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Type of structure in atomic physics
In atomic physics, hyperfine structure is defined by small shifts in otherwise degenerate electronic energy levels and the resulting splittings in those
Hyperfine_structure
Quantifies strength of electromagnetic interaction
What is the meaning of the fine structure constant? — Wolfgang Pauli Dimensionless physical constant Hyperfine structure "Among other substances [that were]
Fine-structure_constant
Different states of quantum systems
Pauli exclusion principle, the Aufbau principle, and Hund's rule. Fine structure arises from relativistic kinetic energy corrections, spin–orbit coupling
Energy_level
Relativistic interaction in quantum physics
nucleus is a slighter correction to the energy levels known as the hyperfine structure. A similar effect, due to the relationship between angular momentum
Spin–orbit_interaction
Details in the emission spectrum of an atom
perturbation theory. However, this equation does not contain the hyperfine structure corrections, which are due to interactions with the nuclear spin
Fine_structure
Laser cooling technique
atom with a simple two level structure, whereas most atomic species which are laser cooled have complicated hyperfine structure. Mechanisms such as Sisyphus
Doppler_cooling
Spectral line splitting in magnetic field
example, the fine-structure corrections are ignored. In the magnetic dipole approximation, the Hamiltonian which includes both the hyperfine and Zeeman interactions
Zeeman_effect
Use of light to raise electrons to higher energy states
of the linewidth of a transition and undesirable effects such as hyperfine structure trapping and radiation trapping. Therefore the orientation of the
Optical_pumping
Rule in atomic physics
remark on the similarity that leads to the interval rule for the hyperfine structure. The interactions between electrons couple their orbital and spin
Landé_interval_rule
Close surroundings of an atom
called hyperfine interactions that influence the nucleus' properties. The nucleus therefore becomes very sensitive to small changes in its hyperfine structure
Local_structure
Substance composed of chemically identical molecular entities
isotopic composition, and, in ultra-cold environments, even the hyperfine structure of molecules. Formally, a chemical species is a specific form of
Chemical_species
American physicist (1932–2025)
1016/0031-9163(62)90420-1. Weiss, Rainer (1963). "Stark Effect and Hyperfine Structure of Hydrogen Fluoride". Phys. Rev. 131 (2): 659–665. Bibcode:1963PhRv
Rainer_Weiss
Atom of the element hydrogen
hydrogen, including fine structure (excluding Lamb shift and hyperfine structure), are given by the Sommerfeld fine-structure expression: E j n = − μ c
Hydrogen_atom
British physicist (1906–1982)
a nuclear magnetic spin using atomic spectroscopy to measure the hyperfine structure of caesium. His scientific research at Oxford did not, however, interfere
Derek_Jackson
Universal and unchanging physical quantity
elementary charge, e. The other defining constants are less familiar, like the hyperfine transition frequency of cesium, written symbolically as ΔνCs Seven more
Physical_constant
Unit of length about the size of a hydrogen atom
complicated by spin and quantum vacuum effects to produce fine structure and hyperfine structure. Nevertheless, the Bohr radius formula remains central in
Bohr_radius
Colorless gas with the formula NO
(1975). "Stark Spectroscopy with the CO Laser: Dipole Moments, Hyperfine Structure, and Level Crossing Effects in the Fundamental Band of NO". Canadian
Nitric_oxide
Spectroscopy of quantized rotational states of gases
applying extra terms to account for centrifugal distortion, fine structure, hyperfine structure and Coriolis coupling. Fitting the spectra to the theoretical
Rotational_spectroscopy
Physics facility at CERN
experiment determines properties exotic radioisotopes by measuring their hyperfine structure. MIRACLS uses laser spectrometer on ion bunches trapped in a MR-ToF
ISOLDE
Topics referred to by the same term
frequency of the radiation associated with a transition between hyperfine structure energy states of an atom Turnover frequency in enzymology This disambiguation
Transition_frequency
Physics textbook
perturbation theory An application of perturbation theory: The fine and hyperfine structure of the hydrogen atom Approximation methods for time-dependent problems
Quantum_Mechanics_(book)
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
calculations by Kramers for the Stark effect). The existence of fine structure and hyperfine structure in spectral lines, which are known to be due to a variety
Bohr_model
Extremely accurate clock in development
probe the successful laser excitation of the nuclear state via the hyperfine-structure shift induced into the electronic shell due to the different nuclear
Nuclear_clock
Important atomic emission spectra
lines correspond to much rarer atomic events such as hyperfine transitions. The fine structure also results in single spectral lines appearing as two
Hydrogen_spectral_series
American nuclear physicist (1905–2004)
under the supervision of Samuel Goudsmit on the Zeeman effect of the hyperfine structure of atomic levels. After graduate work at the California Institute
Robert_Bacher
Optical band-pass filter used in the physical sciences
(far enough to be blocked by the broad-band filters), the fine and hyperfine structure of the target absorption line may absorb incorrect frequencies of
Atomic_line_filter
Bound state of an electron and positron
orbital state of positronium is 1S, and like with hydrogen, it has a hyperfine structure arising from the relative orientations of the spins of the electron
Positronium
Number assigned to each electron shell in an atom
Schrödinger equation". Atomic spectroscopy. Introduction of theory to Hyperfine Structure. Springer. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-387-25573-6. Tennyson, Jonathan (2005)
Principal_quantum_number
Chemical element with atomic number 55 (Cs)
Caesium-based atomic clocks use the electromagnetic transitions in the hyperfine structure of caesium-133 atoms as a reference point. The first accurate caesium
Caesium
Atoms with a single valence electron, so they behave like hydrogen
(radiative corrections arising from quantum electrodynamics) and hyperfine structure. Rydberg atom Positronium Exotic atom Two-electron atom Hydrogen
Hydrogen-like_atom
Method of sub-Doppler laser cooling of atoms
atomic physics experiments on atomic species with poorly-resolved hyperfine structure, like isotopes of lithium and potassium, often utilize gray molasses
Gray_molasses
Spectroscopy technique
spectrum; as a result, there is usually one clear signal from the hyperfine structure. These qualities make it ideal for laser locking. McCarron, D J;
Modulation transfer spectroscopy
Modulation_transfer_spectroscopy
Chemical element with atomic number 37 (Rb)
other purposes. The resonant element in atomic clocks utilizes the hyperfine structure of rubidium's energy levels, and rubidium is useful for high-precision
Rubidium
American physicist (1932–2015)
(Genealogy)" (PDF). University of Notre Dame. Commins, Eugene D. (1958). Hyperfine structure of the metastable state of singly ionized helium-3 (Ph.D.). Columbia
Eugene_D._Commins
between the atomic nuclei and the electrons sometimes cause further hyperfine structure of the spectral lines. If the molecule exists in multiple isotopologues
List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules
Elementary particle or quantum of light
as the magnetic dipole moment of leptons, the Lamb shift, and the hyperfine structure of bound lepton pairs, such as muonium and positronium. Since photons
Photon
Chemical element with atomic number 11 (Na)
the 3p orbital split the D line into two, at 589.0 and 589.6 nm; hyperfine structures involving both orbitals cause many more lines. Twenty isotopes of
Sodium
calculate the multi-electronic atomic and molecular structure from fine structure to hyperfine structure levels and dynamic processes including photoionization
Close_coupling
American scientist (1928–2020)
Retrieved October 28, 2014. Frosch, Robert Alan (1952). Magnetic hyperfine structure in diatomic molecules (Ph.D.). Columbia University. OCLC 35805315
Robert_A._Frosch
In physics, proton and neutron magnetism
and S. A. Altshuler in the Soviet Union (1934) from studies of the hyperfine structure of atomic spectra. Although Tamm and Altshuler's estimate had the
Nucleon_magnetic_moment
Symmetry of spatially mirrored systems
Schrödinger equation". Atomic spectroscopy. Introduction of theory to Hyperfine Structure. Springer. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-387-25573-6. Mladen Georgiev (20 November
Parity_(physics)
Region of England
the Earth round the Sun; he changed it in 1967 to be based on the hyperfine structure of the caesium-133 atom. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), in Paris
East_Midlands
American Physical Chemist
1966. The thesis project was on accurate measurements of ammonia hyperfine structure with a high-resolution two-cavity maser spectrometer. Ammonia microwave
Stephen_Kukolich
American physicist
Thomas Gold, and Hermann Bondi. Brown, Howard H. and King, John G. "Hyperfine Structure and Octopole Interaction in Stable Bromine Isotopes." Physical Review
John_G._King_(physicist)
Indian environmentalist (born 1940)
physics from Harvard University with a doctoral dissertation in the hyperfine structure of hydrogen halide isotopes. He is the co-chair of United Nations
Ashok_Khosla
French physicist
entitled Études de structures hyperfines et d'effets isotopiques dans les raies laser infrarouges de gaz rares (Studies of hyperfine structures and of isotopic
Sylvain_Liberman
Effect of general relativity
with respect to the black hole. This effect is analogous to the hyperfine structure in atomic spectra due to nuclear spin. A useful metaphor is a planetary
Frame-dragging
Chemical element with atomic number 53 (I)
Doppler-free technique while focusing on one of these lines, the hyperfine structure of the iodine molecule reveals itself. A line is now resolved such
Iodine
Definition of the units kg, A, K and mol
is exactly 299792458 metres per second (m⋅s−1); The ground state hyperfine structure transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom ΔνCs is exactly 9192631770 hertz
2019_revision_of_the_SI
defined by the duration of 9 192 631 770 cycles of a particular hyperfine structure transition in the ground state of caesium-133 (133Cs). For practical
Astronomical_time
Danish physicist (1922–2009)
sparked in him an interest in recent discoveries related to the hyperfine structure of deuterium. This led to Bohr becoming a visiting fellow at Columbia
Aage_Bohr
American physicist (1915–2011)
the hyperfine separations of atomic hydrogen, deuterium and tritium could be measured, as well as to investigate how much the hyperfine structure was
Norman_Ramsey_Jr.
Dutch physicist (1909–2000)
These contributions include: pure mathematics, Lie groups (1931); hyperfine structure, calculation of nuclear quadrupole moments, (1935); low temperature
Hendrik_Casimir
Spin of an electron
magnetic dipole moment Electron electric dipole moment Fine structure Hyperfine structure "2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment". The NIST Reference
Electron_magnetic_moment
Molecular ion
details of the structure with uncertainty smaller than that of the experimental data, 1 kHz. Some contributions to the measured hyperfine structure have been
Dihydrogen_cation
American physicist and humanitarian
mathematics) and Columbia University (Ph.D. in physics) with dissertation Hyperfine structure of 3He. From 1954 to 1959, he was a member of the faculty at Ohio
Andrew_Sessler
Szawiola, G.; Werth, G. (2000). "Hyperfine structure and g factor measurements on Ba+ and Eu+ isotopes". Hyperfine Interactions. 127 (1–4): 57–64. doi:10
Paul_Moskowitz
Exotic particle made of an antiproton and positron
the presence of a magnetic field the 1s–2s transition splits into two hyperfine transitions with slightly different frequencies. The team calculated the
Antihydrogen
Spectral linewidth of a laser beam
; Townes, C. H. (1954). "Molecular microwave oscillator and new hyperfine structure in the microwave spectrum of NH3". Physical Review. 95 (1): 282–284
Laser_linewidth
Coupling in quantum physics
the structure and conformation of molecules. Spin–spin coupling between nuclear spin and electronic spin is responsible for hyperfine structure in atomic
Angular_momentum_coupling
British physicist (1907–1973)
researched interferometry under Prof. A. Fowler and began writing "Hyperfine Structure in Line Spectra and Nuclear Spin". He began work at the University
Samuel_Tolansky
Magnetic moment of an atomic nucleus
moment; the quadrupole moment does cause some small shifts in the hyperfine structure as well. All nuclei that have nonzero spin also have a nonzero magnetic
Nuclear_magnetic_moment
Israeli engineering professor
LABORATORY. Retrieved 2026-07-30. "Laser heterodyne spectroscopy of 127I2 hyperfine structure near 532 nm" (PDF). Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University
Ady_Arie
American physicist (born 1951)
Tanner, Carol E.; Carl Wieman (1988). "Precision Measurement of the Hyperfine Structure of the 133Cs 6P3/2 State". Phys. Rev. A. 38 (3): 1616–1617. Bibcode:1988PhRvA
Carl_Wieman
Spectral line splitting in electrical field
The energy E(2) gives the quadratic Stark effect. Neglecting the hyperfine structure (which is often justified — unless extremely weak electric fields
Stark_effect
Scientific background leading to the discovery of subatomic particles
1926 that the observed hyperfine structure of atomic spectra was inconsistent with the proton–electron hypothesis. This structure is caused by the influence
Discovery_of_the_neutron
American physicist
physicist whose research involved high-precision measurements of the hyperfine structure of ultracold cesium atoms in order to study parity non-conservation
Carol_Tanner
Formal constraint in quantum mechanics
\leftrightarrow } is used to indicate a forbidden transition. In hyperfine structure, the total angular momentum of the atom is F = I + J , {\displaystyle
Selection_rule
Method of separating isotopes of uranium
are used to separate isotopes of uranium using selective ionization of hyperfine transitions. A similar technology, using molecules instead of atoms, is
Atomic vapor laser isotope separation
Atomic_vapor_laser_isotope_separation
Cooling technique in atomic physics
is used with lithium and potassium because they have unresolved hyperfine structure in their excited states where polarization gradient cooling would
Laser_cooling
1922 physical experiment demonstrating that atomic spin is quantized
momentum with the spin of the electron that is responsible for the hyperfine structure of the spectroscopic lines. Norman F. Ramsey later modified the Rabi
Stern–Gerlach_experiment
American theoretical physicist (1921–2007)
Low, F. (1950). "On the effects of internal nuclear motion on the hyperfine structure of deuterium". Physical Review. 77 (3): 361–370. Bibcode:1950PhRv
Francis_E._Low
Technique to study materials that have unpaired electrons
interest are g-values (analogous to chemical shift), anisotropy (asymmetry), hyperfine coupling constants (analogous to coupling constant J), and relaxation
Electron paramagnetic resonance
Electron_paramagnetic_resonance
Chemical compound
Sowden, John C. (1953). "Electron distribution in triphenylmethyl: Hyperfine structure of the paramagnetic resonance absorption of (C6H5)3C13*". Journal
Triphenylmethyl_radical
Chemical compound
Fourier-Transform spectrometer. The observed 2 to 0 lines show an extreme hyperfine structure. In 1995, the rotational absorption spectrum of ·CN in the ground
Cyano_radical
laser spectroscopy is a high-resolution technique that resolves the hyperfine structure and isotope shift of an atomic transition. This is done by superimposing
CRIS_experiment
properties of exotic radioisotopes, from precise measurements of their hyperfine structure. MIRACLS will use laser spectroscopy for measurements, aiming to
MIRACLS_experiment
German–American physicist (1911–1993)
anomalous magnetic moment. Many measurements of magnetic moments and hyperfine structure followed. He expanded into chemical physics and continued to publish
Polykarp_Kusch
American physicist (1900–1976)
physics, Harrison on automating spectroscopic measurement, Wulff on hyperfine structure, Boyce on spectra of nebulae, Van der Graaff on high voltage and
John_C._Slater
Spectral line of hydrogen state transition in UHF radio frequencies
the spin of the proton. This is a quantum state change between the two hyperfine levels of the hydrogen 1 s ground state. The electromagnetic radiation
Hydrogen_line
Study of matter-light interactions at small scales
portal Born–Oppenheimer approximation Frequency doubling Diffraction Hyperfine structure Interferometry Isomeric shift Metamaterial cloaking Molecular energy
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
Atomic,_molecular,_and_optical_physics
Imperfections in the crystal structure of diamonds and their effects
into the diamond lattice, as demonstrated through characteristic hyperfine structure in electron paramagnetic resonance, optical absorption and photoluminescence
Crystallographic defects in diamond
Crystallographic_defects_in_diamond
Organic compound (HC(O)C≡N)
"Millimeter-Wave Spectrum of Formyl Cyanide, HCOCN: Centrifugal Distortion and Hyperfine Structure Analysis". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 172 (2): 344–351. Bibcode:1995JMoSp
Formyl_cyanide
of highest grades of ionization (U92+), wavelength measurement, hyperfine structure of energy levels, quantum electrodynamic studies, ionization cross-sections
History_of_spectroscopy
Generic name for various green iron layered double hydroxide
aqueous medium: Activation energies of formation of the products and hyperfine structure of magnetite" Corrosion Science, volume 32, issue 9, pages 985–1001
Green_rust
ISSN 0002-9505. Brix B (1986). "On the shoulders of giants — Early history of hyperfine structure spectroscopy". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 41. doi:10.1007/bfb0104339
Shape_of_the_atomic_nucleus
Iranian American physicist (1926–2016)
research, and used the microwave atom beam spectrometer to study the hyperfine structure of atoms like copper and thallium. In 1957, he published a paper
Ali_Javan
Type of crystallographic defect
environment. The ESR spectrum of Fs center is temperature dependent in the hyperfine structure in oxides. This must arise from an increasing overlap of the unpaired
F-center
American theoretical physicist
aus Anlass der Verleihung der Max Planck Medaille der DPG) with Kuo "Structure of finite nuclei and the free Nucleon-Nucleon interaction: an application
Gerald_E._Brown
Quantum mechanics taking into account particles near or at the speed of light
). University of Chicago Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-226-73331-9. hyperfine structure in relativistic quantum mechanics. Weyl, H. (1950). The theory of
Relativistic quantum mechanics
Relativistic_quantum_mechanics
Chemical compound
Kisiel (September–October 2008). "Submillimetre-wave spectrum, 14N-hyperfine structure, and dipole moment of cyclopropyl cyanide". Journal of Molecular
Cyclopropyl_cyanide
American chemist (1933–2022)
to develop the theory of their fine structure and hyperfine structure, as well as information about their structure and the kinetics of their reactions
Robert_Curl
American politician (1934–2017)
Vernon; Kabasakal, Yurdanur; Shugart, Howard; Tezer, Orhan (1968). "Hyperfine Structure of 67Ga and 72Ga". Physical Review. 176 (1): 25–42. Bibcode:1968PhRv
Vern_Ehlers
British physicist (1886–1957)
Biting – the Bruneval Raid (1942) Proceedings of the Royal Society, 'hyperfine structure in the arc spectrum of caesium and nuclear rotation'. Berman, R.
Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell
Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell
American physicist (1927–2012)
in 1951, titled The Effects of Configuration Interaction on the Hyperfine Structure, advised by Bernard Taub Feld at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
George_F._Koster
Chemical data page
"Electron affinities of 16 O, 17 O, 18 O, the fine structure of 16O−, and the hyperfine structure of 17O−". Phys. Rev. A. 64 (5) 052504. Bibcode:2001PhRvA
Electron_affinity_(data_page)
Mass effects on spectroscopy
importance for atomic and nuclear physics. If atomic spectra also have hyperfine structure, the shift refers to the center of gravity of the spectra. From a
Isotopic_shift
Japanese theoretical physicist (1922–2019)
formalism for quantized fields and the hydrogen mass levels, 1975 On the hyperfine structure splittings of hydrogen, 1975 Proton-proton scattering problem in
Hiroshi_Enatsu
Verifying quantum electrodynamics by measuring the fine-structure constant
Rydberg constant to extract α. The result is, α−1 = 137.0360101(54). Hyperfine splitting is a splitting in the energy levels of an atom caused by the
Precision_tests_of_QED
Spectroscopic technique
interactions that are observed: isomeric shift, quadrupole splitting, and hyperfine magnetic splitting. Isomer shift (δ) (also sometimes called chemical shift
Mössbauer_spectroscopy
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HYPERFINE STRUCTURE
HYPERFINE STRUCTURE
HYPERFINE STRUCTURE
HYPERFINE STRUCTURE
HYPERFINE STRUCTURE
HYPERFINE STRUCTURE
HYPERFINE STRUCTURE
HYPERFINE STRUCTURE
HYPERFINE STRUCTURE
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