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Issue in determining wave cycle part
In physics, the phase problem is the problem of loss of information concerning the phase that can occur when making a physical measurement. The name comes
Phase_problem
Elapsed fraction of a cycle of a periodic function
cancellation Phase problem Phase spectrum Phase velocity Phasor Polarization (waves) Coherence (physics), the quality of a wave to display a well defined phase relationship
Phase_(waves)
Lensless computational imaging method
from the diffraction pattern due to the missing phase information. This is called the phase problem. The overall imaging process can be broken down in
Coherent_diffraction_imaging
Topics referred to by the same term
transmission, and distribution Phase problem, the loss of information (the phase) from a physical measurement Phase factor, a complex scalar used in
Phase
crystallographic phase problem, where phase information is lost during a diffraction measurement. Direct methods provides a method of estimating the phase information
Direct methods (electron microscopy)
Direct_methods_(electron_microscopy)
Physics problem related to laws of motion and gravity
the historical development of the three-body problem. The restricted 3-body problem has a 4-dimensional phase space, but only one conserved quantity, the
Three-body_problem
Concept in mathematics
applications, particularly to phase transitions in matter, a Stefan problem is a particular kind of boundary value problem for a system of partial differential
Stefan_problem
Algorithmic determination of wave cycle parts
Phase retrieval is the process of algorithmically finding solutions to the phase problem. Given a complex spectrum F ( k ) {\displaystyle F(k)} , of amplitude
Phase_retrieval
Type of partial differential equation
case of the two-phase problem. In the direction of greater complexity we could also consider problems with an arbitrary number of phases. Another famous
Free_boundary_problem
Measurement method using interference of waves
nanosecond range can be used to capture very fast transient events. A phase problem exists: In the absence of other information, one cannot tell the difference
Interferometry
Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true
computer science, the Boolean satisfiability problem (sometimes called propositional satisfiability problem and abbreviated SATISFIABILITY, SAT or B-SAT)
Boolean satisfiability problem
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Type of stable matching problem
two phases. In Phase 1, participants propose to each other, in a manner similar to that of the Gale–Shapley algorithm for the stable marriage problem. Each
Stable_roommates_problem
Change of a linear protein chain to a 3D structure
established through a mathematical basis known as Fourier transform, the "phase problem" would render predicting the diffraction patterns very difficult. Emerging
Protein_folding
play being one phase, the post-key play being another); a problem with three tries would be a four-phase problem (each try being one phase, with the post-key
Glossary_of_chess_problems
Probability of shared birthdays
C.; Chayes, J.; Pittel, B. (2001). "Phase Transition and Finite Size Scaling in the Integer Partition Problem". Random Structures and Algorithms. 19
Birthday_problem
Sweeping audio effect
Phaser on strings synth A short, unprocessed string sample, followed by a few different phasing effects on the same sample Problems playing this file
Phaser_(effect)
real number. In two dimensions, it is relatively easy to solve the phase problem directly, but not so in three dimensions. The key step was taken by
Direct methods (crystallography)
Direct_methods_(crystallography)
2021–22 group of superhero media
Phase Four of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is a group of American superhero films and television series produced by Marvel Studios based on characters
Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Four
Marvel_Cinematic_Universe:_Phase_Four
2016–2019 group of superhero films
Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is a group of American superhero films produced by Marvel Studios based on characters that appear in
Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three
Marvel_Cinematic_Universe:_Phase_Three
Topics referred to by the same term
unit of radiation dose Molecular replacement, a method of solving the phase problem in X-ray crystallography Relative molecular mass, mass of a given molecule
MR
general method for solving the phase problem, the difference-map algorithm has been used for the boolean satisfiability problem, protein structure prediction
Difference-map_algorithm
Method of microscopic imaging
directly measure its phase. Recovering this missing phase information from intensity measurements is known as the phase problem. A phase-retrieval framework
Ptychography
Technology for creating optical illusions
(top/bottom), then there is a phasing problem. Defects, in the way the lenticular lens has been cut, can lead to phase errors between the lens and the
Lenticular_printing
Optical microscopy technique
phase contrast by solving an optical inverse problem to computationally reconstruct the scattering potential of the object. Live cell imaging Phase-contrast
Phase-contrast_microscopy
Vocoder algorithm
the modification. The phase coherence problem was investigated for quite a while before appropriate solutions emerged. The phase vocoder was introduced
Phase_vocoder
or other biological macromolecules by allowing the solution of the phase problem. In contrast to multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD), SAD uses
Single-wavelength anomalous diffraction
Single-wavelength_anomalous_diffraction
Four-stage model of physiological responses to sexual stimulation
sexual response cycle model. The excitement phase (also known as the arousal phase or initial excitement phase) is the first stage of the human sexual response
Human_sexual_response_cycle
Award in crystallography
awarded the 13th Ewald Prize Hendrickson, Wayne A. (2023). "Facing the phase problem" (PDF). IUCrJ. 10 (5): 521–543. Bibcode:2023IUCrJ..10..521H. doi:10
Ewald_Prize
American musician and record producer
Cover (2023) Kepi and Friends – Full Moon Forever (2023) The Phase Problem - The Phase Problem (2023) Retarded – Same as the First (2024) Squirtgun – Ghostly
Mass_Giorgini
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities. Problems in need of solutions range from
Problem_solving
correspondence problem, as the basis for calculating optical flow and stereo matching, is a fundamental problem in image processing. It refers to the problem in computer
Correspondence_problem
Region of uniform physical properties
water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the
Phase_(matter)
American X-ray crystallographer
crystallography, which range from seminal contributions to the solving of the phase problem to the complex physics of imaging generic objects by X-ray diffraction
David_Sayre
Molecular replacement (MR) is a method of solving the phase problem in X-ray crystallography. MR relies upon the existence of a previously solved protein
Molecular_replacement
The Patterson function is used to solve the phase problem in X-ray crystallography. It was introduced in 1935 by Arthur Lindo Patterson while he was a
Patterson_function
Electronic control system
A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is fixed relative to the phase of an input signal. Keeping the
Phase-locked_loop
States of matter for water as a solid
rise to different phases of ice, which have varying properties and molecular geometries. Currently, twenty-two crystalline phases have been observed
Phases_of_ice
replacement (IR) is historically the most common approach to solving the phase problem in X-ray crystallography studies of proteins. For protein crystals this
Isomorphous_replacement
Suddenly understanding a problem or concept
Insight can be conceptualized as a two phase process. The first phase of an Aha! experience requires the problem solver to come upon an impasse, where
Eureka_effect
biological macromolecules (e.g. DNA, drug receptors) via solution of the phase problem. MAD was developed by Wayne Hendrickson while working as a postdoctoral
Multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction
Multi-wavelength_anomalous_diffraction
Complexity class used to classify decision problems
Unsolved problem in computer science P = ? N P {\displaystyle {\mathsf {P\ {\overset {?}{=}}\ NP}}} More unsolved problems in computer science In
NP_(complexity)
Computational problem of graph theory
In graph theory, the shortest path problem is the problem of finding a path between two vertices (or nodes) in a graph such that the sum of the weights
Shortest_path_problem
NP-complete problem in computer science
size of the set, perfect partitions are more likely. The problem is known to undergo a "phase transition"; being likely for some sets and unlikely for
Partition_problem
Computer science transaction algorithm
ended properly), or "No": abort (if a problem has been detected with the local portion), and The commit phase, in which, based on voting of the participants
Two-phase_commit_protocol
Process of developing trajectory performance
Multi-phase trajectory optimization problem Trajectory optimization over a system with hybrid dynamics can be achieved by posing it as a multi-phase trajectory
Trajectory_optimization
Conceptual conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics
In theoretical physics, the problem of time is a conceptual conflict between quantum mechanics and general relativity. Quantum mechanics regards the flow
Problem_of_time
American mathematician (1917–2011)
tackle head-on the phase problem of X-ray crystallography. His work on this problem was criticized because, at the time, the problem was believed unsolvable
Herbert_A._Hauptman
Question of why quantum chromodynamics does seem to not break CP-symmetry
The strong CP problem is a question in particle physics, which brings up the following quandary: why does quantum chromodynamics (QCD) seem to preserve
Strong_CP_problem
Mathematical model
A phase-field model is a mathematical model for solving interfacial problems. It has mainly been applied to solidification dynamics, but it has also been
Phase-field_model
French mathematician
(CEREMADE) where her research focuses on algorithms to solve phase problems, a class of problem relevant for a large number of imaging techniques used in
Irène_Waldspurger
Space of all possible states that a system can take
The phase space of a physical system is the set of all possible physical states of the system when described by a given parameterization. Each possible
Phase_space
Chemical element with atomic number 54 (Xe)
isomorphous, heavy-atom derivative that can be used for solving the phase problem. Xenon gas can be safely kept in normal sealed glass or metal containers
Xenon
Indirectly forming images from measurements using algorithms
computational microscopy is the phase problem. Detectors usually measure intensity, but not the phase of the scattered wave. Because phase contains structural information
Computational_imaging
Chemical compound
iridium, as in PDB: 2GIS) provide anomalous scattering to solve the phase problem and produce an electron-density map of the structure. [Co(NH3)6]3+ is
Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride
Hexaamminecobalt(III)_chloride
Technique used for determining crystal structures and identifying mineral compounds
the molecule). The phase cannot be directly recorded during a diffraction experiment: this is known as the phase problem. Initial phase estimates can be
X-ray_crystallography
Interface between solid and liquid phases
the two-phase model which came to be known as the Stefan Problem. The proof for the existence and uniqueness of a solution to the Stefan problem was developed
Phase_boundary
Flow of gas and liquid in the same conduit
materials undergoing phase change, and can be orders of magnitude different. This introduces compressible effects into the problem The phase changes are not
Two-phase_flow
Quantum algorithm for integer factorization
similar algorithms for solving the factoring problem, the discrete logarithm problem, and the period-finding problem. "Shor's algorithm" usually refers to the
Shor's_algorithm
Computational imaging technique in microscopy
relaxation methods. Like real space ptychography, the solution of the phase problem relies on the same mathematical shift invariance constraint, except
Fourier_ptychography
Particular class of intermetallic phases
basis of geometry alone. While the problem of packing spheres of equal size has been well-studied since Gauss, Laves phases are the result of his investigations
Laves_phase
Tensor that rotates the reference frame to simplify analysis
plane. Three-phase problems are typically described as operating within this plane. In reality, the problem is likely a balanced-phase problem (i.e., vA
Direct-quadrature-zero transformation
Direct-quadrature-zero_transformation
Concept in computer science
A fundamental problem in distributed computing and multi-agent systems is to achieve overall system reliability in the presence of a number of faulty
Consensus_(computer_science)
Substance with high latent heat of melting or solidifying
A phase-change material (PCM) is a substance which releases/absorbs sufficient energy at phase transition to provide useful heat or cooling. Generally
Phase-change_material
Linear optimal control technique
and phase margin, and they also are part of the solution to the LQG (linear–quadratic–Gaussian) problem. Like the LQR problem itself, the LQG problem is
Linear–quadratic_regulator
Ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material
liquids and crystals Patterson function – a function used to solve the phase problem in X-ray crystallography Periodic table (crystal structure) – (for elements
Crystal_structure
American superhero media franchise
films in groups called "Phases", with the first three phases collectively known as "The Infinity Saga" and the following three phases as "The Multiverse Saga"
Marvel_Cinematic_Universe
Harmful repetitive gambling
treatment for pathological gambling when in a desperation phase may contemplate suicide. Problem gambling is often associated with increased suicidal ideation
Problem_gambling
Phase of a cycle
mechanics, the geometric phase (also known as the Pancharatnam–Berry phase, Pancharatnam phase, or Berry phase) is a phase difference acquired over the
Geometric_phase
Type of project management technique
the updated business case by a project's executive sponsors. One problem with the phase-gate process is the potential for structural organization to interfere
Phase-gate_process
Chemical compound
The incorporation of heavy atoms such as selenium helps solve the phase problem in X-ray crystallography. Incorporation is achieved with the help of
Selenomethionine
Algorithmic imaging methods that reconstruct quantitative phase and amplitude
solution of the phase problem in crystallography and optics, and to the development of Fourier-based iterative algorithms for phase retrieval. In 1972
Computational_microscopy
Type of data encoding
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation process which conveys data by changing (modulating) the phase of a constant frequency carrier wave. The
Phase-shift_keying
Loudspeaker component
to the listener, to prevent cancellations and frequency response problems. The phase plug can be considered a further narrowing of the horn throat, becoming
Phase_plug
Plot of a dynamical system's trajectories in phase space
In mathematics, a phase portrait is a geometric representation of the orbits of a dynamical system in the phase plane. Each set of initial conditions
Phase_portrait
Electrical circuit detecting phase difference
difference in phase between two signal inputs. The phase detector is an essential element of the phase-locked loop (PLL). Detecting phase difference is
Phase_detector
Mechanism in quantum computing
In quantum computing, phase kickback refers to the fact that controlled operations have effects on their controls, in addition to on their targets, and
Phase_kickback
Optimization problem in computer science
resolution of carrier-phase GNSS (GPS). It is called the LAMBDA method in that field. In the same field, the general CVP problem is referred to as Integer
Lattice_problem
During the second phase a standard time-minimizing problem needs to be solved. The solution of the time-minimizing transshipment problem is the joint solution
Transshipment_problem
Scottish chemist and crystallographer
solve the phase problem for complex organic molecules by using heavy-metal derivatives. This was a continuation of his previous work phasing organic molecules
John_Monteath_Robertson
"villain problem" to describe this shortcoming. Collider described the villains as "Achilles' heel" of the shared universe, with Phase One and Phase Two most
Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe
Characters_of_the_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe
Class of computational problems
Network-Flow Algorithm for Phase Unwrapping (SNAPHU), formulates 2D phase unwrapping as a minimum-cost network flow problem on a grid. The resulting continuous
Network_flow_problem
Distributed algorithm
must block until all cohort members respond. The three-phase commit protocol eliminates this problem by introducing the Prepared to commit state. If the
Three-phase_commit_protocol
Chronic sleep disorder
Delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD), also called delayed sleep phase syndrome and delayed sleep–wake phase disorder, is the delaying of a person's circadian
Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder
Protein structure prediction challenge
2007). "High-resolution structure prediction and the crystallographic phase problem". Nature. 450 (7167): 259–64. Bibcode:2007Natur.450..259Q. doi:10.1038/nature06249
CASP
Learner-centric pedagogy
each phase of PBL. The first, and possibly most crucial phase in PBL, is to identify the problem. Before learners can begin to solve a problem, all members
Problem-based_learning
American punk rock band
many more. He is currently the frontman of UK-based punk group The Phase Problem. They have released two albums, a self-titled debut in March 2023, which
Squirtgun
List of quantum computing algorithms
including algorithms, algorithmic techniques, computational models, and problem frameworks used in quantum computing. A quantum algorithm is an algorithm
List_of_quantum_algorithms
Technique in computer programming
by the parser, allowing cleaner separation of concerns. The fundamental problem is differentiating types from other identifiers. In the following example
Lexer_hack
Theory of rapid universe expansion
solve the problem, leading him to propose a scalar-driven inflation. Starobinsky's and Guth's scenarios both predicted an initial de Sitter phase, differing
Cosmic_inflation
the phase problem and the near orthogonality conjecture. In 2007, working with Borwein, Ferguson, and Lockhart, he settled Littlewood's Problem 22. He
Tamás_Erdélyi_(mathematician)
dynamics. Most recently, he has demonstrated a new general solution to the phase problem for the case of coherently illuminated atomistic structures. Argonne
Paul_Fenter
Frequency domain representation of random fluctuations in the phase of a waveform
yielding larger phase noise. The problem of determining the PSD (phase noise) is commensurate with determining D {\displaystyle D} . Phase noise is sometimes
Phase_noise
1945 book on problem solving by George Pólya
a two-page checklist that identifies four phases to solving a mathematical problem: Understand the problem. Make a plan. Carry out the plan. Look back
How_to_Solve_It
Problem analysis or the problem frames approach is an approach to software requirements analysis. It was developed by British software consultant Michael
Problem_frames_approach
Theoretical problem in quantum physics
In quantum mechanics, the measurement problem is the problem of definite outcomes: quantum systems have superpositions but quantum measurements only give
Measurement_problem
Film production phase
problems preventing a film project from completing its development phase and entering the pre-production phase. A project stuck in development phase is
Turnaround_(filmmaking)
Electronic filter circuitry used in loudspeakers
connected to the high-frequency driver 'inverted', to correct for this phase problem. For passive systems, the tweeter is wired with opposite polarity to
Audio_crossover
that differ only by isotopic substitution can be used to resolve the phase problem that is general to scattering techniques. Finally, neutrons are highly
Neutron_reflectometry
Dispute between Greek and Turkish Cypriots
process based on two phases: phase one, which would just involve the Greek and Turkish Cypriots, being held on the island and phase two, which would also
Cyprus_problem
American hip hop collective
2013 by Wicca Phase Springs Eternal, Cold Hart, Ghoste and Horse Head. The group's name comes from a beat that Cold Hart sent to Wicca Phase Springs Eternal
GothBoiClique
travel, tourism, insurance
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