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Type of structure in atomic physics
In atomic physics, hyperfine structure is defined by small shifts in otherwise degenerate electronic energy levels and the resulting splittings in those
Hyperfine_structure
Dimensionless number that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
What is the meaning of the fine structure constant? — Wolfgang Pauli Dimensionless physical constant Hyperfine structure In quantum electrodynamics, α {\displaystyle
Fine-structure_constant
Different states of quantum systems
Pauli exclusion principle, the Aufbau principle, and Hund's rule. Fine structure arises from relativistic kinetic energy corrections, spin–orbit coupling
Energy_level
Relativistic interaction in quantum physics
nucleus is a slighter correction to the energy levels known as the hyperfine structure. A similar effect, due to the relationship between angular momentum
Spin–orbit_interaction
Spectral line splitting in magnetic field
example, the fine-structure corrections are ignored. In the magnetic dipole approximation, the Hamiltonian which includes both the hyperfine and Zeeman interactions
Zeeman_effect
British physicist (1906–1982)
a nuclear magnetic spin using atomic spectroscopy to measure the hyperfine structure of caesium. His scientific research at Oxford did not, however, interfere
Derek_Jackson
Atom of the element hydrogen
hydrogen, including fine structure (excluding Lamb shift and hyperfine structure), are given by the Sommerfeld fine-structure expression: E j n = − μ c
Hydrogen_atom
Laser cooling technique
atom with a simple two level structure, whereas most atomic species which are laser cooled have complicated hyperfine structure. Mechanisms such as Sisyphus
Doppler_cooling
Universal and unchanging physical quantity
case of dimensionless universal physical constants, such as the fine-structure constant α, which characterizes the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
Physical_constant
Details in the emission spectrum of an atom
perturbation theory. However, this equation does not contain the hyperfine structure corrections, which are due to interactions with the nuclear spin
Fine_structure
American physicist (1932–2025)
1016/0031-9163(62)90420-1. Weiss, Rainer (1963). "Stark Effect and Hyperfine Structure of Hydrogen Fluoride". Phys. Rev. 131 (2): 659–665. Bibcode:1963PhRv
Rainer_Weiss
Close surroundings of an atom
called hyperfine interactions that influence the nucleus' properties. The nucleus therefore becomes very sensitive to small changes in its hyperfine structure
Local_structure
Use of light to raise electrons to higher energy states
of the linewidth of a transition and undesirable effects such as hyperfine structure trapping and radiation trapping. Therefore the orientation of the
Optical_pumping
Apparatus for trapping and cooling neutral atoms
below the photon-recoil limit. However, for atoms with an unresolved hyperfine structure, such as 7Li, the temperature achieved in a MOT will be higher than
Magneto-optical_trap
Unit of length about the size of a hydrogen atom
complicated by spin and quantum vacuum effects to produce fine structure and hyperfine structure. Nevertheless, the Bohr radius formula remains central in
Bohr_radius
Substance composed of chemically identical molecular entities
isotopic composition, and, in ultra-cold environments, even the hyperfine structure of molecules. Formally, a chemical species is a specific form of
Chemical_species
Important atomic emission spectra
lines correspond to much rarer atomic events such as hyperfine transitions. The fine structure also results in single spectral lines appearing as two
Hydrogen_spectral_series
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
calculations by Kramers for the Stark effect). The existence of fine structure and hyperfine structure in spectral lines, which are known to be due to a variety
Bohr_model
American physicist and humanitarian
mathematics) and Columbia University (Ph.D. in physics) with dissertation Hyperfine structure of 3He. From 1954 to 1959, he was a member of the faculty at Ohio
Andrew_Sessler
Elementary particle or quantum of light
as the magnetic dipole moment of leptons, the Lamb shift, and the hyperfine structure of bound lepton pairs, such as muonium and positronium. Since photons
Photon
American scientist (1928–2020)
Retrieved October 28, 2014. Frosch, Robert Alan (1952). Magnetic hyperfine structure in diatomic molecules (Ph.D.). Columbia University. OCLC 35805315
Robert_A._Frosch
Extremely accurate clock in development
probe the successful laser excitation of the nuclear state via the hyperfine-structure shift induced into the electronic shell due to the different nuclear
Nuclear_clock
Spectroscopy technique
spectrum; as a result, there is usually one clear signal from the hyperfine structure. These qualities make it ideal for laser locking. McCarron, D J;
Modulation transfer spectroscopy
Modulation_transfer_spectroscopy
Bound state of an electron and positron
orbital state of positronium is 1S, and like with hydrogen, it has a hyperfine structure arising from the relative orientations of the spins of the electron
Positronium
Colorless gas with the formula NO
(1975). "Stark Spectroscopy with the CO Laser: Dipole Moments, Hyperfine Structure, and Level Crossing Effects in the Fundamental Band of NO". Canadian
Nitric_oxide
Physics textbook
perturbation theory An application of perturbation theory: The fine and hyperfine structure of the hydrogen atom Approximation methods for time-dependent problems
Quantum_Mechanics_(book)
Chemical element with atomic number 11 (Na)
the 3p orbital split the D line into two, at 589.0 and 589.6 nm; hyperfine structures involving both orbitals cause many more lines. Twenty isotopes of
Sodium
Spectroscopy of quantized rotational states of gases
applying extra terms to account for centrifugal distortion, fine structure, hyperfine structure and Coriolis coupling. Fitting the spectra to the theoretical
Rotational_spectroscopy
Chemical element with atomic number 55 (Cs)
Caesium-based atomic clocks use the electromagnetic transitions in the hyperfine structure of caesium-133 atoms as a reference point. The first accurate caesium
Caesium
Scientific background leading to the discovery of subatomic particles
1926 that the observed hyperfine structure of atomic spectra was inconsistent with the proton–electron hypothesis. This structure is caused by the influence
Discovery_of_the_neutron
Method of sub-Doppler laser cooling of atoms
atomic physics experiments on atomic species with poorly-resolved hyperfine structure, like isotopes of lithium and potassium, often utilize gray molasses
Gray_molasses
American theoretical physicist (1921–2007)
Low, F. (1950). "On the effects of internal nuclear motion on the hyperfine structure of deuterium". Physical Review. 77 (3): 361–370. Bibcode:1950PhRv
Francis_E._Low
laser spectroscopy is a high-resolution technique that resolves the hyperfine structure and isotope shift of an atomic transition. This is done by superimposing
CRIS_experiment
1922 physical experiment demonstrating that atomic spin is quantized
momentum with the spin of the electron that is responsible for the hyperfine structure of the spectroscopic lines. Norman F. Ramsey later modified the Rabi
Stern–Gerlach_experiment
Molecular ion
details of the structure with uncertainty smaller than that of the experimental data, 1 kHz. Some contributions to the measured hyperfine structure have been
Dihydrogen_cation
American nuclear physicist (1905–2004)
under the supervision of Samuel Goudsmit on the Zeeman effect of the hyperfine structure of atomic levels. After graduate work at the California Institute
Robert_Bacher
Chemical element with atomic number 53 (I)
Doppler-free technique while focusing on one of these lines, the hyperfine structure of the iodine molecule reveals itself. A line is now resolved such
Iodine
Formal constraint in quantum mechanics
\leftrightarrow } is used to indicate a forbidden transition. In hyperfine structure, the total angular momentum of the atom is F = I + J , {\displaystyle
Selection_rule
American Physical Chemist
1966. The thesis project was on accurate measurements of ammonia hyperfine structure with a high-resolution two-cavity maser spectrometer. Ammonia microwave
Stephen_Kukolich
Symmetry of spatially mirrored systems
Schrödinger equation". Atomic spectroscopy. Introduction of theory to Hyperfine Structure. Springer. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-387-25573-6. Mladen Georgiev (20 November
Parity_(physics)
Topics referred to by the same term
frequency of the radiation associated with a transition between hyperfine structure energy states of an atom Turnover frequency in enzymology This disambiguation
Transition_frequency
Exotic particle made of an antiproton and positron
the presence of a magnetic field the 1s–2s transition splits into two hyperfine transitions with slightly different frequencies. The team calculated the
Antihydrogen
Chemical compound
Sowden, John C. (1953). "Electron distribution in triphenylmethyl: Hyperfine structure of the paramagnetic resonance absorption of (C6H5)3C13*". Journal
Triphenylmethyl_radical
between the atomic nuclei and the electrons sometimes cause further hyperfine structure of the spectral lines. If the molecule exists in multiple isotopologues
List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules
Spectral line of hydrogen state transition in UHF radio frequencies
the spin of the proton. This is a quantum state change between the two hyperfine levels of the hydrogen 1 s ground state. The electromagnetic radiation
Hydrogen_line
Spin of an electron
magnetic dipole moment Electron electric dipole moment Fine structure Hyperfine structure "2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment". The NIST Reference
Electron_magnetic_moment
Coupling in quantum physics
the structure and conformation of molecules. Spin–spin coupling between nuclear spin and electronic spin is responsible for hyperfine structure in atomic
Angular_momentum_coupling
Spectral line splitting in electrical field
The energy E(2) gives the quadratic Stark effect. Neglecting the hyperfine structure (which is often justified — unless extremely weak electric fields
Stark_effect
American physicist (born 1951)
Tanner, Carol E.; Carl Wieman (1988). "Precision Measurement of the Hyperfine Structure of the 133Cs 6P3/2 State". Phys. Rev. A. 38 (3): 1616–1617. Bibcode:1988PhRvA
Carl_Wieman
Number assigned to each electron shell in an atom
Schrödinger equation". Atomic spectroscopy. Introduction of theory to Hyperfine Structure. Springer. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-387-25573-6. Tennyson, Jonathan (2005)
Principal_quantum_number
Region of England
the Earth round the Sun; he changed it in 1967 to be based on the hyperfine structure of the caesium-133 atom. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), in Paris
East_Midlands
Szawiola, G.; Werth, G. (2000). "Hyperfine structure and g factor measurements on Ba+ and Eu+ isotopes". Hyperfine Interactions. 127 (1–4): 57–64. doi:10
Paul_Moskowitz
Chemical element with atomic number 37 (Rb)
other purposes. The resonant element in atomic clocks utilizes the hyperfine structure of rubidium's energy levels, and rubidium is useful for high-precision
Rubidium
Definition of the units kg, A, K and mol
is exactly 299792458 metres per second (m⋅s−1); The ground state hyperfine structure transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom ΔνCs is exactly 9192631770 hertz
2019_revision_of_the_SI
Danish physicist (1922–2009)
sparked in him an interest in recent discoveries related to the hyperfine structure of deuterium. This led to Bohr becoming a visiting fellow at Columbia
Aage_Bohr
Atoms with a single valence electron, so they behave like hydrogen
(radiative corrections arising from quantum electrodynamics) and hyperfine structure. Rydberg atom Positronium Exotic atom Two-electron atom Hydrogen
Hydrogen-like_atom
Rule in atomic physics
remark on the similarity that leads to the interval rule for the hyperfine structure. The interactions between electrons couple their orbital and spin
Landé_interval_rule
Study of matter-light interactions at small scales
portal Born–Oppenheimer approximation Frequency doubling Diffraction Hyperfine structure Interferometry Isomeric shift Metamaterial cloaking Molecular energy
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
Atomic,_molecular,_and_optical_physics
Cooling technique in atomic physics
is used with lithium and potassium because they have unresolved hyperfine structure in their excited states where polarization gradient cooling would
Laser_cooling
American physicist (1932–2015)
(Genealogy)" (PDF). University of Notre Dame. Commins, Eugene D. (1958). Hyperfine structure of the metastable state of singly ionized helium-3 (Ph.D.). Columbia
Eugene_D._Commins
American politician (1934–2017)
Vernon; Kabasakal, Yurdanur; Shugart, Howard; Tezer, Orhan (1968). "Hyperfine Structure of 67Ga and 72Ga". Physical Review. 176 (1): 25–42. Bibcode:1968PhRv
Vern_Ehlers
In physics, proton and neutron magnetism
and S. A. Altshuler in the Soviet Union (1934) from studies of the hyperfine structure of atomic spectra. Although Tamm and Altshuler's estimate had the
Nucleon_magnetic_moment
Method of separating isotopes of uranium
are used to separate isotopes of uranium using selective ionization of hyperfine transitions. A similar technology, using molecules instead of atoms, is
Atomic vapor laser isotope separation
Atomic_vapor_laser_isotope_separation
Topics referred to by the same term
in chemistry Hydrogen forward scattering, in materials science Hyperfine structure, in physics French Frigate Shoals Airport, in Hawaii, United States
HFS
British physicist (1886–1957)
Biting – the Bruneval Raid (1942) Proceedings of the Royal Society, 'hyperfine structure in the arc spectrum of caesium and nuclear rotation'. Berman, R.
Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell
Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell
Magnetic moment of an atomic nucleus
moment; the quadrupole moment does cause some small shifts in the hyperfine structure as well. All nuclei that have nonzero spin also have a nonzero magnetic
Nuclear_magnetic_moment
Technique to study materials that have unpaired electrons
interest are g-values (analogous to chemical shift), anisotropy (asymmetry), hyperfine coupling constants (analogous to coupling constant J), and relaxation
Electron paramagnetic resonance
Electron_paramagnetic_resonance
Dutch physicist (1909–2000)
These contributions include: pure mathematics, Lie groups (1931); hyperfine structure, calculation of nuclear quadrupole moments, (1935); low temperature
Hendrik_Casimir
Effect of general relativity
with respect to the black hole. This effect is analogous to the hyperfine structure in atomic spectra due to nuclear spin. A useful metaphor is a planetary
Frame-dragging
properties of exotic radioisotopes, from precise measurements of their hyperfine structure. MIRACLS will use laser spectroscopy for measurements, aiming to
MIRACLS_experiment
Indian environmentalist (born 1940)
physics from Harvard University with a doctoral dissertation in the hyperfine structure of hydrogen halide isotopes. He is the co-chair of United Nations
Ashok_Khosla
Generic name for various green iron layered double hydroxide
aqueous medium: Activation energies of formation of the products and hyperfine structure of magnetite" Corrosion Science, volume 32, issue 9, pages 985–1001
Green_rust
American physicist
Thomas Gold, and Hermann Bondi. Brown, Howard H. and King, John G. "Hyperfine Structure and Octopole Interaction in Stable Bromine Isotopes." Physical Review
John_G._King_(physicist)
American physicist (1915–2011)
the hyperfine separations of atomic hydrogen, deuterium and tritium could be measured, as well as to investigate how much the hyperfine structure was
Norman_Ramsey_Jr.
calculate the multi-electronic atomic and molecular structure from fine structure to hyperfine structure levels and dynamic processes including photoionization
Close_coupling
German–American physicist (1911–1993)
anomalous magnetic moment. Many measurements of magnetic moments and hyperfine structure followed. He expanded into chemical physics and continued to publish
Polykarp_Kusch
French physicist
entitled Études de structures hyperfines et d'effets isotopiques dans les raies laser infrarouges de gaz rares (Studies of hyperfine structures and of isotopic
Sylvain_Liberman
Iranian American physicist (1926–2016)
research, and used the microwave atom beam spectrometer to study the hyperfine structure of atoms like copper and thallium. In 1957, he published a paper
Ali_Javan
Oxford for his DPhil, which was awarded in 1967 for research on hyperfine structure supervised by Brebis Bleaney. Following his doctorate, Copland spent
Geoffrey_Copland
American physicist (1900–1976)
physics, Harrison on automating spectroscopic measurement, Wulff on hyperfine structure, Boyce on spectra of nebulae, Van der Graaff on high voltage and
John_C._Slater
American physicist
series of groundbreaking experiments, including the study of the hyperfine structure of the D-lines, the isolation of a closed two-level resonance, power
Carlos_Stroud
American physicist
physicist whose research involved high-precision measurements of the hyperfine structure of ultracold cesium atoms in order to study parity non-conservation
Carol_Tanner
American chemist (1933–2022)
to develop the theory of their fine structure and hyperfine structure, as well as information about their structure and the kinetics of their reactions
Robert_Curl
Spectral linewidth of a laser beam
; Townes, C. H. (1954). "Molecular microwave oscillator and new hyperfine structure in the microwave spectrum of NH3". Physical Review. 95 (1): 282–284
Laser_linewidth
Mass effects on spectroscopy
importance for atomic and nuclear physics. If atomic spectra also have hyperfine structure, the shift refers to the center of gravity of the spectra. From a
Isotopic_shift
Type of crystallographic defect
environment. The ESR spectrum of Fs center is temperature dependent in the hyperfine structure in oxides. This must arise from an increasing overlap of the unpaired
F-center
Physics facility at CERN
experiment determines properties exotic radioisotopes by measuring their hyperfine structure. MIRACLS uses laser spectrometer on ion bunches trapped in a MR-ToF
ISOLDE
British physicist (1907–1973)
researched interferometry under Prof. A. Fowler and began writing "Hyperfine Structure in Line Spectra and Nuclear Spin". He began work at the University
Samuel_Tolansky
Quantum mechanics taking into account particles near or at the speed of light
). University of Chicago Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-226-73331-9. hyperfine structure in relativistic quantum mechanics. Weyl, H. (1950). The theory of
Relativistic quantum mechanics
Relativistic_quantum_mechanics
Technique for detecting quantum objects
to the hyperfine interaction, which leads to further resonance conditions and corresponding spectral lines. In NV ODMR, this detailed structure usually
Optically detected magnetic resonance
Optically_detected_magnetic_resonance
Chemical compound
Kisiel (September–October 2008). "Submillimetre-wave spectrum, 14N-hyperfine structure, and dipole moment of cyclopropyl cyanide". Journal of Molecular
Cyclopropyl_cyanide
Imperfections in the crystal structure of diamonds and their effects
into the diamond lattice, as demonstrated through characteristic hyperfine structure in electron paramagnetic resonance, optical absorption and photoluminescence
Crystallographic defects in diamond
Crystallographic_defects_in_diamond
Organic compound (HC(O)C≡N)
"Millimeter-Wave Spectrum of Formyl Cyanide, HCOCN: Centrifugal Distortion and Hyperfine Structure Analysis". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 172 (2): 344–351. Bibcode:1995JMoSp
Formyl_cyanide
Chemical compound
Apponi, A.J.; Yoder, J. T. (1992). "Detection of the Quadrupole Hyperfine Structure in HCNH+". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 397: L123–L126. Bibcode:1992ApJ
Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide
Atomic spectral line shift
Mössbauer isomeric shift respectively. If the spectra also have hyperfine structure the shift refers to the center of gravity of the spectra. The isomeric
Isomeric_shift
Chinese nuclear physicist (1936–2022)
Zhijun, Chen; Fuquan, Lu; Jiayong, Tang; Fujia, Yang (1 April 2000). "Hyperfine Structure Measurements in the Lines 576.91 nm, 597.11 nm and 612.61 nm of La
Yang_Fujia
British-American physicist
electric field allowed him to study the Stark shifts in the Zeeman and hyperfine structure of atoms. Lipworth was elected a Fellow of the American Physical
Edgar_Lipworth
Chemical compound
almost exclusively the one that astronomers look for. In 1995, the hyperfine structure of this septuplet was observed with an absolute precision of ~7 kHz
Diazenylium
German-born British physicist
Industries at the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford, where he studied hyperfine structure. During the Second World War, he worked on isotope separation for
Heinrich_Gerhard_Kuhn
of highest grades of ionization (U92+), wavelength measurement, hyperfine structure of energy levels, quantum electrodynamic studies, ionization cross-sections
History_of_spectroscopy
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