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Spin of an electron
physics, the electron magnetic moment, or more specifically the electron magnetic dipole moment, is the magnetic moment of an electron resulting from
Electron_magnetic_moment
Concept in the physics of electromagnetism
magnetic moments for subatomic particles include electron magnetic moment, nuclear magnetic moment, and nucleon magnetic moment. The magnetic moment can
Magnetic_moment
Value in quantum electrodynamics
the electron, this classical result differs from the observed value by a small fraction of a percent. The difference is the anomalous magnetic moment, denoted
Anomalous magnetic dipole moment
Anomalous_magnetic_dipole_moment
Ratio of magnetic moment and angular momentum
characterizes the magnetic moment and angular momentum of a whole atom, a particle, or a nucleus. It is the ratio of the magnetic moment (or, equivalently
G-factor_(physics)
Elementary particle with negative charge
net magnetic moment of an atom is equal to the vector sum of orbital and spin magnetic moments of all electrons and the nucleus. The magnetic moment of
Electron
In physics, proton and neutron magnetism
the Bohr magneton. The magnetic moment of the electron is therefore about 1000 times larger than that of the nucleons. The magnetic moments of the antiproton
Nucleon_magnetic_moment
Technique to study materials that have unpaired electrons
University of Oxford. Every electron has a magnetic moment and spin quantum number s = 1 2 {\displaystyle s={\tfrac {1}{2}}} , with magnetic components m s = +
Electron paramagnetic resonance
Electron_paramagnetic_resonance
Topics referred to by the same term
system of charges Electron magnetic moment Nuclear magnetic moment, the magnetic moment of an atomic nucleus Topological dipole moment, the measure of the
Dipole_moment
German–American physicist (1911–1993)
with Willis Eugene Lamb for his accurate determination that the electron magnetic moment was greater than its theoretical value, thus leading to reconsideration
Polykarp_Kusch
Ratio of magnetic moment to angular momentum
anomalous magnetic dipole moment. The electron g-factor is known to twelve decimal places by measuring the electron magnetic moment in a one-electron cyclotron:
Gyromagnetic_ratio
Unit of magnetic moment
a physical constant and the natural unit for expressing the magnetic moment of an electron caused by its orbital or spin angular momentum. In SI units
Bohr_magneton
Intrinsic quantum property of particles
of "torque" on an electron by putting it in a magnetic field (the field acts upon the electron's intrinsic magnetic dipole moment—see the following section)
Spin_(physics)
Relativistic interaction in quantum physics
effects: the apparent magnetic field seen from the electron perspective due to special relativity and the magnetic moment of the electron associated with its
Spin–orbit_interaction
Major meeting of American physicists led by Robert Oppenheimer in 1947
the conference by Isidor Rabi; a precise measurement of the magnetic moment of the electron, though this was overshadowed by Lamb's work. Marshak presented
Shelter_Island_Conference
Class of physical phenomena
the electrons preferentially adopt arrangements in which the magnetic moment of each electron is canceled by the opposite moment of another electron. Moreover
Magnetism
Magnetic analogue of the electric dipole
electromagnetism, a magnetic dipole is a theoretical description of a sufficiently small magnet such as that of an atom or electron. All magnets can be
Magnetic_dipole
Mechanism by which materials form into and are attracted to magnets
filled electron shells have a total dipole moment of zero: because the electrons all exist in pairs with opposite spin, every electron's magnetic moment is
Ferromagnetism
Number describing angular momentum along an axis
In atomic physics, a magnetic quantum number is a quantum number used to distinguish quantum states of an electron or other particle according to its
Magnetic_quantum_number
Feynman diagrams and higher. Electron magnetic moment Anomalous electric dipole moment Anomalous magnetic dipole moment Electric dipole spin resonance
CP_violating_moments
The standard electron spin resonance, also known as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), is due to the coupling of electron magnetic moment to the external
Electric dipole spin resonance
Electric_dipole_spin_resonance
Magnetic moment of an atomic nucleus
nuclear magnetic moment is the magnetic moment of an atomic nucleus and arises from the spin of the protons and neutrons. It is mainly a magnetic dipole
Nuclear_magnetic_moment
Dimensionless number that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
dimensionless magnetic moment of the electron and the fine-structure constant α (the magnetic moment of the electron is also referred to as the electron g-factor
Fine-structure_constant
American physicist
perform the most precise measurements of the electron magnetic moment by using a single trapped electron. These measurements are the most precise measurements
Gerald_Gabrielse
Weak, attractive magnetism possessed by most elements and some compounds
their spin, unpaired electrons have a magnetic dipole moment and act like tiny magnets. An external magnetic field causes the electrons' spins to align parallel
Paramagnetism
Device for storing charged particles
geonium atoms, which represent a way to measure the electron magnetic moment by storing a single electron. These traps have been used in the physical realization
Penning_trap
Model of subatomic particles
The toroidal ring model, known originally as the Parson magneton or magnetic electron, is a physical model of subatomic particles. It is also known as the
Toroidal_ring_model
Object that has a magnetic field
units, the strength of the magnetic B field is given in teslas. A magnet's magnetic moment (also called magnetic dipole moment and usually denoted μ) is
Magnet
Hypothetical particle with one magnetic pole
explained not by magnetic monopole fluids, but rather by a combination of electric currents, the electron magnetic moment, and the magnetic moments of other
Magnetic_monopole
Temperature above which magnetic properties change
determined by the magnetic moment, a dipole moment within an atom that originates from the angular momentum and spin of electrons. Materials have different
Curie_temperature
Two electrons that occupy the same molecular orbital but have opposite spins
pair of valence electrons. They also fill the core levels of an atom. Because the spins are paired, the magnetic moment of the electrons cancel one another
Electron_pair
Physical interaction of charged particles
momentum of the electron about the nucleus. The electron's spin magnetic moment μ s {\displaystyle \mathbf {\mu _{s}} } interacts with the magnetic field in
Mott_scattering
Type of structure in atomic physics
nucleus and electron clouds. In atoms, hyperfine structure arises from the energy of the nuclear magnetic dipole moment interacting with the magnetic field
Hyperfine_structure
Type of lepton that orbits an atom on its own
of unpaired electrons are Gd3+ and Cm3+ with seven unpaired electrons. An unpaired electron has a magnetic dipole moment, while an electron pair has no
Unpaired_electron
Study of magnetic properties of chemical compounds
the magnetic properties of chemical compounds and elements. Magnetic properties arise from the spin and orbital angular momentum of the electrons contained
Magnetochemistry
Verifying quantum electrodynamics by measuring the fine-structure constant
anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the electron was made by the group of Gerald Gabrielse at Harvard University, using a single electron caught in a
Precision_tests_of_QED
Model of electrons within a metallic solid
the electron spin, an intrinsic quantum degree of freedom that can take two discrete values and it is associated to the electron magnetic moment. One
Free_electron_model
German physicist (1922–2017)
Their technique was used for high precision measurement of the electron magnetic moment. At the age of ten Dehmelt enrolled in the Berlinisches Gymnasium
Hans_Georg_Dehmelt
Theory in particle physics
contributing to the electron magnetic moment at the sixth decimal place. A similar term should contribute to the muon magnetic moment at the third or fourth
Large_extra_dimensions
Property of space that quantifies the magnetic influence at a given location
magnetometers. The magnetic fields of distant astronomical objects are measured through their effects on local charged particles. For instance, electrons spiraling
Magnetic_field
Quantum number parameterizing spin and angular momentum
there is a single electron whose spin remains unbalanced. The unbalanced spin creates spin magnetic moment, making the electron act like a very small
Spin_quantum_number
Degree to which a material becomes magnetized in an applied magnetic field
magnetized in an applied magnetic field. It is the ratio of magnetization M (magnetic moment per unit volume) to the applied magnetic field intensity H. This
Magnetic_susceptibility
Movement of an object's magnetic moment axis about a magnetic field
a magnetic moment also have angular momentum and effective internal electric current proportional to their angular momentum; these include electrons, protons
Larmor_precession
Spectroscopic technique based on change of nuclear spin state
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are disturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field
Nuclear_magnetic_resonance
Subatomic particle
anomalous magnetic moment includes three parts: aμSM = aμQED + aμEW + aμhad. The difference between the g-factors of the muon and the electron is due to
Muon
Force due to magnetic field
The magnetic moment of a magnet is therefore a measure of its strength and orientation. A loop of electric current, a bar magnet, an electron, a molecule
Force_between_magnets
Smallest unit of a chemical element
the interaction of the magnetic field with the magnetic moment of the atom and its electrons. Some atoms can have multiple electron configurations with the
Atom
American theoretical physicist (1918–1994)
allowed him to calculate unambiguously the first corrections to the electron magnetic moment in quantum electrodynamics. Earlier non-covariant work had arrived
Julian_Schwinger
Physical quantity, density of magnetic moment per volume
magnetic dipole moments in a magnetic material. Accordingly, physicists and engineers usually define magnetization as the quantity of magnetic moment
Magnetization
Electromagnetic phenomenon
molecular systems). A magnetic dipole represents a sufficiently small magnet such as those due to atoms, molecules, and electrons. The strength of a dipole
Dipole
Device that measures magnetism
measures magnetic field (B) or magnetic dipole moment. Different types of magnetometers measure the direction, strength, or relative change of the magnetic B-field
Magnetometer
Study of the evolution of a material's magnetization
the dipole moment coming into rotation to align with the field. However, the effect of a torque applied to an electron's magnetic moment must be considered
Magnetization_dynamics
describe the dominant effect of the coupling of the magnetic dipole moment of the electron to the magnetic part of the electromagnetic wave. They can be divided
Magnetic_dipole_transition
Magnetic property of ordinary materials
for an atom with Z electrons is (in SI units) I = − Z e 2 B 4 π m . {\displaystyle I=-{\frac {Ze^{2}B}{4\pi m}}.} The magnetic moment of a current loop
Diamagnetism
Tendency of matter subjected to an electric field to acquire an electric dipole moment
local field. Magnetic polarizability likewise refers to the tendency for a magnetic dipole moment to appear in proportion to an external magnetic field. Electric
Polarizability
Subatomic particle with no charge
own magnetic moment. Simplistically, the magnetic moment of the neutron can be viewed as resulting from the vector sum of the three quark magnetic moments
Neutron
Deviation of electrons from their original trajectories
electrostatic forces within matter or, if an external magnetic field is present, the electron may be deflected by the Lorentz force. This scattering
Electron_scattering
Solid-state electronics based on electron spin
electronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in
Spintronics
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
Sukra, B. A. D.; Gabrielse, G. (2023-02-13). "Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment". Physical Review Letters. 130 (7) 071801. arXiv:2209.13084. Bibcode:2023PhRvL
Quantum_mechanics
Electron magnetic circular dichroism (EMCD) (also known as electron energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism) is the EELS equivalent of XMCD. The effect was
Electron magnetic circular dichroism
Electron_magnetic_circular_dichroism
Variation in resonant frequency of identical atomic nuclei in a magnetic field
includes local magnetic fields induced by currents of electrons in the molecular orbitals (electrons have a magnetic moment themselves). The electron distribution
Chemical_shift
Flow of electric charge
An electric current is a flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, through an electrical conductor or space. It is defined as the net rate
Electric_current
Used to measure spectral components of light
wavelengths. As protons, electrons, and many other nuclei have a net magnetic moment they interact with an applied external magnetic field. This can be used
Spectrometer
Material composed of antiparticles
their component particles produce a magnetic moment. These magnetic moments can interact with an inhomogeneous magnetic field; some of the antihydrogen atoms
Antimatter
Region of a magnetic material in which the magnetization has uniform direction
magnetic domain is a region within a magnetic material in which the magnetization is in a uniform direction. This means that the individual magnetic moments
Magnetic_domain
Subatomic particle with positive charge
mass of a neutron and approximately 1836 times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio). Protons and neutrons, each with a mass of approximately
Proton
Quantum mechanical effect
the spin-only magnetic moment (in Bohr magnetons) per atom in a ferromagnet is given by the difference between the number of electrons per atom in the
Exchange_interaction
Fundamental interaction between charged particles
nuclei and their electrons holds atoms together. Electric forces also allow different atoms to combine into molecules. Meanwhile, magnetic interactions between
Electromagnetism
Momentum-dependent division of spin bands in two-dimensional condensed matter systems
-g\mu _{\mathrm {B} }{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}/2} represents the electron magnetic moment. Within this simplified "toy" model, the resulting Rashba Hamiltonian
Rashba_effect
Function describing an electron in an atom
correspond to an electron's energy, its orbital angular momentum, and its orbital angular momentum projected along a chosen axis (magnetic quantum number)
Atomic_orbital
Measure of positive and negative charges
dipole moment being zero. Anomalous magnetic dipole moment Bond dipole moment Neutron electric dipole moment Electron electric dipole moment Nuclear
Electric_dipole_moment
Subatomic particle
existence of the positron, the antimatter analog of the electron, with opposite charge and magnetic moment. The antiproton was first experimentally confirmed
Antiproton
Notation for conserved quantities in physics and chemistry
the electron in a hydrogen atom, four quantum numbers are needed. The traditional set of quantum numbers includes the principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and
Quantum_number
Mode of arrangement of electrons in different shells of an atom
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure)
Electron_configuration
Arrangement that creates a quadrupole field of some sort
sequence of configurations of things like electric charge or current, magnetic fields, or gravitational mass that can exist in their ideal forms but are
Quadrupole
Materials which exhibit ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, and/or ferroelasticity
individual electron is an ideal multiferroic, with any electric dipole moment required by symmetry to adopt the same axis as its magnetic dipole moment, has
Multiferroics
Intermetallic compound with 4f and 5f electrons in unfilled electron bands
case, the interaction between the f electrons, which present a local magnetic moment, and the conduction electrons can be neglected. The Fermi liquid theory
Heavy_fermion_material
Degree to which a particle's spin aligns with a given direction
direction. This property may pertain to the spin, hence to the magnetic moment, of conduction electrons in ferromagnetic metals, such as iron, giving rise to spin-polarized
Spin_polarization
Magnetic field around the Jovian system
an order of magnitude, while its magnetic moment is roughly 18,000 times larger. The existence of Jupiter's magnetic field was first inferred from observations
Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter
Theoretical model describing the optical response of bound charges
second law can be applied to the electron to obtain the motion of the electron and expressions for the dipole moment, polarization, susceptibility, and
Lorentz_oscillator_model
Procedure of coping with redundant degrees of freedom in physical field theories
for important observable parameters such as the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron. Although his arguments sometimes lacked mathematical rigor
Gauge_fixing
Subatomic particle
for neutron-antineutron oscillations using ultracold neutrons. The magnetic moment of the antineutron is the opposite of that of the neutron. It is +1
Antineutron
Effect of a rotating superconductor
axis. The term may also refer to the magnetic moment of any rotation of any superconductor, caused by the electrons lagging behind the rotation of the object
London_moment
Linearized quantum-mechanical equation
in the non-relativistic limit, providing an explanation of the electron magnetic moment with a gyromagnetic ratio g = 2 {\textstyle g=2} . This success
Lévy-Leblond_equation
Measure of the scattering amplitude of a wave by an isolated atom
associated magnetic moment. In neutron scattering from condensed matter, magnetic scattering refers to the interaction of this moment with the magnetic moments
Atomic_form_factor
Chemical analysis technique
case of NMR, nuclei with spin ≥ 1/2 have a magnetic dipole moment so that their energies are split by a magnetic field, allowing resonance absorption of
Nuclear_quadrupole_resonance
Forms which matter can take
contains charged particles (ions and free electrons) that move independently and respond to electric and magnetic fields. Beyond the classical states of
State_of_matter
Spectroscopic technique
with iron, a 2p electron is excited to a 3d state by an X-ray of about 700 eV. Because the 3d electron states are the origin of the magnetic properties of
X-ray magnetic circular dichroism
X-ray_magnetic_circular_dichroism
Excitation of a quantum system via magnetism
power Magnetic resonance (quantum mechanics), a quantum resonance process Nuclear magnetic resonance, a special case Giant resonance Electron paramagnetic
Magnetic_resonance
Largest moon of Jupiter
intrinsic magnetic moment, Ganymede has an induced dipole magnetic field. Its existence is connected with the variation of the Jovian magnetic field near
Ganymede_(moon)
Spectral line splitting in magnetic field
presence of a static magnetic field. It is caused by the interaction of the magnetic field with the magnetic moments of the atomic electrons associated with
Zeeman_effect
Limited series of physics conferences (1935-1947)
discussion was around the differences between the nucleon magnetic moment and the electron magnetic moment, as well as theories of gamma rays and of beta decay
Washington Conference on Theoretical Physics
Washington_Conference_on_Theoretical_Physics
1922 physical experiment demonstrating that atomic spin is quantized
varying magnetic field, which deflected them before they struck a detector screen, such as a glass slide. Particles with non-zero magnetic moment were deflected
Stern–Gerlach_experiment
Quantum mechanical property
holds. An electron is considered to be a point charge. The motion of this charge about the atomic nucleus produces a magnetic dipole moment that can be
Orbital_motion_(quantum)
Product of a distance and physical quantity
analog of linear momentum. Magnetic moment ( μ = I A ) {\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {\mu } =I\mathbf {A} \right)} , a dipole moment measuring the strength
Moment_(physics)
Ordered arrangement of magnetic spins in a material
are non-magnetic, that is, they do not display a magnetic structure. Due to the Pauli exclusion principle, each state is occupied by electrons of opposing
Magnetic_structure
Type of nuclear fusion reactor
A magnetic mirror, also known as a magnetic trap or sometimes as a pyrotron, is a type of magnetic confinement fusion device used in fusion power to trap
Magnetic_mirror
Device for trapping charged particles
measuring magnetic dipole moments. The physical principles of ion traps were first explored by F. M. Penning, who observed that electrons released by
Ion_trap
Magnetic interaction between an electron and a nucleus
interaction, μn is the nuclear magnetic moment, μe is the electron magnetic dipole moment, Ψ(0) is the value of the electron wavefunction at the nucleus
Fermi_contact_interaction
Suspension of objects by magnetic force
Magnetic levitation (maglev) or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields. Magnetic force
Magnetic_levitation
Physical constant
Dirac particles, their magnetic moments differ from μN: μp = 2.793 μN μn = −1.913 μN The magnetic dipole moment of the electron, which is much larger as
Nuclear_magneton
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