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Argument that uses faulty reasoning
A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The
Fallacy
contain fallacies. Because of their variety, fallacies are challenging to classify. They can be classified by their structure (formal fallacies) or content
List_of_fallacies
Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw
formal fallacy is contrasted with an informal fallacy. A formal fallacy must have an invalid logical form and thus be unsound. An informal fallacy, however
Formal_fallacy
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
A straw man fallacy (sometimes written as strawman) is the informal fallacy of refuting an argument different from the one actually under discussion,
Straw_man
Mistakenly drawing statistical inference from independent events
The gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy or the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the belief that an independent and equally
Gambler's_fallacy
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
Informal fallacies are a type of incorrect argument in natural language. The source of the error is not necessarily due to the form of the argument, as
Informal_fallacy
Attacking the person rather than their argument
categorized among informal fallacies, more precisely as a genetic fallacy, a subcategory of fallacies of irrelevance. Ad hominem fallacies can be separated into
Ad_hominem
Misconception in economics about allocation of work
jobs fallacy, fallacy of labour scarcity, fixed pie fallacy, and the zero-sum fallacy—due to its ties to zero-sum games. The term "fixed pie fallacy" is
Lump_of_labour_fallacy
Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing
(also known as concretism, hypostatization, or the fallacy of misplaced concreteness) is a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction (abstract belief
Reification_(fallacy)
Fallacy of inferring on the whole from a part
The fallacy of composition is an informal fallacy that arises when one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some
Fallacy_of_composition
Attribution of human emotion and conduct to non-human things
The phrase pathetic fallacy is a literary term for the attribution of human emotion and conduct to things found in nature that are not human. It is a
Pathetic_fallacy
Informal fallacy involving falsely limited alternatives
binary, is an informal fallacy based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are available. The source of the fallacy lies not in an invalid
False_dilemma
Exclusive reliance on quantitative observations in decision-making
The McNamara fallacy (also known as the quantitative fallacy), named for Robert McNamara, the U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1968, involves making
McNamara_fallacy
Fallacy of assumption of causation based on sequence of events
this') is an informal fallacy that states "Because event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X". It is a fallacy in which an event
Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc
Informal logical fallacy
No true Scotsman, or appeal to purity, is an informal fallacy in which one modifies a prior claim in response to a counterexample by asserting the counterexample
No_true_Scotsman
Purported fallacy in explaining good reductively
In metaethics, the naturalistic fallacy is the claim that it is possible to define good in terms of merely described entities, properties, or processes
Naturalistic_fallacy
Formal fallacy in statistical interpretation
An ecological fallacy (also ecological inference fallacy or population fallacy) is a formal fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data that occurs
Ecological_fallacy
Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
A faulty generalization is an informal fallacy wherein a conclusion is drawn about all or many instances of a phenomenon on the basis of one or a few
Faulty_generalization
Fallacy of incomplete evidence
Cherry picking, suppressing evidence, or the fallacy of incomplete evidence is the act of pointing to individual cases or data that seem to confirm a
Cherry_picking
Fallacy that since an argument contains a logical fallacy, its conclusion must be false
(argumentum ad logicam), the fallacy fallacy, the fallacist's fallacy, and the bad reasons fallacy. An argument from fallacy has the following general argument
Argument_from_fallacy
Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct
is an informal fallacy that asserts a claim is true, good, or correct because many people allegedly think so. Other names for the fallacy include: appeal
Argumentum_ad_populum
Logic founded on unproven premises
question or assuming the conclusion (Latin: petītiō principiī) is an informal fallacy that occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion
Begging_the_question
Formal fallacy
The association fallacy is a formal fallacy in which it is assumed that if a concept, whether physical or abstract, has certain properties, any other
Association_fallacy
Tendency to misinterpret statistical experiments involving conditional probabilities
Berkson's bias, collider bias, endogenous selection bias or Berkson's fallacy, is a result in conditional probability and statistics which is often found
Berkson's_paradox
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
The base rate fallacy, also called base rate neglect or base rate bias, is a type of fallacy in which people tend to ignore the base rate (e.g., general
Base_rate_fallacy
Informal fallacy in comparing actualities with ideals
The nirvana fallacy is the informal fallacy of comparing actual things with unrealistic, idealized alternatives. It can also refer to the tendency to
Nirvana_fallacy
Rhetorical argument
this is called the slippery-slope fallacy. This is a type of informal fallacy, and is a subset of continuum fallacy,[citation needed] in that it ignores
Slippery_slope
Statistical fallacy
The Texas sharpshooter fallacy is the informal fallacy of focusing on evidence that supports a conclusion, while disregarding evidence that does not.
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
Certain type of mistaken proof
of a concept called mathematical fallacy. There is a distinction between a simple mistake and a mathematical fallacy in a proof, in that a mistake in
Mathematical_fallacy
Refutation of a logical fallacy
questionable-cause logical fallacy, in which two events occurring together are taken to have established a cause-and-effect relationship. This fallacy is also known
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Type of informal fallacy
The motte-and-bailey fallacy (named after the motte-and-bailey castle) is a form of argument and an informal fallacy where an arguer conflates two positions
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Cognitive bias of underestimating time needed
The planning fallacy is a phenomenon in which predictions about how much time will be needed to complete a future task display an optimism bias and underestimate
Planning_fallacy
Fallacy where validity is determined by origin
The genetic fallacy (also known as the fallacy of origins or fallacy of virtue) is a fallacy of irrelevance in which arguments or information are dismissed
Genetic_fallacy
Fallacy regarding hypocrisy
to hypocrisy, "you too" fallacy, "two wrongs" fallacy, "pot calling the kettle black" fallacy, and "look who's talking" fallacy. "tu quoque". Oxford English
Tu_quoque
Logical fallacy equating naming something with explaining it
The nominal fallacy, also known as the naming-explaining fallacy, is a logical fallacy in which it is incorrectly assumed that giving something a name
Nominal_fallacy
Unrecoverable cost that has been incurred
cost fallacy. Negative influences lead to the sunk cost fallacy. For example, anxious people face the stress brought about by the sunk cost fallacy. When
Sunk_cost
Fallacious approach to mislead an audience
distracts from a relevant or important question. It may be either a logical fallacy or a literary device that leads readers or audiences toward a false conclusion
Red_herring
Informal fallacy
material fallacies, cognitive fallacies, and formal fallacies, special pleading most likely falls within the category of cognitive fallacy, because it
Special_pleading
Topics referred to by the same term
Definist fallacy may refer to: Persuasive definition, misrepresenting an idiosyncratic definition as a term's common meaning Definist fallacy (logic),
Definist_fallacy
Formal fallacy, aka Linda Problem
description." — Stephen J. Gould The most often-cited example of this fallacy originated with Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman: Linda is 31 years old
Conjunction_fallacy
Idea that everyone faces consequence as they deserve
The just-world fallacy, or just-world hypothesis, is the cognitive bias that assumes that "people get what they deserve" – that actions will necessarily
Just-world_fallacy
Cognitive bias about one's own skill
The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias that describes the systematic tendency of people with low ability in a specific area to give overly positive
Dunning–Kruger_effect
Type of informal fallacy
The moralistic fallacy is the informal fallacy of assuming that an aspect of nature which has socially unpleasant consequences cannot exist. Its typical
Moralistic_fallacy
Tendency to interpret vague statements as meaningful ones
personality tests. Psychologist Bertram Forer originally called it the "fallacy of personal validation" in 1949. Psychologist Paul E. Meehl coined the
Barnum_effect
Ways in which a term may be poorly defined
Fallacies of definition are the various ways in which definitions can fail to explain terms. The phrase is used to suggest an analogy with an informal
Fallacies_of_definition
Misleading use of a term with multiple meanings
equivocation ("calling two different things by the same name") is an informal fallacy resulting from the failure to define one's terms, or knowingly and deliberately
Equivocation
1983 book by Elizabeth M. Thornton
The Freudian Fallacy, first published in the United Kingdom as Freud and Cocaine, is a 1983 book about Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, by
The_Freudian_Fallacy
Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
(also known as converse error, fallacy of the converse, or confusion of necessity and sufficiency) is a formal fallacy (or an invalid form of argument)
Affirming_the_consequent
Conceptual fallacy by Nassim Taleb
The ludic fallacy, proposed by Nassim Nicholas Taleb in his book The Black Swan (2007), is "the misuse of games to model real-life situations". Taleb
Ludic_fallacy
Type of informal fallacy
informal fallacy of presenting an argument whose conclusion fails to address the issue in question. It falls into the broad class of relevance fallacies. The
Irrelevant_conclusion
Informal fallacy that the truth is always a compromise
compromise, argument from middle ground, fallacy of gray, middle ground fallacy, or golden mean fallacy—is the fallacy of assuming that the truth or best solution
Argument_to_moderation
Fictional character created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
2020. Klinger III, p. 40—A Study in Scarlet Bennett, Bo. "Pseudo-Logical Fallacies". Logicallyfallacious.com. Logically Fallacious. Retrieved 31 July 2020
Sherlock_Holmes
Concept in literary criticism
Affective fallacy is a term from literary criticism used to refer to the supposed error of judging or evaluating a text on the basis of its emotional
Affective_fallacy
Fallacy in which subjective experience is assumed to reflect the true nature of an event
The psychologist's fallacy is an informal fallacy that occurs when an observer assumes that their subjective experience reflects the true nature of an
Psychologist's_fallacy
Logical fallacy
ad Hitlerum (Latin for 'reduction to Hitler'), also known as the Hitler fallacy or playing the Nazi card, is an attempt to invalidate someone else's argument
Reductio_ad_Hitlerum
Assumption of a single cause where multiple factors may be necessary
fallacy of the single cause, also known as complex cause, causal oversimplification, causal reductionism, root cause fallacy, and reduction fallacy,
Fallacy_of_the_single_cause
Textbook on logical fallacies by T. Edward Damer
Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-free Arguments is a textbook on logical fallacies by T. Edward Damer that has been used for many
Attacking_Faulty_Reasoning
Logical fallacy
cause—also known as causal fallacy, false cause, or non causa pro causa ("non-cause for cause" in Latin)—is a category of informal fallacies in which the cause
Questionable_cause
Topics referred to by the same term
Fixed-pie fallacy can refer to: commonly, the zero-sum bias that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world less commonly, the lump of labour fallacy that
Fixed_pie_fallacy
Type of fallacy in modal logic
The modal fallacy or modal scope fallacy is a type of formal fallacy that occurs in modal logic. It is the fallacy of placing a proposition in the wrong
Modal_fallacy
Logical fallacy
be a very weak defeasible argument or an outright fallacy. This argument is a form of genetic fallacy, in which the conclusion about the validity of a
Argument_from_authority
False assumptions programmers make who are new to distributed computing
The fallacies of distributed computing are a set of assertions made by L. Peter Deutsch and others at Sun Microsystems describing false assumptions that
Fallacies of distributed computing
Fallacies_of_distributed_computing
Logical paradox from vague predicates
The continuum fallacy (also known as the fallacy of the beard, line-drawing fallacy, or decision-point fallacy) is an informal fallacy related to the
Sorites_paradox
Informal fallacy
A fallacy of illicit transference is an informal fallacy occurring when an argument assumes there is no difference between a term in the distributive (referring
Fallacies of illicit transference
Fallacies_of_illicit_transference
Parable by French economist Frédéric Bastiat
good for the economy is consequently known as the broken window fallacy or glazier's fallacy. Bastiat's original parable of the broken window from "Ce qu'on
Parable_of_the_broken_window
Type of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning
syllogisms are subject to formal fallacies called propositional fallacies. In hypothetical syllogisms, such fallacies include: Affirming the consequent
Syllogism
Fallacy in which a word's history defines its meaning
An etymological fallacy is an argument of equivocation, arguing that a word is defined by its etymology, and that its customary usage is therefore incorrect
Etymological_fallacy
American economist (born 1953)
Retrieved June 15, 2015. Krugman, Paul (March 7, 2016). "Opinion | when Fallacies Collide". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 22,
Paul_Krugman
Fallacy
The fallacy of division is an informal fallacy that occurs when one reasons that something that is true for a whole must also be true of all or some of
Fallacy_of_division
Question containing an unjustified assumption
narrows the respondent to a single answer, and the fallacy of many questions has been committed. The fallacy relies upon context for its effect: the fact that
Loaded_question
Vehicle propelled by ejection of gases
from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-27. Scott Manley. The Pendulum Rocket Fallacy (YouTube). Archived from the original on 2021-10-30. Retrieved 2020-10-02
Rocket
Formal fallacy about knowledge of objects
In philosophical logic, the masked-man fallacy (also known as the intensional fallacy or epistemic fallacy) is the false assumption that knowledge or
Masked-man_fallacy
Logical fallacy
The fallacy of the undistributed middle (Latin: non distributio medii) is a formal fallacy that is committed when the middle term in a categorical syllogism
Fallacy of the undistributed middle
Fallacy_of_the_undistributed_middle
Informal fallacy
ignorance, is an informal fallacy where something is claimed to be true or false because of a lack of evidence to the contrary. The fallacy is committed when
Argument_from_ignorance
Question that has a built-in supposition
A complex question, trick question, multiple question, fallacy of presupposition, or plurium interrogationum (Latin, 'of many questions') is a question
Complex_question
2012 book by Nassim Nicholas Taleb
trial and error are a form of barbell. The Green Lumber Fallacy refers to a kind of fallacy where one mistakes one important kind of knowledge for another;
Antifragile_(book)
Logical fallacy in syllogisms
The fallacy of exclusive premises is a syllogistic fallacy committed in a categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative
Fallacy_of_exclusive_premises
Argumentative fallacy
The regression (or regressive) fallacy is an informal fallacy. It assumes that something has returned to normal because of corrective actions taken while
Regression_fallacy
Concept in epidemiology
The Table 2 Fallacy is a term coined by Daniel Westreich and Sander Greenland in 2013. It is a concept in causal inference.[citation needed] In scientific
Table_2_fallacy
Relationship between an object and a representation of that object
territory and a map of it. Mistaking the map for the territory is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone confuses the semantics of a term with what it
Map–territory_relation
Art term
The biographical fallacy is a term used in cultural criticism to critique the view that works of creative art, literature or music can be interpreted
Biographical_fallacy
Cognitive bias
The hot hand (also known as the hot hand phenomenon or hot hand fallacy) is the putative tendency for an athlete to have streaks of success higher than
Hot_hand
Formal fallacy of Bayesian inference
gambler's fallacy, named by philosopher Ian Hacking, is a formal fallacy of Bayesian inference which is an inverse of the better known gambler's fallacy. It
Inverse_gambler's_fallacy
Evidence relying on personal testimony
argument from anecdote is an informal fallacy and is sometimes referred to as the "person who" or anecdotal fallacy, with statements like "I know a person
Anecdotal_evidence
Informal logical fallacy
from personal incredulity, appeal to common sense, or the divine fallacy, is a fallacy in informal logic. It asserts that a proposition must be false because
Argument_from_incredulity
Soft redirect to Wiktionary
"goomba fallacy", but its sister project Wiktionary does: Read the Wiktionary entry "Goomba fallacy" You can also: Search for Goomba fallacy in Wikipedia
Goomba_fallacy
Type of formal fallacy
The existential fallacy, or existential instantiation, is a formal fallacy. In the existential fallacy, one presupposes that a class has members when one
Existential_fallacy
Philosophical expression
philosophical norms. "Two wrongs make a right" has been considered as a fallacy of relevance, in which an allegation of wrongdoing is countered with a
Two_wrongs_don't_make_a_right
Probability of an event occurring, given that another event has already occurred
various errors of reasoning, which is commonly seen through base rate fallacies. While conditional probabilities can provide extremely useful information
Conditional_probability
Type of informal fallacy
The historian's fallacy is an informal fallacy that occurs when one assumes that decision makers of the past viewed events from the same perspective and
Historian's_fallacy
Formal fallacy that occurs when a syllogism has four (or more) terms
The fallacy of four terms (Latin: quaternio terminorum) is the formal fallacy that occurs when a syllogism has four (or more) terms rather than the requisite
Fallacy_of_four_terms
Logical fallacy
known as denial of the antecedent, inverse error, or fallacy of the inverse) is a formal fallacy of inferring the inverse from an original statement.
Denying_the_antecedent
Fallacy
The relativist fallacy, also known as the subjectivist fallacy, is claiming that something is true for one person but not true for someone else, when
Relativist_fallacy
wisdom (such as old wives’ tales), stereotypes, superstitions, logical fallacies, misunderstandings of science, or the popularization of pseudoscience
List_of_common_misconceptions
Rhetorical cliché phrase
that is used as an appeal to emotion, and therefore may become a logical fallacy. Art, Argument, and Advocacy (2002) argued that the appeal substitutes
Think_of_the_children
Internet adage about Nazi comparisons
trivialize the Holocaust. It is an example of the reductio ad Hitlerum fallacy. In 2021, Harvard researchers published an article showing that the Nazi-comparison
Godwin's_law
Philosophical problem articulated by David Hume
asserted by ethical naturalists, who do not deem the naturalistic fallacy a fallacy. The is–ought problem is closely related to the fact–value distinction
Is–ought_problem
Terminology leading to erroneous conclusions
Jingle-jangle fallacies are erroneous assumptions that either two different things are the same because they bear the same name (jingle fallacy); or two identical
Jingle-jangle_fallacies
American politician (born 1954)
of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science Fortean Times James Randi Educational Foundation
Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr.
Logical fallacy of inconsistency
fallacy in which an equivalence is drawn between two subjects based on flawed, faulty, or false reasoning. This fallacy is categorized as a fallacy of
False_equivalence
FALLACY
FALLACY
FALLACY
FALLACY
Boy/Male
Tamil
Murugu | à®®à¯à®°à¯à®•à¯à®‚Â
Lord Murugan name, Youth, Handsome
Boy/Male
Egyptian
Close.
Girl/Female
Irish American
Present.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi
Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Indian
Exceptional
Girl/Female
Norse American English German
Beautiful.
Female
Native American
Native American Hopi name KACHINA means "sacred dancer; spirit."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Happiness
Boy/Male
Sikh
Gurus slave
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Purity modesty
FALLACY
FALLACY
FALLACY
FALLACY
FALLACY
v. t.
To confute; to prove the fallacy of.
n.
Deceptive or false appearance; deceitfulness; that which misleads the eye or the mind; deception.
pl.
of Fallacy
n.
A reasoning which is false in point of form, that is, which is contrary to logical rules or formulae; a formal fallacy, or pseudo-syllogism, in which the conclusion does not follow from the premises.
v. t.
To cause to be no longer deceived; to free from deception, fraud, fallacy, or mistake.
a.
Embodying or pertaining to a fallacy; illogical; fitted to deceive; misleading; delusive; as, fallacious arguments or reasoning.
n.
The doctrine or mode of reasoning practiced by a sophist; hence, any fallacy designed to deceive.
n.
An argument, or apparent argument, which professes to be decisive of the matter at issue, while in reality it is not; a sophism.
n.
A false notion or conception; a fallacy.
v. t.
To set free from mistakes; to undeceive; to disengage from fallacy or deception; to set right.