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Microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney
The nephron is the minute or microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal
Nephron
Organ of the urinary system
uric acid. The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Each adult human kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, while a mouse
Kidney
Segment of nephron in kidneys
The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal (tubular) pole of the Bowman's capsule to the beginning of loop
Proximal_tubule
Part of kidney tissue
Henle (/ˈhɛnli/; also known as Henle's loop, Henle loop, nephron loop) is the portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the
Loop_of_Henle
Ways of assessing the function of the kidneys
physiology is studied at the level of the nephron—the smallest functional unit of the kidney. Each nephron begins with a filtration component that filters
Assessment_of_kidney_function
Paired internal organ in vertebrates
functional element of the kidney is the nephron. Between animals, the kidneys can differ in the number of nephrons and in their organisation. According to
Kidney_(vertebrates)
Functional unit of nephron
tuft, located at the beginning of a nephron in the kidney. Each of the two kidneys contains about one million nephrons. The tuft is structurally supported
Glomerulus_(kidney)
Blood-filtering component of the nephron of the kidney
corpuscle (or Malpighian body) is the blood-filtering component of the nephron of the kidney. It consists of a glomerulus - a tuft of capillaries composed
Renal_corpuscle
Innermost part of the kidney
portion of the ureter. The renal medulla contains the structures of the nephrons responsible for maintaining the salt and water balance of the blood. These
Renal_medulla
Renal function test
mass filtered at the glomerulus as nothing is added or removed in the nephron. Dividing this mass by the plasma concentration gives the volume of plasma
Glomerular_filtration_rate
Structure that regulates function of each nephron
complex) is a structure in the kidney that regulates the function of each nephron, the functional units of the kidney. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named
Juxtaglomerular_apparatus
Study of the physiology of the kidney
physiology is studied at the level of the nephron, the smallest functional unit of the kidney. Each nephron begins with a filtration component that filters
Renal_physiology
Paired organ in the urinary system of mammals
example, pig) have nephrons whose loops of Henle do not reach the medulla; such nephrons are called cortical nephrons. Cortical nephrons have a very short
Mammalian_kidney
Anatomical system consisting of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra
kidneys via the renal vein. Each kidney consists of functional units called nephrons. Following filtration of blood and further processing, the ureters transport
Urinary_system
Swiss medical books publisher
Karger Publishers, also known as Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers and S. Karger AG, is an academic publisher of scientific and medical journals
Karger_Publishers
Anatomical structure of the kidney
Within the nephron of the kidney, the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is a segment of the heterogenous loop of Henle downstream of the descending
Ascending limb of loop of Henle
Ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle
Group of transport proteins
(enterocytes) of the small intestine (SGLT1) and the proximal tubule of the nephron (SGLT2 in PCT and SGLT1 in PST). They contribute to renal glucose reabsorption
Sodium-glucose transport proteins
Sodium-glucose_transport_proteins
Kidney system
kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that physically connect nephrons to a minor calyx or directly to the renal pelvis. The collecting duct participates
Collecting_duct_system
Urinary organ, nonfunctional in mammals
the later kidneys. It is a paired organ, consisting of a single giant nephron that processes blood filtrate produced from glomeruli or glomera- large
Pronephros
Feature of kidney anatomy
The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting tubule. It is partly responsible for the
Distal_convoluted_tubule
Kidney structure which performs the first step in blood filtration
capsule) is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration
Bowman's_capsule
Greek mythological person
In Greek mythology, Timandra (Ancient Greek: Τιμάνδρα) is a widow woman who became the lover of Aegypius. Her son Neophron disapproved of the affair, so
Timandra_(mother_of_Neophron)
tubules. The renal tubule and the renal corpuscle together comprise the nephron. The thin segment is described as a U-shaped band, consisting of the two
Thin_segment_of_loop_of_Henle
Condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly
from the filtrate, myoglobin interacts with Tamm–Horsfall protein in the nephron to form casts (solid aggregates) that obstruct the normal flow of fluid;
Rhabdomyolysis
Part of the function of the kidney
reabsorption, more specifically tubular reabsorption, is the process by which the nephron recovers water and solutes from the tubular fluid (pre-urine) and returns
Reabsorption
Tissue type
cuboidal epithelium is found on the surface of ovaries, the lining of nephrons, the walls of the renal tubules, parts of the eye and thyroid, and in salivary
Simple_cuboidal_epithelium
Embryological structure involved in the formation of the kidneys
being the ureteric bud. The metanephric blastema mostly develops into nephrons, but can also form parts of the collecting duct system. The system of tissue
Metanephrogenic_blastema
Principal excretory organ during early human embryonic life
and terminology, however, the mesonephric nephrons do not form any part of the mature kidney or nephrons. In humans, the mesonephros consists of units
Mesonephros
Substance that promotes the production of urine
inhibit the body's ability to reabsorb sodium at the ascending loop in the nephron, which leads to an excretion of water in the urine, whereas water normally
Diuretic
Anatomical structure of the kidney
These vessels branch off the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons (those nephrons closest to the medulla). They enter the medulla, and surround the
Vasa_recta_(kidney)
Part of kidney anatomy
Within the nephron of the kidney, the descending limb of loop of Henle is the portion of the renal tubule constituting the first part of the loop of Henle
Descending limb of loop of Henle
Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle
Chemical compound
combination, diuretic effects will occur at two different segments of the nephron; namely, the loop diuretic will act at the loop of Henle, and metolazone
Metolazone
Mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering
the nephrons until exiting the loop (See the nephron flow diagram). The sequence of flow is as follows: Renal corpuscle: Liquid enters the nephron system
Countercurrent_exchange
Metabolic acid-base disorder
filtered by the kidney, the filtrate passes through the tubules of the nephron, allowing for exchange of salts, acid equivalents, and other solutes before
Renal_tubular_acidosis
Fluid in the tubules of the kidney
composition through the nephron, and ends up as urine leaving through the ureters. The composition of tubular fluid changes throughout the nephron, from the proximal
Tubular_fluid
Congenital abnormality of the kidneys
or both of the kidneys are smaller than normal, resulting in a reduced nephron number but with normal morphology. It is defined as abnormally small kidneys
Renal_hypoplasia
Polyatomic anion
transporting it from the glomerular filtrate in the lumen (yellow) of the nephron back into the blood (red). The exact stoichiometry in the kidney is omitted
Bicarbonate
Medication
tubule, and collecting duct of the nephron, which both reduces absorption of sodium ion from the lumen of the nephron and reduces excretion of potassium
Amiloride
Indian paediatrician and medical administrator (born 1965)
pediatric nephrology and neonatology. He serves as the chairman of the Nephron Clinic in New Delhi, India. Bagai has been a visiting professor of pediatrics
Sanjeev_Bagai
Blood vessel
arteriole, that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron. Peritubular capillaries surround
Peritubular_capillaries
Negative feedback mechanism regulating the glomerular filtration rate
tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) is a feedback system inside the kidneys. Within each nephron, information from the renal tubules (a downstream area of the tubular fluid)
Tubuloglomerular_feedback
Physiologic phenomenon
rely somewhat on pressure natriuresis as well as processes in the distal nephron. The discovery of aldosterone escape is credited to J. Thomas August and
Aldosterone_escape
Mammalian hormone released from the pituitary gland
back into the circulation from the filtrate in the kidney tubules of the nephrons. Second, AVP constricts arterioles, which increases peripheral vascular
Vasopressin
Mineralocorticoid steroid hormone
mineralocorticoid receptors in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephron. It influences the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium (from
Aldosterone
Blood vessels
e., capillary beds) around their adjacent renal tubules. For cortical nephrons, a single network of capillaries, known as the peritubular capillaries
Interlobular_arteries
Medical condition
excretion. Within the renal parenchyma lies the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. The nephron consists of the blood-filtering renal corpuscle
Glomerulosclerosis
Reabsorption of filtered sodium ions within the kidneys
efficient, since more than 25,000 mmol/day of sodium is filtered into the nephron, but only ~100 mmol/day, or less than 0.4% remains in the final urine.
Renal_sodium_reabsorption
Small tube
convoluted portion of the vertebrate nephron that lies between the loop of Henle and the nonsecretory part of the nephron and that is concerned especially
Tubule
Processes where a drug is removed or cleared
transporter proteins that can become saturated) or the number of functioning nephrons (hence the importance of factors such as kidney failure). As «hepatic clearance»
Elimination_(pharmacology)
Central fissure of the kidney
Inferior renal capsule 11. Superior renal capsule 12. Interlobar vein 13. Nephron 14. Renal sinus 15. Major calyx 16. Renal papilla 17. Renal column Details
Renal_hilum
ending in a capillary tuft analogous to the glomerulus of the definitive nephron. The mesonephric tubule forms a capsule around the capillary tuft, allowing
Kidney_development
Protein-coding gene in humans
(TAL) and potassium secretion in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) of the nephron. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found
KCNJ1
Group of membrane proteins
the reabsorption of sodium ions at the collecting ducts of the kidney's nephrons. In addition to being implicated in diseases where fluid balance across
Epithelial_sodium_channel
Medical condition
cells of the distal tubule and cortical collecting duct of the distal nephron. This failure of acid secretion may be due to a number of causes. It leads
Distal_renal_tubular_acidosis
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
small intestine and the epithelial cells of the kidney tubules of the nephron for the purpose of glucose uptake into cells. Recently, it has been seen
Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1
Sodium/glucose_cotransporter_1
glomerulus, are reabsorbed from the filtrate as they pass through the nephron. Selective reabsorbtion occurs in the PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)
Selective_reabsorption
Pharmacokinetic measurement
handled by the nephron. Clearance is a function of 1) glomerular filtration, 2) secretion from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron, and 3) reabsorption
Clearance_(pharmacology)
Genetic kidney disorder
the control of ion homeostasis at the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. Thus, loss of NCC function reduces sodium and chloride reabsorption in
Gitelman_syndrome
Excess urination
amount in the distal nephron where flow rates and velocity are low. The significant pressure increase occurring in the distal nephron takes place particularly
Polyuria
Cylindrical protein structure in urine in certain disease states
states. They form in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts of nephrons, then dislodge and pass into the urine, where they can be detected by microscopy
Urinary_cast
Medical condition
(periglomerular fibrosis). In advanced stages, kidney failure will occur. Functional nephrons have dilated tubules, often with hyaline casts in the opening of the tubules
Hypertensive_kidney_disease
which are not visible without a microscope. A renal lobule consists of the nephrons grouped around a single medullary ray, and draining into a single collecting
Renal_lobe
Organ system removing waste materials from an organism
The way the kidneys do this is with nephrons. There are over 1 million nephrons in each kidney; these nephrons act as filters inside the kidneys. The
Excretory_system
Movement of urea in kidney physiology
final urine, since there is more reabsorption than secretion along the nephron. It is regulated by antidiuretic hormone, which controls the amount reabsorbed
Renal_urea_handling
Blood vessels
peritubular capillaries first. The efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary nephron drain into the vasa recta. The segmental arteries are branches of the renal
Renal_circulation
Topics referred to by the same term
substantia innominata of Meynert Loop of Henle (ansa nephroni), a portion of a nephron in the kidney Ansa of the tympanal organ Ansae, compact nebulosities such
Ansa
Region of the kidney containing juxtaglomerular apparatus
increasing the glomerular filtration rate. Kidney Juxtaglomerular apparatus Nephron List of distinct cell types in the adult human body Gonzalez-Vicente, Agustin;
Macula_densa
Proteins or lipids chemically altered by sugar exposure
renal capsule • 11. Superior renal capsule • 12. Interlobular vein • 13. Nephron • 14. Minor calyx • 15. Major calyx • 16. Renal papilla • 17. Renal column
Advanced glycation end-product
Advanced_glycation_end-product
Condition characterized by large amounts of dilute urine and increased thirst
the absorption of sodium and water in the proximal nephron. Less fluid reaches the distal nephron, so overall fluid conservation is obtained. Lithium-induced
Diabetes_insipidus
Perform excretion and maintain osmotic pressure in Platyhelminthes
cells through the gap between the flame cell and tube cell for excretion. Nephron, the similar structure in vertebrates Nephridia, the excretory organ in
Flame_cell
Most abundant structural protein in animals
serves as part of the filtration system in capillaries and the glomeruli of nephron in the kidney. COL4A1, COL4A2, COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5, COL4A6 Alport syndrome
Collagen
Class of medication
class of medications that inhibit sodium-glucose transport proteins in the nephron (the functional units of the kidney), unlike SGLT1 inhibitors that perform
SGLT2_inhibitor
Medical condition
that transport ions across renal cells in the thick ascending limb of the nephron also called as the ascending loop of Henle. Specifically, mutations directly
Bartter_syndrome
Medication
channels in the distal nephron causes increasing water reabsorption from the urine, which becomes passively re-distributed from the nephron to systemic circulation
Desmopressin
Diuretics that act along the loop of Henle in the kidneys
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system will be activated which results in nephron remodelling. Nephron remodeling increases the number of distal convoluted cells, principle
Loop_diuretic
Steroidal antiandrogen and antimineralocorticoid
spironolactone is only a weak diuretic because it primarily targets the distal nephron (collecting tubule), where only small amounts of sodium are reabsorbed
Spironolactone
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
the tubular fluid into the cells of the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. It is a member of the SLC12 cotransporter family of electroneutral cation-coupled
Sodium-chloride_symporter
Term for several kidney diseases
recent studies have shown that extensive sodium retention in the distal nephron (collecting duct) is the predominant cause of water retention and edema
Glomerulonephritis
Vessel supplying blood to kidney
Inferior renal capsule 11. Superior renal capsule 12. Interlobar vein 13. Nephron 14. Renal sinus 15. Major calyx 16. Renal papilla 17. Renal column Details
Renal_artery
Excess production of aldosterone in the adrenal gland
potassium and also increases sodium reabsorption all along the intestine and nephron, possibly due to widespread stimulation of sodium-potassium ATPase. Finally
Primary_aldosteronism
Medical condition
(1987-01-01). "Dietary composition and renal function in healthy subjects". Nephron. 46 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1159/000184293. ISSN 1660-8151. PMID 3600911. Barsotti
Microalbuminuria
Class of animals
specialized structure called a loop of Henle, which is present in the nephrons of birds and mammals. Because of this, many reptiles use the colon to aid
Reptile
Congenital disorder of urinary system
the nephron, although fewer than 5% of nephrons are thought to be involved. As the cysts accumulate fluid, they enlarge, separate from the nephron, compress
Polycystic_kidney_disease
Combination drug for HIV
This is caused by cobicistat's inhibition of tubular secretion in the nephron. Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir gained approval by the
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir
Tissue type
In the kidneys, it allows for the filtration of blood plasma into the nephron. Secretion: In serous membranes, it secretes lubricating fluids to reduce
Simple_squamous_epithelium
Medical condition
improper functioning of the renal tubules, which are primary components of nephrons, the filtering units of the kidneys. In most affected individuals, the
Renal_glycosuria
Species of venomous snake
V (1974). "Further observations of renal insufficiency in snakebite". Nephron. 13 (5): 396–403. doi:10.1159/000180416. PMID 4610437. Smith MA (1943)
Russell's_viper
Abnormal presence of albumin in the urine
prevented from being lost into the urine by the sieve-like glomeruli of the nephrons. In healthy people, only trace amounts of it are present in urine, but
Albuminuria
Buildup of metabolic waste due to kidney dysfunction
reabsorption and excretion of uric acid. Certain transporters located in the nephron in the apical and basolateral surfaces regulate uric acid serum levels
Protein_toxicity
Diuretics that do not cause potassium loss
use Normally, sodium is reabsorbed in the collecting tubules of a renal nephron. This occurs via epithelial sodium channels or ENaCs, located on the luminal
Potassium-sparing_diuretic
Protein found in humans
kidney development negative regulation of cell differentiation metanephric nephron morphogenesis negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway female
WNT4
Metanephric nephron progenitor Proximal convoluted tubule Reabsorbs filtered water and solutes Barrier and transport epithelial cells Nephron Mesoderm SLC34A1
List_of_human_cell_types
Class of eel-shaped, slime-producing animal
is separate from the reproductive tract, and the proximal tubule of the nephron is also connected with the coelom, providing lubrication. The single testicle
Hagfish
Rare childhood cancer of the kidneys
"Patient-specific hydrogel phantoms for the preoperative simulation of nephron-sparing surgery in Wilms' tumor patients: A feasibility study". Annals
Wilms'_tumor
Objects too small to be seen unaided
Microscopes Used in Geology". New York Microscope Company. Retrieved 2022-05-23. Nephron, English: Very low magnification micrograph of cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Microscopic_scale
Chance over time of a medical condition
(2010-02-19). "Measures of Disease Frequency: Prevalence and Incidence". Nephron Clinical Practice. 115 (1): c17–c20. doi:10.1159/000286345. PMID 20173345
Incidence_(epidemiology)
Drug that increases alertness
Membrane Antibody-Mediated Glomerulonephritis after Intranasal Cocaine Use". Nephron. 81 (4): 434–438. doi:10.1159/000045328. PMID 10095180. S2CID 26921706
Stimulant
Blood vessels supplying nephrons of kidneys
The afferent arterioles are a group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems. They play an important role in the regulation
Afferent_arterioles
Diuretic that reduces the reabsorption of water and sodium
of renal toxins.[verification needed] In the nephron, osmotic diuretics act at the portions of the nephron that are water-permeable. Any osmotically active
Osmotic_diuretic
Kidney disorder
(November 2015). "Deep Sequencing in Microdissected Renal Tubules Identifies Nephron Segment-Specific Transcriptomes". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
Fanconi_syndrome
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