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Electric charge per unit length, area or volume
electromagnetism, charge density is the amount of electric charge per unit length, surface area, or volume. Volume charge density (symbolized by the
Charge_density
Mass per unit volume
volume Densities of the elements (data page) List of elements by density Air density Area density Bulk density Buoyancy Charge density Density current
Density
Quantum field of electrons
A charge density wave (CDW) is an ordered quantum fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal. The electrons within a CDW form a standing
Charge_density_wave
Amount of charge flowing through a unit cross-sectional area per unit time
density is the electric current (or the amount of charge per unit time) that flows through a unit area of a chosen cross section. The current density
Current_density
Vector field describing the density of electric dipole moments in a dielectric material
is balanced by an equal density of opposite charges within the volume. Charges that are not balanced are part of the free charge discussed below. For a
Polarization_density
Charge carriers per volume; such as electrons, ions, "holes" or others
Charge carrier density, also known as carrier concentration, denotes the number of charge carriers per volume. In SI units, it is measured in m−3. As
Charge_carrier_density
Study of still or slow electric charges
these circumstances, the electric field, electric potential, and the charge density are related without complications from magnetic effects. Since classical
Electrostatics
Elliptic partial differential equation
Poisson's equation is the potential field caused by a given electric charge or mass density distribution; with the potential field known, one can then calculate
Poisson's_equation
Mass per unit length
For example, linear charge density or lineic electric charge is the amount of electric charge per unit length. Linear density most often describes the
Linear_density
Measure of positive and negative charges
d3r′ denotes an elementary volume in V. For an array of point charges, the charge density becomes a sum of Dirac delta functions: ρ ( r ) = ∑ i = 1 N q
Electric_dipole_moment
Computational quantum mechanical modelling method to investigate electronic structure
derivatives of the exchange correlation energy with respect to the charge density. Consequently, it is not clear if the second theorem of DFT holds in
Density_functional_theory
Fundamental physical law – electric charge is continuously conserved in space and time
given by a continuity equation between charge density ρ ( x ) {\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {x} )} and current density J ( x ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} (\mathbf
Charge_conservation
Mass per unit area
The area density (also known as areal density, surface density, superficial density, column density, or density thickness) of a two-dimensional object
Area_density
4D analogue of electric current density
(technically the four-current density) is the four-dimensional analogue of the current density, with the dimension of electric charge per time per area. Also
Four-current
Physical field surrounding an electric charge
strength of the field is proportional to the density of the lines. Field lines due to stationary charges have several important properties, including
Electric_field
Electromagnetic property of matter
Electric charge can be positive or negative. Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. An object with no net charge is referred
Electric_charge
Calculation technique for classical electrostatics
conductors and containing a specified charge density ρ, the electric field is uniquely determined if the total charge on each conductor is given. Possessing
Method_of_image_charges
Vector field related to displacement current and flux density
creation of voltages and charge transfer due to elastic strains. The rate of change of D, ∂D/∂t, is the displacement current density. In any material, if
Electric_displacement_field
Equations describing classical electromagnetism
{\displaystyle \rho } the total electric charge density, J {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} } the total current density, ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} the
Maxwell's_equations
Probability density of electrons being somewhere
the spin density in 3D-space. Difference density map Electron cloud Electron configuration Resolution (electron density) Charge density Density functional
Electron_density
Charge transfer due to contact or sliding
measuring the triboelectric charge density of materials was proposed by the group of Zhong Lin Wang. The triboelectric charge density of the tested materials
Triboelectric_effect
Characteristic feature of the optical spectra of many compounds
but always Laporte-forbidden. Charge-transfer bands of transition metal complexes result from shift of charge density between molecular orbitals (MO)
Charge-transfer_band
Chemical compound
solids level in the range of 10 to 50%. It is a high charge density cationic polymer. The charge density makes it well suited for flocculation. Actually,
PolyDADMAC
Line integral of the electric field
containing all the points at which the charge density is nonzero; r' is a point inside R; and ρ(r') is the charge density at the point r'. The equations given
Electric_potential
Electric charges present on the surface of a solid
2-D surface, and surface charge density, measured in coulombs per square meter (C•m−2), is used to describe the charge distribution on the surface. The
Surface_charge
of charge density modelling. It relies on an assumption that electron distribution around the atom is isotropic, and that therefore charge density is
Multipole_density_formalism
Physical quantity in electromagnetism
current density, and it is a source of the magnetic field just as actual current is. However it is not an electric current of moving charges, but a time-varying
Displacement_current_density
Foundational law of electromagnetism relating electric field and charge distributions
the divergence of the electric field is proportional to the local density of charge. The law was first formulated by Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1773, followed
Gauss's_law
Electric and magnetic fields produced by moving charged objects
{\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}} where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the charge density, which is a function of time and position, ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon
Electromagnetic_field
Physical quantity, density of magnetic moment per volume
behavior of magnetic fields (B, H), electric fields (E, D), charge density (ρ), and current density (J) is described by Maxwell's equations. The role of the
Magnetization
constant. C is electrical conductivity. e is electric charge density. m is magnetic charge density. In the same chapter, Maxwell points out that the consequence
History of Maxwell's equations
History_of_Maxwell's_equations
Numerical technique for bioelectromagnetic modeling
unknowns. The charge-based BEM solves an integral equation of the potential theory written in terms of the induced surface charge density. This formulation
Charge based boundary element fast multipole method
Charge_based_boundary_element_fast_multipole_method
Hybrid electric double layer (EDL) model and the "two-step" formation process
the charges on the solid surface generated by contacting with the liquid can be removed by heating, and the decay of the surface charge density is consistent
Hybrid_electric_double_layer
Approximate quantum chemistry model
predicting chemical potentials μ in liquids. It processes the screening charge density σ on the surface of molecules to calculate the chemical potential μ
COSMO-RS
Model describing the departures from ideality in solutions of electrolytes and plasmas
can be represented by a statistically averaged cloud of continuous charge density, with a minimum distance of closest approach. The last assumption means
Debye–Hückel_theory
Concept in condensed matter physics
concentration and e is the elementary charge. For the example of semiconductors that are not too heavily doped, the charge density n ∝ eμ / kBT, where kB is Boltzmann
Thomas–Fermi_screening
Highest attainable density of a substance under given conditions
Press. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-1-4398-0357-8. List of elements by density Density Specific Gravity Specific weight Charge density Buoyancy Hydrometer v t e
Maximum_density
Property of space that quantifies the magnetic influence at a given location
{\displaystyle \rho _{f}} the free electric charge density, and J f {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{f}} the free current density. The first of Maxwell's equations
Magnetic_field
Insulating region in a semiconductor
{E}}} is the electric field, e is the elementary charge (1.6×10−19 coulomb), and p is the hole density (number per unit volume). The electric field makes
Depletion_region
Theoretical model of the vacuum
charge density, quantities that count the total number of particles. The infinite constant gives the Dirac sea an infinite energy and charge density.
Dirac_sea
American physicist (1908–1991)
during which time he focused on understanding the flow of electrons in charge density waves (CDWs) through metallic linear chain compounds. His proposals
John_Bardeen
Area of physical and philosophical debate
charge density smeared across space, but Max Born reinterpreted the absolute square value of the wave function as the electron's probability density distributed
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics
State of matter
densities of positive and negative charges in any sizeable region are equal ("quasineutrality"). A plasma with a significant excess of charge density
Plasma_(physics)
Electric charge which is not an integer multiple of elementary charge
analysis Coulson's charges Natural charges CM1, CM2, CM3, CM4, and CM5 charge models Partitioning of electron density distributions Bader charges (obtained from
Partial_charge
Metal rod intended to protect a structure from a lightning strike
building in an area with a high density of lightning strikes will be more likely to be struck than one in an area with a low density of lightning strikes. The
Lightning_rod
Force acting on charged particles in electric and magnetic fields
identities, the force density can be reformulated to eliminate explicit reference to the charge and current densities. The force density can then be written
Lorentz_force
Semiconductor–semiconductor junction
of majority carriers (leaving a charge density equal to the net doping level), and the edge between the space charge region and the neutral region is
P–n_junction
Equation describing the transport of some quantity
or move, such as mass, energy, electric charge, momentum, number of molecules, etc. Let ρ be the volume density of this quantity, that is, the amount of
Continuity_equation
Chemical compound
lubricant, and a superconductor at temperatures below 7.2 K that exhibits a charge density wave (CDW). NbSe2 crystallizes in several related forms, and can be
Niobium_diselenide
} , where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the charge density, E is the electric field, J is the current density, c is the speed of light, and B is the magnetic
Force_density
Ability of a body to store an electrical charge
surface charge density, d S {\textstyle dS} is an infinitesimal element of area on the surface of the conductor, over which the surface charge density is integrated
Capacitance
Fundamental physical law of electromagnetism
-\mathbf {s} |^{3}}}\,\mathrm {d} ^{3}\mathbf {s} } where ρ is the charge density. If we take the divergence of both sides of this equation with respect
Coulomb's_law
Imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material
Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material. The charge remains until it can move away as an electric
Static_electricity
Branch of theoretical physics
{r'} } where ρ ( r ′ ) {\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r'} )} is the charge density and r − r ′ {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r'} } is the vector
Classical_electromagnetism
Spin-density wave (SDW) and charge-density wave (CDW) are names for two similar low-energy ordered states of solids. Both these states occur at low temperature
Spin_density_wave
Method in physics
many-electron system is a functional of its ground-state charge density and that this density minimizes the total energy of the system. The theorems do
Linearized augmented-plane-wave method
Linearized_augmented-plane-wave_method
Fundamental interaction between charged particles
electric field, E, and magnetic flux density, B are used to describe the electromagnetic fields in cases where all the charges are known directly such as the
Electromagnetism
Electrically insulating substance able to be polarised by an applied electric field
thickness d between two conducting plates with uniform charge density σε. In this case the charge density is given by σ ε = ε V d {\displaystyle \sigma _{\varepsilon
Dielectric
Electric charge treated as continuously distributed in space
Space charge is an interpretation of a collection of electric charges in which excess electric charge is treated as a continuum of charge distributed
Space_charge
Explains the covalent character in molecules
bond results. Polarization of the anion depends upon: Charge density of cation: High positive charge and small size of the cation leads to high polarizing
Fajans'_rules
Concept in classical electromagnetism
is nonzero for a time-varying charge density. An example occurs in a capacitor circuit where time-varying charge densities exist on the plates. Second,
Ampère's_circuital_law
Ring molecules with several ether (–O–) groups
in their charge density. Between the cations of potassium, rubidium, and cesium changes in affinities are less notable, as their charge density varies less
Crown_ether
Law of classical electromagnetism
{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\rho \mathbf {v} ,} where ρ is electric charge density. B was seen as a kind of magnetic current of vortices aligned in their
Biot–Savart_law
One-dimensional physical quantity
example, the charge density at a point in a medium, which is a scalar in classical physics, must be combined with the local current density (a 3-vector)
Scalar_(physics)
Degree of concentration of countable objects
number density, two-dimensional areal number density, or one-dimensional linear number density. Population density is an example of areal number density. The
Number_density
Electromagnetic effect in physics
face, where there is a scarcity of mobile charges. The result is an asymmetric distribution of charge density across the Hall element, arising from a force
Hall_effect
superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance. Charge density wave: An ordered state in which charge density is periodically modulated. Quantum Hall state:
List_of_states_of_matter
nucleons, and the radial charge density of each nuclide. The charge density of some light nuclide indicates a lesser density of nucleonic matter in the
Shape_of_the_atomic_nucleus
Computation method named after Paul Peter Ewald
the charges of a central unit cell and all the charges of the lattice. Hence, it can be represented as a double integral over two charge density fields
Ewald_summation
Units defined only by physical constants
the Lorentz force equation) of electromagnetism, with mass density replacing charge density, and with 1/4πG replacing ε0. Normalizes the characteristic
Planck_units
Concept in the physics of electromagnetism
current density in the amperian loop model, ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the magnetic pole strength density in analogy to the electric charge density that
Magnetic_moment
Measure of the ability of a solution containing electrolytes to conduct electricity
length. In electrodynamics, sigma is also used to denote double-layer charge density. The SI unit of conductivity is S/m, and unless otherwise qualified
Conductivity_(electrolytic)
Arrangement that creates a quadrupole field of some sort
achieved using a detracing operator. For a continuous system with charge density, or mass density, ρ ( x , y , z ) {\displaystyle \rho (x,y,z)} , the components
Quadrupole
Index of chemical compounds with the same name
gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen
Hydrogen_ion
Second-order partial differential equation
by a conducting material with a specified charge density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } , and if the total charge Q {\displaystyle Q} is known, then V {\displaystyle
Laplace's_equation
Magnetic analog of electric potential valid outside materials
charge, the quantity ρ m = − ∇ ⋅ M {\displaystyle \rho _{m}=-\nabla \cdot \mathbf {M} } is called the bound magnetic charge density. Magnetic charges
Magnetic_scalar_potential
Type of electrophoresis
that takes advantage of the fact that overall charge on the molecule of interest, i.e. the net charge density, is a function of the pH of its surroundings
Isoelectric_focusing
Principle in particle physics
and weak nuclear forces. The property of charge invariance is embedded in the charge density – current density four-vector j μ = ( c ρ , j → ) {\displaystyle
Charge_invariance
Flow of electric charge
if the moving charges are positive, then the current density has the same sign as the velocity of the charges. For negative charges, the sign of the
Electric_current
Class of chemicals and interactions
factors discussed above can influence the charge on the surface of the polyelectrolyte. The surface charge density of these surfaces, at low surface potentials
Emulsion stabilization using polyelectrolytes
Emulsion_stabilization_using_polyelectrolytes
Chemical compound
compounds, which are metallic at high temperatures, it exhibits a series of charge-density-wave (CDW) phase transitions from 550 K to 50 K. It is unusual amongst
Tantalum(IV)_sulfide
Foundational law of classical magnetism
proportional to the magnetic charge density ρm, analogous to Gauss's law for electric field. For zero net magnetic charge density (ρm = 0), the original form
Gauss's_law_for_magnetism
Two equalities that deal with the current and potential difference
model is no longer applicable. For example, in a transmission line, the charge density in the conductor may be constantly changing. On the other hand, the
Kirchhoff's_circuit_laws
Physical quantity of interest in chemistry and electrodynamics
is the electric charge, E is the electric field, and v × B is the cross product of the ion's velocity and the magnetic flux density. This differential
Mass-to-charge_ratio
one constructs an initial charge density for the material. For density functional theory calculations, once the charge density is known, the potential,
Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues
Rayleigh_theorem_for_eigenvalues
Statement on equilibrium in electromagnetism
contradiction to Earnshaw's theorem, but also the resulting charge density and the current density are stationary, and so is the corresponding electromagnetic
Earnshaw's_theorem
Theorem in classical electromagnetism
reciprocity, relating the interchange of electric potential and electric charge density. Forms of the reciprocity theorems are used in many electromagnetic
Reciprocity (electromagnetism)
Reciprocity_(electromagnetism)
Type of internal combustion engine
less than 100 percent—and a less than complete air charge in the cylinder. The density of the air charge, and therefore the engine's maximum theoretical
Naturally_aspirated_engine
Terminology in physics
voltage, current, sound pressure, electric field strength, speed, or charge density, the square of which, in linear systems, is proportional to power. The
Power, root-power, and field quantities
Power,_root-power,_and_field_quantities
Seventeenth letter of the Greek alphabet
mathematics. In the physical sciences to represent: Densities: mass density, air density or charge density (ρ) Resistivity (ρ) Rho meson (ρ+, ρ−, ρ0) General
Rho
Distortion of the periodic lattice of a one-dimensional crystal
fluctuations in the electron density. These are commonly called charge density waves, and they are an example of collective charge transport. Several materials
Peierls_transition
electric current density, ρ {\displaystyle \rho } the electric charge density, and f {\displaystyle \mathbf {f} } is the Lorentz force density. Bel–Robinson
Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor
Electromagnetic_stress–energy_tensor
Technique to measure resistivity and Hall coefficient
material) The sheet carrier density of the majority carrier (the number of majority carriers per unit area). From this the charge density and doping level can
Van_der_Pauw_method
Eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet
signify electrical conductivity. In electrostatics, σ represents surface charge density. In continuum mechanics, σ is used to signify normal stress. In condensed
Sigma
Type of potential in electrodynamics
magnetic vector potential, for an arbitrary source of charge density ρ(r, t) and current density J(r, t), and ◻ {\displaystyle \Box } is the D'Alembert
Retarded_potential
Product of a distance and physical quantity
point charge, or a point mass, etc. If the quantity is not concentrated solely at a single point, the moment is the integral of that quantity's density over
Moment_(physics)
Physical model of solid metals as electron gases
the complementary positive charges are not atomic nuclei but instead an idealized background of uniform positive charge density. This model allows one to
Jellium
Ways of writing certain laws of physics
the contravariant four-vector which combines electric charge density ρ and electric current density j: J α = ( c ρ , j ) . {\displaystyle J^{\alpha }=(c\rho
Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism
Covariant_formulation_of_classical_electromagnetism
Generalization of tensor fields
covariant indices. With this choice, classical densities, like charge density, will be represented by tensor densities of weight +1. Some authors use a sign convention
Tensor_density
Proposed class of chemical bonds
depicted as having electron density between the bonded atoms. A feature of the charge shift bond is that the predicted electron density between the bonded atoms
Charge-shift_bond
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