinary system
Urogenital Apparatus UNSW Embryology - Development of the Kidney and Reproduction Systems How the Body Works / Sex Development / Sexual Differentiation / Duct
Development of the urinary system
Development_of_the_urinary_system
Enzyme found in humans
transcription regulation, receptor degradation, and nervous system development. Overactivation of astrocytes exacerbates brain damage and impairs the
PARP7
Class of enzymes
decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene expression in rodent kidney and accessory sex organs". Endocrinology. 130 (3): 1131–1144. doi:10.1210/endo
Ornithine_decarboxylase
Medical condition
include dermatoglyphics, tooth deformities or missing teeth, abnormal kidney development, shortened limbs, intellectual disability, undescended testes or cryptorchidism
Stratton_Parker_syndrome
Class of enzymes
coronary arteries. MPST is expressed in a number of tissues, including kidney, liver, lung, heart, muscle, spleen, and brain. 3-Mercaptopyruvate (3-MP)
3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
3-mercaptopyruvate_sulfurtransferase
Protein and coding gene in humans
Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Polycystin 2 has been shown to interact with the proteins TRPC1
Polycystin_2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
a gene which maps to 11q13.5 and has possible roles in the development of skeleton, kidney and lung". Gene. 219 (1–2): 101–110. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(98)00393-X
WNT11
Hospital and healthcare institute
Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center (PKLI&RC; Urdu: پاکستان کڈنی اینڈ لیور انسٹی ٹیوٹ) is a tertiary referral hospital in Lahore, Punjab
Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute
Pakistan_Kidney_and_Liver_Institute
Group of peptide hormones in mammals
aldosterone from the adrenal cortex to promote sodium retention by the kidneys. An oligopeptide, angiotensin is a hormone and a dipsogen. It is derived
Angiotensin
Painful, necrotic skin lesions associated with chronic kidney disease
end-stage kidney disease but can occur in the earlier stages of chronic kidney disease and rarely in people with normally functioning kidneys. Calciphylaxis
Calciphylaxis
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
placenta. TCF21 is crucial for the development of a number of cell types during embryogenesis of the heart, lung, kidney, and spleen. TCF21 is also deregulated
TCF21
Incurable progressive feline disease
The chronic kidney disease of the cat (CKD or CNE)—also called chronic renal insufficiency (CRI or CNI) or chronic renal failure (CRF) in the older literature—is
Chronic kidney disease in cats
Chronic_kidney_disease_in_cats
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
differentiation in many cell types. The role of BMP7 in mammalian kidney development is through induction of MET of the metanephrogenic blastema. The epithelial
Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7
Kidney disease
Kidney ischemia is a disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Blood vessels shrink and undergo apoptosis which results in poor blood flow in the
Kidney_ischemia
ramus = branch and the Greek genesis = creation) in an article about kidney development by Davies and Davey (Pediatr Nephrol. 1999 Aug;13(6):535-41). In the
Ramogen
types of the kidney. It is involved in the homeostasis and repair of the kidney, and holds therapeutic potential for treatment of kidney failure. Strong
Renal_stem_cell
Medical condition
Glomerulocystic kidney disease (GCKD) is a cystic disorder of the kidneys. GCKD involves cystic dilation of Bowman's capsule. It can occur with or without
Glomerulocystic kidney disease
Glomerulocystic_kidney_disease
Protein-coding gene in humans
major components of the ECM and are particularly important for cartilage development and maintaining structural integrity. By targeting specific cleavage
ADAMTS1
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
expressed in a wide variety of tissues and is particularly abundant in the kidneys. It is also a common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen that is an important
Neprilysin
Protein-coding gene found in humans
localized to primary cilia and centrosomes in ciliated human epithelial kidney cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells . RPGRIP1L colocalized at the
RPGRIP1L
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Sun TT (2009). "Uroplakins in urothelial biology, function, and disease". Kidney Int. 75 (11): 1153–65. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.73. PMC 3717210. PMID 19340092
Uroplakin-3a
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, angiogenesis, bone development, wound healing, cell migration, learning and memory
MMP9
Medical condition
Hypertensive kidney disease is a medical condition referring to damage to the kidney due to chronic high blood pressure. It manifests as hypertensive
Hypertensive_kidney_disease
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Tryggvason K (2007). "Nephrin – a unique structural and signaling protein of the kidney filter". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 13 (9): 396–403. doi:10.1016/j.molmed
Nephrin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Cdk inhibitor family, is a candidate tumor suppressor gene". Genes & Development. 9 (6): 650–62. doi:10.1101/gad.9.6.650. PMID 7729684. Prekovic S, Schuurman
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C
Cyclin-dependent_kinase_inhibitor_1C
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
smaller stature, skeletal lesions, and unusually small but functioning kidneys. The skeletal lesions (axial and appendicular skeleton showing decreases
SULF1
Reversible biological process
the collecting duct and nephrons respectively (see kidney development for more details). During kidney ontogenesis, a reciprocal induction of the ureteric
Mesenchymal–epithelial transition
Mesenchymal–epithelial_transition
Mammalian protein found in humans
(November 1995). "Lack of beta-catenin affects mouse development at gastrulation". Development. 121 (11): 3529–3537. doi:10.1242/dev.121.11.3529. PMID 8582267
Catenin_beta-1
Abnormal development, at macroscopic or microscopical level
Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is a condition that results from the malformation of the kidney during fetal development. The kidney consists of irregular
Dysplasia
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Tessier-Lavigne M, Martin GR (May 2004). "SLIT2-mediated ROBO2 signaling restricts kidney induction to a single site". Developmental Cell. 6 (5): 709–717. doi:10
ROBO2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
kidneys, and limbs. If there is not enough FGF8 or too much, there can be defects in all of these systems like limb loss, cleft lip/ palate, kidney disease
Fibroblast_growth_factor_8
Centromere- and microtubule-associated protein
degraded. Mutations in CENPF lead to impaired cell division during early development. Mitosis has been found to take longer when the gene is mutated. Microtubules
Centromere_protein_F
Diabetes medication
diabetes. It is also used to treat adults with heart failure and chronic kidney disease. It reversibly inhibits sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2)
Dapagliflozin
Medical condition
to cardiac arrest. In most cases, elements of abnormal brain and kidney development are apparent, sometimes even at prenatal ultrasound. Infants with
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency
Carnitine_palmitoyltransferase_II_deficiency
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
cyst development on the kidney tubules, and in mice, mutant WNT9 genes that cause lower protein concentrations resulted in failure of the kidneys to thrive
Protein_Wnt-9B
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