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Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing
Reification (also known as concretism, hypostatization, or the fallacy of misplaced concreteness) is a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction (abstract
Reification_(fallacy)
Treatment of social attributes as real, in Marxist theory
abstractly conceived object, which is a fallacy of reification of ontological and epistemological interpretation. Reification is conceptually related to, but
Reification_(Marxism)
Topics referred to by the same term
experimental observations Reification (fallacy), the fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing Reification (Gestalt psychology), the
Reification
Informal logical fallacy
List of fallacies Motte-and-bailey fallacy Moving the goalposts Persuasive definition Reification (fallacy) Special pleading Whataboutism "Fallacies". Internet
No_true_Scotsman
Adage about statistical measures
Map–territory relation – a type of reification fallacy where a model is confused with the thing being modeled McNamara fallacy – ignoring qualitative metrics
Goodhart's_law
they are used (e.g.: "nobody" was in the room). Reification (concretism, hypostatization, or the fallacy of misplaced concreteness) – treating an abstract
List_of_fallacies
Using a statement as an object of another
feet tall"). Ontology Reification (computer science) Reification (fallacy) Reification (linguistics) RDF Statement reification and context Hunt, Matthew
Reification (knowledge representation)
Reification_(knowledge_representation)
Fallacy that intent acts to cause events
evolution. Anthropomorphism Argument from ignorance Pathetic fallacy Reification (fallacy) Resistentialism Teleological argument Sowell, Thomas (1996)
Animistic_fallacy
Statistical fallacy
The Texas sharpshooter fallacy is the statistical fallacy of inferring meaning from what is essentially a random distribution of data points. It is the
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
Type of informal fallacy
motte-and-bailey fallacy (named after the motte-and-bailey castle), also called the castle and courtyard, is a form of argument and an informal fallacy where an
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Exclusive reliance on quantitative observations in decision-making
The McNamara fallacy (also known as the quantitative fallacy), named for Robert McNamara, the U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1968, involves making
McNamara_fallacy
discussion. Drinker paradox Nonfirstorderizability Reification (computer science) Reification (fallacy) Reification (knowledge representation) "Archived copy"
Reification (information retrieval)
Reification_(information_retrieval)
Fallacy of assumption of causation based on sequence of events
this') is an informal fallacy that states "Because event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X". It is a fallacy in which an event
Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc
Misleading use of a term with multiple meanings
equivocation ("calling two different things by the same name") is an informal fallacy resulting from the failure to define one's terms, or knowingly and deliberately
Equivocation
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
The base rate fallacy, also called base rate neglect or base rate bias, is a type of fallacy in which people tend to ignore the base rate (e.g., general
Base_rate_fallacy
Informal fallacy in comparing actualities with ideals
The nirvana fallacy is the informal fallacy of comparing actual things with unrealistic, idealized alternatives. It can also refer to the tendency to
Nirvana_fallacy
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
number of informal fallacies have been identified, including the fallacy of equivocation, the fallacy of amphiboly, the fallacies of composition and division
Informal_fallacy
Relationship between an object and a representation of that object
the Content and Object of Presentations Philosophy of perception Reification (fallacy) Richard Feynman Signified and signifier Social constructionism Stephen
Map–territory_relation
Mistakenly drawing statistical inference from independent events
The gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy or the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the belief that an independent and equally
Gambler's_fallacy
Attacking the person rather than their argument
categorized among informal fallacies, more precisely as a genetic fallacy, a subcategory of fallacies of irrelevance. Ad hominem fallacies can be separated into
Ad_hominem
Formal fallacy in statistical interpretation
An ecological fallacy (also ecological inference fallacy or population fallacy) is a formal fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data that occurs
Ecological_fallacy
Informal fallacy that the way one sees the world reflects the way the world really is
projection fallacy. Psychologist's fallacy – Fallacy in which subjective experience is assumed to reflect the true nature of an event Reification (fallacy) –
Mind_projection_fallacy
Purported fallacy in explaining good reductively
In metaethics, the naturalistic fallacy is the claim that it is possible to define good in terms of merely described entities, properties, or processes
Naturalistic_fallacy
Fallacy of inferring on the whole from a part
The fallacy of composition is an informal fallacy that arises when one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some
Fallacy_of_composition
1972 scientific paper by Richard Lewontin
p. 270. ISBN 978-1-139-78900-4. Winther, R.G. (2018). "The Genetic Reification of "Race"? A Story of Two Mathematical Methods". In R.G. Winther (ed
The Apportionment of Human Diversity
The_Apportionment_of_Human_Diversity
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The
Fallacy
Fallacy that since an argument contains a logical fallacy, its conclusion must be false
(argumentum ad logicam), the fallacy fallacy, the fallacist's fallacy, and the bad reasons fallacy. An argument from fallacy has the following general argument
Argument_from_fallacy
Logical paradox from vague predicates
The continuum fallacy (also known as the fallacy of the beard, line-drawing fallacy, or decision-point fallacy) is an informal fallacy related to the
Sorites_paradox
Certain type of mistaken proof
of a concept called mathematical fallacy. There is a distinction between a simple mistake and a mathematical fallacy in a proof, in that a mistake in
Mathematical_fallacy
Refutation of a logical fallacy
questionable-cause logical fallacy, in which two events occurring together are taken to have established a cause-and-effect relationship. This fallacy is also known
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Aphorism in statistics
representation of that object Pragmatism – Philosophical tradition Reification (fallacy) – Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing Scientific
All_models_are_wrong
Formal fallacy, aka Linda Problem
description." — Stephen J. Gould The most often-cited example of this fallacy originated with Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman: Linda is 31 years old
Conjunction_fallacy
Rhetorical argument
this is called the slippery-slope fallacy. This is a type of informal fallacy, and is a subset of continuum fallacy,[citation needed] in that it ignores
Slippery_slope
Logical fallacy
weak defeasible argument or an outright fallacy.[excessive citations] This argument is a form of genetic fallacy, in which the conclusion about the validity
Argument_from_authority
Fallacy where validity is determined by origin
The genetic fallacy (also known as the fallacy of origins or fallacy of virtue) is a fallacy of irrelevance in which arguments or information are dismissed
Genetic_fallacy
Formal fallacy
The association fallacy is a formal fallacy in which it is assumed that if a concept, whether physical or abstract, has certain properties, any other
Association_fallacy
Fallacy
The relativist fallacy, also known as the subjectivist fallacy, is claiming that something is true for one person but not true for someone else, when
Relativist_fallacy
Topics referred to by the same term
mortis, the second stage of death and one of the signs of death Reification (fallacy), a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction is treated as if it were
Hypostasis
Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw
formal fallacy is contrasted with an informal fallacy. A formal fallacy must have an invalid logical form and thus be unsound. An informal fallacy, however
Formal_fallacy
Idea that everyone faces consequence as they deserve
The just-world fallacy, or just-world hypothesis, is the cognitive bias that assumes that "people get what they deserve" – that actions will necessarily
Just-world_fallacy
Informal fallacy involving falsely limited alternatives
binary, is an informal fallacy based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are available. The source of the fallacy lies not in an invalid
False_dilemma
Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
(also known as converse error, fallacy of the converse, or confusion of necessity and sufficiency) is a formal fallacy (or an invalid form of argument)
Affirming_the_consequent
Instances of subjective experience
Richard Rorty suggests that the concept of a quale is the result of a reification fallacy. In attempting to answer the question "why is the phenomenal immaterial
Qualia
Logical fallacy
ad Hitlerum (Latin for 'reduction to Hitler'), also known as the Hitler fallacy or playing the Nazi card, is an attempt to invalidate someone else's argument
Reductio_ad_Hitlerum
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
A straw man fallacy (sometimes written as strawman) is the informal fallacy of refuting an argument different from the one actually under discussion,
Straw_man
The Muhammad Wang fallacy (also known as the Goomba fallacy) is an informal fallacy in which a collection of individuals is mistakenly treated as if it
Muhammad_Wang_fallacy
Informal fallacies based on correlative conjunctions
In philosophy, correlative-based fallacies are informal fallacies based on correlative conjunctions. A correlative conjunction is a relationship between
Correlative-based_fallacies
Fallacy of incomplete evidence
to a reporting bias or the act of selectively suppressing evidence. The fallacy of incomplete evidence is the act of cherry picking that focuses on individual
Cherry_picking
Logical fallacy
The package-deal fallacy (also known as false conjunction) is the logical fallacy of assuming that things often grouped together by tradition or culture
Package-deal_fallacy
American expression about belief and existence
reality Constructivist epistemology Conventional wisdom Feedback loop Reification (fallacy) Self-fulfilling prophecy Thomas theorem Tulpa Healy, Kieran (January
Tinkerbell_effect
Figure of speech of implicit comparison
philosophy Metonymy Misnomer Origin of language Pataphor Personification Reification (fallacy) Sarcasm Synecdoche Tertium comparationis War as metaphor World Hypotheses
Metaphor
Informal logical fallacy
from personal incredulity, appeal to common sense, or the divine fallacy, is a fallacy in informal logic. It asserts that a proposition must be false because
Argument_from_incredulity
Question that has a built-in supposition
A complex question, trick question, multiple question, fallacy of presupposition, or plurium interrogationum (Latin, 'of many questions') is a question
Complex_question
Rhetorical cliché phrase
that is used as an appeal to emotion, and therefore may become a logical fallacy. Art, Argument, and Advocacy (2002) argued that the appeal substitutes
Think_of_the_children
Unabounded conceptualization obscuring the true nature of reality
mountain out of a molehill Monkey mind Nibbāna: The Mind Stilled Reification (fallacy) Ñāṇananda 2012, p. 4. Sanskrit Dictionary, prapanca Völker 2023
Conceptual_proliferation
Fallacious approach to mislead an audience
distracts from a relevant or important question. It may be either a logical fallacy or a literary device that leads readers or audiences toward a false conclusion
Red_herring
Informal fallacy that the truth is always a compromise
compromise, argument from middle ground, fallacy of gray, middle ground fallacy, or golden mean fallacy—is the fallacy of assuming that the truth or best solution
Argument_to_moderation
Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct
is an informal fallacy that asserts a claim is true, good, or correct because many people allegedly think so. Other names for the fallacy include: appeal
Argumentum_ad_populum
Logical fallacy
The fallacy of the undistributed middle (Latin: non distributio medii) is a formal fallacy that is committed when the middle term in a categorical syllogism
Fallacy of the undistributed middle
Fallacy_of_the_undistributed_middle
Type of informal fallacy
informal fallacy of presenting an argument whose conclusion fails to address the issue in question. It falls into the broad class of relevance fallacies. The
Irrelevant_conclusion
Regular work of scientists
Ravetz Post-normal science Scientific community Scientific method Reification (fallacy) J. Childers/G. Hentzi eds., The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary
Normal_science
Formal fallacy that occurs when a syllogism has four (or more) terms
The fallacy of four terms (Latin: quaternio terminorum) is the formal fallacy that occurs when a syllogism has four (or more) terms rather than the requisite
Fallacy_of_four_terms
Distraction technique and anti-debate tactic
A tone argument or tone policing is an informal fallacy or rhetorical tactic in which someone focuses on the tone or emotional expression of an argument
Tone_policing
Fallacy regarding hypocrisy
to hypocrisy, "you too" fallacy, "two wrongs" fallacy, "pot calling the kettle black" fallacy, and "look who's talking" fallacy. "tu quoque". Oxford English
Tu_quoque
Philosophical question
physical reality Object (philosophy) Qualia Philosophical realism Reification (fallacy), a fallacy of ambiguity when an abstraction is treated as if it were a
Problem_of_universals
Parable by French economist Frédéric Bastiat
good for the economy is consequently known as the broken window fallacy or glazier's fallacy. Bastiat's original parable of the broken window from "Ce qu'on
Parable_of_the_broken_window
Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
A faulty generalization is an informal fallacy wherein a conclusion is drawn about all or many instances of a phenomenon on the basis of one or a few
Faulty_generalization
Logical fallacy
known as denial of the antecedent, inverse error, or fallacy of the inverse) is a formal fallacy of inferring the inverse from an original statement.
Denying_the_antecedent
Logic founded on unproven premises
question or assuming the conclusion (Latin: petitio principii) is an informal fallacy that occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion
Begging_the_question
Typological term
analysis (problem-solving) – Exploration of possible solutions Reification (fallacy) – Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing Social
Ideal_type
Philosophical expression
philosophical norms. "Two wrongs make a right" has been considered as a fallacy of relevance, in which an allegation of wrongdoing is countered with a
Two_wrongs_don't_make_a_right
Logical fallacy
cause—also known as causal fallacy, false cause, or non causa pro causa ("non-cause for cause" in Latin)—is a category of informal fallacies in which the cause
Questionable_cause
Argumentative fallacy
The regression (or regressive) fallacy is an informal fallacy. It assumes that something has returned to normal because of corrective actions taken while
Regression_fallacy
Philosophical category of inexpressible reality
Psychodynamics Psychogeography Psychonautics Quietism (philosophy) Reification (fallacy) Repetition (Kierkegaard book) Shadow (psychology) Social organism
The_Real
Fallacy in which a word's history defines its meaning
An etymological fallacy is an argument of equivocation, arguing that a word is defined by its etymology, and that its customary usage is therefore incorrect
Etymological_fallacy
Concept in social psychology
Problem of universals, a debate about the reality of categories Reification (fallacy), a fallacy of ambiguity when an abstraction is treated as if it were a
Entitativity
Internet rage incitement technique
Quoting out of context Loki's Wager No true Scotsman Semantic argument Reification Map–territory relation Question-begging Circular reasoning / Begging
Rage-baiting
Assumption of a single cause where multiple factors may be necessary
fallacy of the single cause, also known as complex cause, causal oversimplification, causal reductionism, root cause fallacy, and reduction fallacy,
Fallacy_of_the_single_cause
Informal fallacy
material fallacies, cognitive fallacies, and formal fallacies, special pleading most likely falls within the category of cognitive fallacy, because it
Special_pleading
Informal fallacy of generalization
An overwhelming exception is an informal fallacy of generalization. It is a generalization that is accurate, but comes with one or more qualifications
Overwhelming_exception
Formal fallacy about knowledge of objects
In philosophical logic, the masked-man fallacy (also known as the intensional fallacy or epistemic fallacy) is the false assumption that knowledge or
Masked-man_fallacy
Underlying state or underlying substance
found in Hinduism Principle of individuation Prosopon or persona Reification (fallacy) Substance theory Anton 1977, pp. 258–271. The Encyclopedia of Christianity
Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)
Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)
Logical fallacy in which a thesis is deemed correct on the basis of tradition
"this is right because we've always done it this way", and is a logical fallacy. The opposite of an appeal to tradition is an appeal to novelty, in which
Appeal_to_tradition
Fallacy in which validity is determined based on novelty
(also called appeal to modernity or argumentum ad novitatem) is a logical fallacy in which one prematurely claims that an idea or proposal is correct or
Appeal_to_novelty
Logical fallacy of inconsistency
fallacy in which an equivalence is drawn between two subjects based on flawed, faulty, or false reasoning. This fallacy is categorized as a fallacy of
False_equivalence
Type of fallacy in modal logic
The modal fallacy or modal scope fallacy is a type of formal fallacy that occurs in modal logic. It is the fallacy of placing a proposition in the wrong
Modal_fallacy
Question containing an unjustified assumption
narrows the respondent to a single answer, and the fallacy of many questions has been committed. The fallacy relies upon context for its effect: the fact that
Loaded_question
Informal fallacy
A fallacy of illicit transference is an informal fallacy occurring when an argument assumes there is no difference between a term in the distributive (referring
Fallacies of illicit transference
Fallacies_of_illicit_transference
Topics referred to by the same term
sensation as opposed to abstractions, see Attitude (psychology) Reification (fallacy) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title
Concretism
Concept made real by collective agreement
the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche and Karl Marx to argue that a fallacy of reification is responsible for the practice of treating socially constructed
Social_construct
Type of logical fallacy
Bulverism is a rhetorical fallacy that combines circular reasoning, the genetic fallacy and ad hominem with presumption or condescension. The Bulverist
Bulverism
Informal fallacy
ignorance, is an informal fallacy where something is claimed to be true or false because of a lack of evidence to the contrary. The fallacy is committed when
Argument_from_ignorance
Metaphor originating from goal sports
of football) has already started. Moving the goalposts is an informal fallacy in which evidence presented in response to a specific claim is dismissed
Moving_the_goalposts
Type of formal fallacy
possibiliter ergo probabiliter, "possibly, therefore probably") is the logical fallacy of taking something for granted because it is possibly the case. The fact
Appeal_to_probability
Topics referred to by the same term
mark added above, on top of, or below a letter Fallacy of accent, a logical fallacy related to reification Accent (music), an emphasis placed on a note
Accent
Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise
circular logic) is a fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with. Circular reasoning is not a formal fallacy, but a pragmatic
Circular_reasoning
Type of informal fallacy
The moralistic fallacy is the informal fallacy of assuming that an aspect of nature which has socially unpleasant consequences cannot exist. Its typical
Moralistic_fallacy
Type of formal fallacy
The existential fallacy, or existential instantiation, is a formal fallacy. In the existential fallacy, one presupposes that a class has members when one
Existential_fallacy
Credit for a work given to the wrong person
on bad information attributed to the wrong person or group. A specific fallacy where an advocate appeals to an irrelevant, unqualified, unidentified,
False_attribution
Informal fallacy
informally referred to as proof by repeated assertion, is an informal fallacy in which a proposition is repeatedly restated regardless of contradiction
Proof_by_assertion
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