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See searches and references containing ELECTRON DENSITY!ELECTRON DENSITY
Probability density of electrons being somewhere
Electron density or electronic density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at an infinitesimal element of space surrounding
Electron_density
Computational quantum mechanical modelling method to investigate electronic structure
the case of DFT, these are functionals of the spatially dependent electron density. DFT is among the most popular and versatile methods available in condensed-matter
Density_functional_theory
Method of measuring the extent of spatial localization of an electron
radon has six clear maxima, whereas the electron density decreases monotonically and the radially weighted density fails to show all shells. When applied
Electron localization function
Electron_localization_function
Scattering phenomenon in physics
measurement of electron density, ion temperature and electron temperatures, ion composition and plasma velocity. If there is a greater amount of electrons present
Incoherent_scatter_radar
Elementary particle with negative charge
The electron (e− , or β− in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge. It is an elementary particle
Electron
Class of chemical substituents
An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms
Electron-withdrawing_group
Chemical bond by sharing of electron pairs
chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs
Covalent_bond
Ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere
variation of the electron density from bottom of the ionosphere to the altitude of maximum density than in describing the total electron content (TEC).
Ionosphere
Rapid oscillations of electron density
(eponymously after Irving Langmuir), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conductive media, most notably plasmas as well as metals, at frequencies
Plasma_oscillation
fixed and it depends upon the electron density of the ionosphere. Critical frequency can be computed with the electron density given by: f c = 9 N max {\displaystyle
Critical_frequency
Repulsive force in quantum mechanics
{\displaystyle \ \rho _{\mathsf {e}}\ } is the free electron density (the number of free electrons per unit volume). For the case of a metal, one can prove
Electron_degeneracy_pressure
Electron densities of Coulomb potentials have cusps at the nucleus
quantum physics. It states that for generalized Coulomb potentials, the electron density, n ( r ) {\displaystyle n(\mathbf {r} )} , has a cusp at the position
Kato_theorem
reaction. An electron withdrawing group (EWG) will have the opposite effect on the nucleophilicity of the ring. The EWG removes electron density from a π
Electrophilic aromatic directing groups
Electrophilic_aromatic_directing_groups
difference density map or Fo–Fc map shows the spatial distribution of the difference between the measured electron density of the crystal and the electron density
Difference_density_map
Concept in condensed matter physics
the electron concentration and e is the elementary charge. For the example of semiconductors that are not too heavily doped, the charge density n ∝ eμ
Thomas–Fermi_screening
Quantum chemical model of molecular and condensed matter electronic systems
natural expressions of a system's observable electron density distribution function. An electron density distribution of a molecule is a probability distribution
Atoms_in_molecules
Electromagnetic effect in physics
the quantization (i.e. the Hall plateau) as the electron density is varied. Since the electron density remains constant when the Fermi level is in a clean
Quantum_Hall_effect
Use of electrons to join metal parts via melting
Electron-beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to two materials to be joined. The workpieces
Electron-beam_welding
Model for predicting molecular geometry
topological analysis of the electron density of molecules. Such quantum chemical topology (QCT) methods include the electron localization function (ELF)
VSEPR_theory
Device used to measure plasma
A Langmuir probe is a device used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and electric potential of a plasma. It works by inserting one
Langmuir_probe
The Multipole Density Formalism (also referred to as Hansen-Coppens Formalism) is an X-ray crystallography method of electron density modelling proposed
Multipole_density_formalism
Mathematical tool in quantum physics
term density was introduced by Dirac in 1931 when he used von Neumann's operator to calculate electron density clouds. Nowadays the term "density matrix"
Density_matrix
Function in computational chemistry
function that describes the electron density in a frontier orbital, as a result of a small change in the total number of electrons. The condensed Fukui function
Fukui_function
Scientific theory
of the electron density that yields the total energy. Minimization of this functional with respect to the density gives the ground-state density from which
Orbital-free density functional theory
Orbital-free_density_functional_theory
Electric charge per unit length, area or volume
is proportional to the charge density of the electron at any point. In atoms and molecules the charge of the electrons is distributed in clouds called
Charge_density
_{pe}^{2}} In an unmagnetized plasma for the high frequency or low electron density limit, i.e. for ω ≫ ω p e = ( n e e 2 / m e ϵ 0 ) 1 / 2 {\displaystyle
Electromagnetic_electron_wave
Technique used for determining crystal structures and identifying mineral compounds
crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal and the positions of the atoms, as well as their
X-ray_crystallography
Organic redox reaction
electron density at the aryl carbon bonded to the carbonyl carbon (10c, 11d). Phenyl groups have low migratory aptitude, but higher electron density at
Dakin_oxidation
three-dimensional electron density maps obtained by X-ray crystallography methods, although it has also been applied to data from electron microscopy. Coot
Coot_(software)
Screening phenomenon in metals
the electron density equals to the unperturbed density of the one-dimensional electron gas 2 k F / π {\displaystyle 2k_{\rm {F}}/\pi } . The electrons that
Friedel_oscillations
Charge carriers per volume; such as electrons, ions, "holes" or others
conduction band for electrons, integrating over the valence band for holes). If the total number of charge carriers is known, the carrier density can be found
Charge_carrier_density
Pair of valence electrons which are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond
proposed. While electron density ρ(r) itself generally does not provide useful guidance in this regard, the Laplacian of the electron density is revealing
Lone_pair
Technique to describe progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms
directly show the movement of atoms; it is used to show the movement of electron density, which indirectly shows the movement of atoms themselves. Arrow pushing
Arrow_pushing
Method for describing the electronic structure of molecules using quantum mechanics
bonded electrons – the molecular orbitals – as linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO). These approximations are made by applying the density functional
Molecular_orbital_theory
Conceptual opposite of an electron
electronic engineering, an electron hole (often simply called a hole) is a quasiparticle denoting the lack of an electron at a position where one could
Electron_hole
Visualization method in chemistry
Interactions (NCI) is a visualization index based in the Electron density (ρ) and the reduced density gradient (s). It is based on the empirical observation
Non-covalent interactions index
Non-covalent_interactions_index
Type of reaction in organometallic chemistry
sensitive to a variety of factors including: (1) metal identity and electron density, (2) sterics, (3) participating ligands, (4) coordination number, (5)
Reductive_elimination
NASA space probe launched in 1977
been crossed was an indirect measurement of an 80-fold increase in electron density, based on the frequency of plasma oscillations observed beginning on
Voyager_1
Solid (crystalline) phase of electrons
lattice if the electron density is less than a critical value. This is because the potential energy dominates the kinetic energy at low densities, so the detailed
Wigner_crystal
Tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons
tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. An atom's electronegativity is
Electronegativity
State of matter
"plasma density" by itself usually refers to the electron density n e {\displaystyle n_{e}} , that is, the number of charge-contributing electrons per unit
Plasma_(physics)
Type of chemical bond
this overlap occurs laterally. Each of these atomic orbitals has an electron density of zero at a shared nodal plane that passes through the two bonded
Pi_bond
Criterion for igniting a nuclear fusion chain reaction
criterion gives a minimum required value for the product of the plasma (electron) density ne and the "energy confinement time" τ E {\displaystyle \tau _{E}}
Lawson_criterion
intracule is a quantum mechanical mathematical function for the two electron density which depends not upon the absolute values of position or momentum
Intracule
Scientific study of crystal structures
crystallography can convert into detailed positions of atoms, and sometimes electron density. At larger scales it includes experimental tools such as orientational
Crystallography
Heat capacity of an electron gas
sometimes called the electron heat capacity, is the specific heat of an electron gas. Heat is transported by phonons and by free electrons in solids. For pure
Electronic_specific_heat
Predictive model in organic chemistry
antiperiplanar to the forming C–H bond, so they donate electron density to σ*C–H. Because C-H bonds are better electron donors than C–C bonds, they are better able
Cieplak_effect
Function describing an electron in an atom
describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. This function describes an electron's charge distribution around the atom's nucleus
Atomic_orbital
Study of the 3D shapes of molecules
electron diffraction can give molecular structure for crystalline solids based on the distance between nuclei and concentration of electron density.
Molecular_geometry
Association of atoms to form chemical compounds
electron configuration of helium (He). The pair of shared electrons forms a single covalent bond. The electron density of these two bonding electrons
Chemical_bond
Zone of energetic charged particles around the planet Earth
overall configuration of the belts. After electron injection increases electron density, electron density is often observed to decay exponentially. Those
Van_Allen_radiation_belt
Force of attraction or repulsion between molecules and neighboring particles
charged electron clouds in non-polar molecules. Thus, London interactions are caused by random fluctuations of electron density in an electron cloud. An
Intermolecular_force
three-dimensional grid of voxels each with a value corresponding to electron density or electric potential. It was developed by the MRC (Medical Research
MRC_(file_format)
acting on the fluid have reached equilibrium. In many situations, the electron density of a plasma is assumed to behave according to the Boltzmann relation
Boltzmann_relation
Permanent bond dipole due to electron-rich or -poor groups in a molecule
effect in a molecule is a local change in the electron density due to electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups elsewhere in the molecule, resulting
Inductive_effect
Issue in determining wave cycle part
Fourier transform of the molecule's electron density in the unit cell. If the phases are known, the electron density can be simply obtained by Fourier synthesis
Phase_problem
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
Scientific model in solid-state physics
A two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is a scientific model in solid-state physics. It is an electron gas that is free to move in two dimensions, but
Two-dimensional_electron_gas
Experimental tokamak
achieved line-averaged electron density in the range of (1.3 to 1.65), significantly above its prior range (0.8 to 1.0). It adopted electron cyclotron resonance
Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
Experimental_Advanced_Superconducting_Tokamak
Quantum-mechanical framework for simulating molecules and solids
densities. Employing the continuity equation, it is then shown that for finite systems, different current densities correspond to different electron densities
Time-dependent density functional theory
Time-dependent_density_functional_theory
X-ray methods the map produced is of the electron density of the system (usually a crystal), whereas in electron methods the map is of the electrostatic
Resolution (structural biology)
Resolution_(structural_biology)
Imaging Instrument
local density of states as a function of the electrons' energy within the sample. The advantage of STM over other measurements of the density of states
Scanning_tunneling_microscope
Set of rules pertaining to pericyclic reactions
components A and B involving a transfer of electrons will depend on the responsiveness of the electron density to electron donation or acceptance, i.e. the derivative
Woodward–Hoffmann_rules
Material with Vickers hardness exceeding 40 gigapascals
hardness test. They are virtually incompressible solids with high electron density and high bond covalency. As a result of their unique properties, these
Superhard_material
Heterocyclic aromatic organic compound
the α- and γ-protons in comparison to benzene result from the lower electron density in the α- and γ-positions, which can be derived from the resonance
Pyridine
Ionization of air around a high-voltage conductor
increased electron density will increase the reaction rate, the lower energy of the electrons will mean that reactions which require higher electron energy
Corona_discharge
Chemical reaction which attaches an electrophile to an aromatic ring
concentrated sulfuric acid. Groups that are electron-withdrawing by resonance decrease the electron density especially at positions 2, 4 and 6, leaving
Electrophilic aromatic substitution
Electrophilic_aromatic_substitution
Bonding orbital used in quantum chemistry
natural bond orbital or NBO is a calculated bonding orbital with maximum electron density. The NBOs are one of a sequence of natural localized orbital sets that
Natural_bond_orbital
Descriptive quantity of the ionosphere
section, i.e., the electron columnar number density. It is often reported in multiples of the TEC unit, or TECU, defined as 1016 electrons per m2. TEC is
Total_electron_content
Type of capacitance
and can be used to construct an experimental energy functional of electron density. When a voltmeter is used to measure an electronic device, it does
Quantum_capacitance
Storms containing densities of energized electrons
Ionospheric storms are storms which contain varying densities of energised electrons in the ionosphere as produced from the Sun. Ionospheric storms are
Ionospheric_storm
influence structure and reactivity by manipulating the location of electron density in bonds and/or the overall molecule. The polarization of a molecule
Field_effect_(chemistry)
Theoretical formalism in condensed matter physics
strictly-correlated-electrons density functional theory (SCE DFT) approach, originally proposed by Michael Seidl in 1999, is a formulation of density functional
Strictly-correlated-electrons density functional theory
Strictly-correlated-electrons_density_functional_theory
Chemical bonding involving attraction between ions
the entities involved in the bonding allows some degree of sharing electron density between them. Therefore, all ionic bonding has some covalent character
Ionic_bonding
Extension of scanning tunneling microscopy
scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), provides information about the density of electrons in a sample as a function of their energy. In scanning tunneling
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
Scanning_tunneling_spectroscopy
Type of electron microscope
electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
Scanning_electron_microscope
Rule in geometry of individual molecules
thought of as the limiting case of an electropositive substituent, with electron density completely polarized towards the central atom. Bent's rule predicts
Bent's_rule
Electric charge which is not an integer multiple of elementary charge
multiple ways, such as: extracted from electron densities measured using high resolution x-ray, gamma ray, or electron beam diffraction experiments measured
Partial_charge
Energy of a moving physical body
summation runs over all electrons. The density functional formalism of quantum mechanics requires knowledge of the electron density only, i.e., it formally
Kinetic_energy
Organic compound (C6H5OH)
hybridised carbons; the comparatively more powerful inductive withdrawal of electron density that is provided by the sp2 system compared to an sp3 system allows
Phenol
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
intended to study the temporal and spatial distribution of the electron density, the electron temperature, the ion concentration, the ion mass, the micrometeorite
Explorer_8
Number of available physical states per energy unit
Looking at the density of states of electrons at the band edge between the valence and conduction bands in a semiconductor, for an electron in the conduction
Density_of_states
Organic reaction used to convert arenes to cyclohexadienes
transformation. For electron-donating substituents, Birch initially proposed meta attack, corresponding to the location of greatest electron density in a neutral
Birch_reduction
Branch of chemistry
calculations. In DFT, the total energy is expressed in terms of the total one-electron density rather than the wave function. In this type of calculation, there is
Computational_chemistry
Effect on materials in an intense magnetic field
two-dimensional quantum gas of electrons confined in a sample with given width and with edges. In the presence of a magnetic flux density B, the energy eigenvalues
Shubnikov–de_Haas_effect
Rocket launch site in Michigan
America used to collect measurements of electron density, positive ion composition and distribution, energetic electron precipitation, solar X-rays, and Lyman
Keweenaw_Rocket_Range
Largest moon of Jupiter
found an elevated electron density near Ganymede, suggesting an ionosphere, whereas others failed to detect anything. The electron density near the surface
Ganymede_(moon)
Fluorine reaction
electrophilic fluorination reagents has always focused on removing electron density from the atom attached to fluorine; however, compounds containing nitrogen-fluorine
Electrophilic_fluorination
Model of electrical conduction
time, ⟨p⟩ is the average momentum per electron and q, n, m, and τ are respectively the electron charge, number density, mass, and mean free time between ionic
Drude_model
Type of covalent bond in organic chemistry
reminiscent of a banana. The term itself is a general representation of electron density or configuration resembling a similar "bent" structure within small
Bent_bond
Project to analyze the ionosphere
communications signals. Past attempts to produce electron density enhancements have yielded densities of 4×10⁵ electrons per cubic centimeter (cm3) using HF radio
High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program
Bipolar planetary nebula in the constellation Hercules
approximately 10-15 km s-1. Relatively speaking, the nebula has a electron density of ~10⁴ cm-3. And a rather high 5-GHz temperature of 5GHz of ~3455
Humason_2-1
Molecular-structural phenomenon
hyperconjugation and bent bonds. In the hyperconjugation model, the donation of electron density from the C−H σ bonding orbital to the C−F σ* antibonding orbital is
Gauche_effect
Redox reaction that takes place with organic compounds
oxidations electrons are removed and the electron density of a molecule is reduced. In reductions electron density increases when electrons are added to
Organic_redox_reaction
Special type of hyperconjugation
However, Si has lower electronegativity than carbon, polarizing the electron density onto carbon. The continued presence of second-row type stability in
Negative hyperconjugation in silicon
Negative_hyperconjugation_in_silicon
Indian physicist (born 1929)
S. and B.H.Subbaraya, Langmuir probe for the measurement of electron density and electron temperature in the ionosphere, The Review of Sci. Instr. 38
Satya_Prakash_(physicist)
Spectroscopic technique
interactions may be observed: the isomer shift due to differences in nearby electron densities (also called the chemical shift in older literature), quadrupole splitting
Mössbauer_spectroscopy
Proposed class of chemical bonds
ionic forms rather than the covalent sharing of electrons which are often depicted as having electron density between the bonded atoms. A feature of the charge
Charge-shift_bond
Quantum-mechanical explanation of chemical bonding
where the electron density is in between the nuclei of the atoms; or, merge out of phase to get antibonding orbitals, where the electron density is everywhere
Bonding_molecular_orbital
Variation in resonant frequency of identical atomic nuclei in a magnetic field
induced fields (i.e., higher electron density) are therefore called shielded, relative to those with lower electron density. Electron-donating alkyl groups,
Chemical_shift
ELECTRON DENSITY
ELECTRON DENSITY
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim
Election; Last Dream
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Selection choice
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selection, Choice
Boy/Male
Muslim
Choice, Preference, Selection
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English biscop, Old English bisc(e)op ‘bishop’, which comes via Latin from Greek episkopos ‘overseer’. The Greek word was adopted early in the Christian era as a title for an overseer of a local community of Christians, and has yielded cognates in every European language: French évêque, Italian vescovo, Spanish obispo, Russian yepiskop, German Bischof, etc. The English surname has probably absorbed at least some of these continental European cognates. The word came to be applied as a surname for a variety of reasons, among them service in the household of a bishop, supposed resemblance in bearing or appearance to a bishop, and selection as the ‘boy bishop’ on St. Nicholas’s Day.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Choice; Preference; Selection
Girl/Female
Greek
Sparkling. The fiery sun. Mythological daughter of Agamemnon. In literature she was a central...
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for the buyer of provisions for a large household, from a reduced form of Anglo-Norman French acatour (Late Latin acceptator, an agent derivative of acceptare ‘to accept’). Modern English caterer results from the addition of a second agent suffix to the word.Slovenian (ÄŒater) : status name for a person who read out the Slovenian ceremonial text at the installation of the Carantanian rulers and, later, Carinthian dukes, derived from the dialect verb Äatiti ‘to read’. Carantania was the early medieval Slovenian state on the territory of present-day Carinthia and Styria, now divided between Austria and Slovenia. The people’s installation of the Carantanian rulers was an exceptional example of democratic elections in medieval Europe. Thomas Jefferson knew about it and was influenced by it in his thinking about American Independence.Perhaps also an Americanized spelling of German Köter (see Koetter).
Boy/Male
Biblical
Election; he that is chosen.
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Greek
Bright; Shining
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, from Greek kyanos, CYAN means "dark blue" and "lapis lazuli." The color cyan is also sometimes called blue-green, electric blue, and turquoise.Â
Boy/Male
Arabic
Electric Light
Female
Italian
Italian form of Latin Electra, ELETTRA means "bright, shining."
Boy/Male
English American
A sometimes used as an independent name. Also, in England, 'Ernie' refers to the Electronic...
Boy/Male
Assamese, Bengali, Indian, Tamil
To Choose; Selection
Surname or Lastname
French
French : from a personal name of Gaulish origin, represented in Latin records in the form Caraunus. This name was borne by a 5th-century Breton saint who lived at Chartres and was murdered by robbers; his legend led to its widespread use as a personal name during the Middle Ages.English (of Norman origin) and French : habitational name for someone from Cairon in Calvados, France.English and French : metonymic occupational name for a carter, or possibly a cartwright, from a Norman and Picard form of Old French c(h)arron ‘cart’.There was a Caron or LeCaron, a missionary priest, in Quebec in 1615. The marriage of a Caron, of unknown origin, is recorded in Quebec in 1637.
Girl/Female
American, Hindu, Indian
Selection
Biblical
election; he that is chosen;he will choose;chooser; God does choose;
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Selection; Choice
ELECTRON DENSITY
ELECTRON DENSITY
Boy/Male
Native American
Where the wind blows down the gap.
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Love of God
Boy/Male
Australian, German, Turkish
Victory
Boy/Male
Hebrew Muslim Scandinavian Swedish
Gift from God.
Girl/Female
Biblical
My witness, adorned, prey.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Star. Good luck.
Girl/Female
Indian
Gayathry Mantra, Mother of the Vedas or Goddess Saraswati
Boy/Male
Sikh
Victory of Prince
Boy/Male
Hindu
Happy
Boy/Male
Afghan, American, Arabic, Australian, German, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Muslim, Pashtun
One who is Not Respected
ELECTRON DENSITY
ELECTRON DENSITY
ELECTRON DENSITY
ELECTRON DENSITY
ELECTRON DENSITY
a.
The act of choosing; choice; selection.
a.
Producing electro-motion; producing, or tending to produce, electricity or an electric current; causing electrical action or effects.
a.
Pert. to, or caused by, electro-capillarity.
n.
Alt. of Electro-puncturing
a.
Belonging to the electro-chronograph, or recorded by the aid of it.
a.
Of or pertaining to electro-kinetics.
a.
Made of electrum, an alloy used by the ancients.
a.
Pertaining to an election or to electors.
n.
A lesson or selection, esp. of Scripture, read in divine service.
a.
Pertaining to electro-ballistics.
n.
One versed in electro-biology.
n.
An election held by itself, not at the time of a general election.
n.
The art or science of constructing or using the electric telegraph; the transmission of messages by means of the electric telegraph.
a.
Pertaining to the movements or force of electric or galvanic currents; dependent on electric force.
a.
Alt. of Electro-metrical
a.
Of or pertaining to electro-chemistry.
n.
Amber; also, the alloy of gold and silver, called electrum.
n.
An instrument for measuring the strength of electro-dynamic currents.
a.
Alt. of Electro-dynamical