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Misleading use of a term with multiple meanings
In logic, equivocation ("calling two different things by the same name") is an informal fallacy resulting from the failure to define one's terms, or knowingly
Equivocation
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up equivocation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Equivocation is a logical fallacy whereby an argument is made with a term which changes semantics
Equivocation_(disambiguation)
Play written by Bill Cain
Equivocation is a 2009 play by Bill Cain that premiered at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival. It takes place in an alternate history in 17th Century England
Equivocation_(play)
Method in magic tricks
but is instead handed a known card by the magician. Other forces use equivocation (or "the magician's choice") to create the illusion of a free decision
Forcing_(magic)
Type of informal fallacy
scientific knowledge. The fallacy has been described as an instance of equivocation, more specifically concept-swapping, which is the substitution of one
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Position in ethical theory and moral theology
Mental reservation (or mental equivocation) is an ethical theory and a doctrine in moral theology which recognizes the "lie of necessity", and holds that
Mental_reservation
Ambiguous or roundabout figure of speech
circumlocution can be used to construct euphemisms, innuendos, and equivocations. Circumlocution is often used by beginner and intermediate second language
Circumlocution
Measure of relative information in probability theory
yn, the expected value EX[H(y1,…,yn∣X=x)] is known in some domains as equivocation. Given discrete random variables X with image 𝒳 and Y with image 𝒴
Conditional_entropy
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
of informal fallacies have been identified, including the fallacy of equivocation, the fallacy of amphiboly, the fallacies of composition and division
Informal_fallacy
Play by William Shakespeare
had in his possession A Treatise on Equivocation, and in the play the Weird Sisters often engage in equivocation, for instance telling Macbeth that he
Macbeth
entropy of X {\displaystyle X} given Y {\displaystyle Y} , also called the equivocation of X {\displaystyle X} about Y {\displaystyle Y} is then given by: H
Quantities_of_information
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Straw_man
Philosophical doctrine on the subjugation of all events to fate
Fatalism is a belief and philosophical doctrine which considers the entire universe as a deterministic system and stresses the subjugation of all events
Fatalism
Logical fallacy
democracy. Ad hoc hypothesis Begging the question Epistemic commitment Equivocation List of fallacies Motte-and-bailey fallacy Moving the goalposts Persuasive
No_true_Scotsman
Fallacy in which a word's history defines its meaning
An etymological fallacy is an argument of equivocation, arguing that a word is defined by its etymology, and that its customary usage is therefore incorrect
Etymological_fallacy
Attacking the person rather than their argument
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Ad_hominem
Fallacious approach to mislead an audience
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Red_herring
aggregate statistics collected for the group to which that entity belongs. Equivocation – using a term with more than one meaning in a statement without specifying
List_of_fallacies
Descriptive ethical view that people are always motivated by self-interest
argument against psychological egoism that centers around an apparent equivocation between different senses of the word "want": The word desire often refers
Psychological_egoism
Question containing an unjustified assumption
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Loaded_question
Fallacy of assumption of causation based on sequence of events
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc
Logical fallacy of inconsistency
to False equivalence. Ad hominem Affirming the consequent Apophenia Equivocation False balance False analogy List of fallacies Tu quoque Whataboutism
False_equivalence
Logical fallacy
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Argument_from_authority
Management attitude for innovation or development
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Not_invented_here
German Catholic theologian (1904–1984)
Karl Rahner SJ (German: [ˈʁaːnɐ]; 5 March 1904 – 30 March 1984) was a German Jesuit priest and theologian who, alongside Henri de Lubac, Hans Urs von Balthasar
Karl_Rahner
Type of trolling or harassment
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Sealioning
Topics referred to by the same term
meanings. It is the latin translation of the greek adjective "homonymous". Equivocation, in logic, a fallacy from using a phrase in multiple senses Equivocal
Equivocal
16th-century English Jesuit priest (1555–1606)
28 March 1606, was a foregone conclusion. Criticised for his use of equivocation, which Coke called "open and broad lying and forswearing", and condemned
Henry_Garnet
Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing
parts have a property solely because the whole has that same property Equivocation, the misleading use of a word with more than one meaning The rhetorical
Reification_(fallacy)
Logic founded on unproven premises
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Begging_the_question
Refutation of a logical fallacy
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Fallacy regarding hypocrisy
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Tu_quoque
Internet adage about Nazi comparisons
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Godwin's_law
Logical paradox from vague predicates
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Sorites_paradox
Hypothetical species of fish
that they may have been "anything but gars", asserting with even less equivocation that "they are probably not gars". Bathyceratias Bathyembryx Bathysidus
Abyssal_rainbow_gar
Formal fallacy that occurs when a syllogism has four (or more) terms
everyday reasoning, the fallacy of four terms occurs most frequently by equivocation: using the same word or phrase but with a different meaning each time
Fallacy_of_four_terms
Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Argumentum_ad_populum
Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible
ambiguity (intentionally or not). The logical fallacies of amphiboly and equivocation rely heavily on the use of ambiguous words and phrases. In continental
Ambiguity
Evidence relying on personal testimony
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Anecdotal_evidence
Female sibling
include individuals stipulating kinship. In response, in order to avoid equivocation, some publishers prefer the usage of female sibling over sister. Males
Sister
Logic theorem
exclusive. To express the fact that the law is tenseless and to avoid equivocation, sometimes the law is amended to say "contradictory propositions cannot
Law_of_noncontradiction
Unrecognised state in southern Africa, 1965 to 1979
political structure in theory, although not without qualification and equivocation. A greater degree of social and political equality, they argued, was
Rhodesia
Formal fallacy
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Association_fallacy
Statement based on repeated empirical observations that describes some natural phenomenon
from facts. Calling a law a fact is ambiguous, an overstatement, or an equivocation. The nature of scientific laws has been much discussed in philosophy
Scientific_law
Logical fallacy
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Reductio_ad_Hitlerum
Rhetorical argument
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Slippery_slope
Logical fallacy
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Specious_reasoning
Mistakenly drawing statistical inference from independent events
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Gambler's_fallacy
Internet rage incitement
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Rage-baiting
Japanese manga series
January 7, 2025 979-8-89160-258-8 Chapter 11: Decadence Chapter 12: Equivocation Chapter 13: Reflection Chapter 14: Astigmatism Chapter 15: Addiction
My Girlfriend's Not Here Today
My_Girlfriend's_Not_Here_Today
Statistical fallacy
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
Psychological bias towards favoring members of one's in-group
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
In-group_favoritism
Formal fallacy, aka Linda Problem
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Conjunction_fallacy
Apparent, but false, correlation between causally-independent variables
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Spurious_relationship
Formal fallacy about knowledge of objects
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Masked-man_fallacy
2022 studio album by Fontaines D.C.
DC’s bold refusal to join in, to deal instead in shades of grey and equivocation. There’s also something bold about their disinclination to rely on the
Skinty_Fia
Rhetorical cliché phrase
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Think_of_the_children
English actor (born 1968)
convincing in motion, less persuasive when zipping through Macbeth's equivocations." Craig also starred in Glass Onion, a sequel to Knives Out directed
Daniel_Craig
Overused, unoriginal phrase or opinion
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Cliché
Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Faulty_generalization
Logical fallacy
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Denying_the_antecedent
Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Circular_reasoning
Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Formal_fallacy
Bias towards recently acquired information
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Availability_heuristic
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
may be placed in either formal or informal classifications: Compare equivocation, which is a word- or phrase-based ambiguity, to the fallacy of composition
Fallacy
Individual connection to the Internet
2010 ruling by the Supreme Court of Costa Rica stated: "Without fear of equivocation, it can be said that these technologies [information technology and communication]
Internet_access
Buddhist philosophy founded by Nagarjuna
Nagarjuna as "primitive" and guilty of "errors in reasoning" such as that of equivocation. Hayes states that Nagarjuna was relying on the different meanings of
Madhyamaka
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Base_rate_fallacy
Idea that a concept is ill-defined, and therefore cannot be discussed
paradox Ship of Theseus Draupnir – The gold ring at the center of the myth Equivocation Fuzzy concept Merchant of Venice – specifically how the 'pound of flesh'
Loki's_wager
American actress (born 1985)
dating Suits star Patrick J. Adams after they met on the set of the play Equivocation in 2009. The couple briefly separated before Adams' guest appearance
Troian_Bellisario
Exclusive reliance on quantitative observations in decision-making
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
McNamara_fallacy
background of Jesuitical equivocation". PMLA. 79 (4): 390–400. doi:10.2307/460744. JSTOR 460744. S2CID 163281389. "This kind of equivocation was in the public
Religious views of William Shakespeare
Religious_views_of_William_Shakespeare
Text by Aristotle on logical fallacies
following: Fallacies in the language or formal fallacies (in dictionem): Equivocation Amphiboly Composition Division Accent Figure of speech or form of expression
Sophistical_Refutations
Fallacy of incomplete evidence
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Cherry_picking
Swedish filmmaker (1918–2007)
common motifs in them, but he later seemed to adopt the notion, with some equivocation. His parody of the films of Federico Fellini, All These Women (För att
Ingmar_Bergman
British broadcaster, journalist and former politician (born 1953)
unattractive" and his opponents within the party later used Portillo's apparent equivocation as an example of his indecisiveness; "I appeared happy to wound but afraid
Michael_Portillo
Logical fallacy in which a thesis is deemed correct on the basis of tradition
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Appeal_to_tradition
Informal fallacy in comparing actualities with ideals
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Nirvana_fallacy
Canadian and American actor (born 1981)
two met in 2009 when they were cast opposite each other in the play Equivocation, then broke up briefly but got back together after Adams' guest appearance
Patrick_J._Adams
Psychological defense mechanism
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Rationalization_(psychology)
President of the United Arab Emirates from 1971 to 2004
opinions of the Zayed Centre caused the Harvard Divinity School, after much equivocation, to return/have withdrawn in 2004 Sheikh Zayed's $2.5 million gift in
Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan
Logical fallacy
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Package-deal_fallacy
Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Affirming_the_consequent
Islamic religious law
Ann Elizabeth (2016). "Islamic Law and Human Rights: Conundrums and Equivocations". In Gustafson, Carrie; Juviler, Peter H. (eds.). Religion and Human
Sharia
Discussion that has continued to the point of nausea
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Ad_nauseam
Error in numerical data
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
False_precision
Rhetorical tactic and potential fallacy
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Appeal_to_nature
Informal logical fallacy
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Argument_from_incredulity
Logically self-contradictory statement
Other common elements include circular definitions, and confusion or equivocation between different levels of abstraction. Self-reference occurs when a
Paradox
Misinterpretation of stress as a suspicious attitude
concealment, and equivocation. The three differ in that falsification creates a fiction, concealment hides a secret, and equivocation dodges the issue
Othello_error
Scientific study of digital information
conditional uncertainty of X given random variable Y (also called the equivocation of X about Y) is the average conditional entropy over Y:
Information_theory
Threat of force to make a conclusion accepted
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Argumentum_ad_baculum
American actor, writer and director (born 1967)
Apparent (2014 Off-Broadway, CSC, director John Rando); Bill Cain's Equivocation (2010, Off-Broadway Manhattan Theater Club) directed by Garry Hynes;
David_Pittu
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Argument
Unclear communication
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Obfuscation
1605 failed attempt to kill King James I of England
possible reference to the plot relates to the use of equivocation; Garnet's A Treatise of Equivocation was found on one of the plotters. Poets made a point
Gunpowder_Plot
Parable by French economist Frédéric Bastiat
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Parable_of_the_broken_window
International standard on physical quantities and units of measurement
information content, average conditional information content, H(X|Y) equivocation, H(X|Y) irrelevance, C transinformation content, T(x, y) mean transinformation
ISO/IEC_80000
Informal fallacy
terms Illicit major Illicit minor Undistributed middle Informal Equivocation Equivocation False equivalence False attribution Moral equivalence Conflation
Argument_from_ignorance
Book by Robert H. Thouless
ground No. 12. argument in a circle No. 13. begging the question No. 17. equivocation No. 18. false dilemma: black and white thinking No. 19. continuum fallacy
Straight_and_Crooked_Thinking
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