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Thermodynamic device
serve a diffuser. An elbow, or kinked flex duct, just before a diffuser often leads to poor air distribution and increased noise. Diffusers are typically
Diffuser_(thermodynamics)
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up diffuser or diffusers in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Diffuser may refer to: Diffuser (automotive), a shaped section of a car's underbody
Diffuser
Law of thermodynamics establishing the conservation of energy
The first law of thermodynamics is a formulation of the law of conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes. For a thermodynamic process
First_law_of_thermodynamics
Body of matter in a state of internal equilibrium
separate from its surroundings that can be studied using the laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic systems can be passive and active according to internal
Thermodynamic_system
Field of statistical mechanics
Stochastic thermodynamics is an emergent field of research in statistical mechanics that uses stochastic variables to better understand the non-equilibrium
Stochastic_thermodynamics
Rate at which heat spreads throughout a material
In thermodynamics, thermal diffusivity is the thermal conductivity divided by density and specific heat capacity at constant pressure. It is a measure
Thermal_diffusivity
Type of energy transfer
In thermodynamics, heat is defined as energy in transfer between a body and its surroundings, other than through thermodynamic work or through transfer
Heat
Concept
system through this reversible process, dWrev. But from the first law of thermodynamics, dE = δQ + δW. Therefore, d S = δ ⟨ Q rev ⟩ T {\displaystyle dS={\frac
Entropy (statistical thermodynamics)
Entropy_(statistical_thermodynamics)
Curved funnel that increases in area as it approaches the discharge port
by the impeller, maintaining the velocity of the fluid through to the diffuser. As liquid exits the impeller it has high kinetic energy and the volute
Volute_(pump)
Sub-class of turbomachinery
slowing the flow through a diffuser. The static pressure rise in the impeller may roughly equal the rise in the diffuser. A simple centrifugal compressor
Centrifugal_compressor
Maximum energy available for use
or "useful work potential", is a fundamental concept in the field of thermodynamics and engineering. It plays a crucial role in understanding and quantifying
Exergy
State of thermodynamic systems where no net flow of matter or energy occurs
Thermodynamic equilibrium is a notion of thermodynamics with axiomatic status[clarification needed] referring to an internal state of a single thermodynamic
Thermodynamic_equilibrium
Partial differential equation describing the evolution of temperature in a region
In mathematics and physics (more specifically thermodynamics), the heat equation is a parabolic partial differential equation. The theory of the heat equation
Heat_equation
Transport of dissolved species from the highest to the lowest concentration region
generalizations of Fick's laws were developed in the frame of thermodynamics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics. From the atomistic point of view, diffusion is considered
Diffusion
Possible fate of the universe
mechanical energy loss in nature (as embodied in the first two laws of thermodynamics) and extrapolated it to larger processes on a universal scale. This
Heat_death_of_the_universe
Scientific field of study
television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics
Physics
Measure of temperature relative to absolute zero
macroscopic quantities thermodynamic work and heat transfer as defined in thermodynamics, but the kelvin was redefined by international agreement in 2019 in
Thermodynamic_temperature
conductivity Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) Thermal diffusivity Thermodynamics "Metals, Metallic Elements and Alloys - Thermal Conductivities"
List of thermal conductivities
List_of_thermal_conductivities
Transport that does not require energy
like active transport, passive transport relies on the second law of thermodynamics to drive the movement of substances across cell membranes. Fundamentally
Passive_transport
production extremal principles are ideas developed within non-equilibrium thermodynamics that attempt to predict the likely steady states and dynamical structures
Extremal principles in non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Extremal_principles_in_non-equilibrium_thermodynamics
Influence of thermodynamics on evolution
of History proposing a theory of history based on the second law of thermodynamics and on the principle of entropy. The 1944 book What is Life? by Nobel-laureate
Entropy_and_life
Idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation
the cavity may not be in thermal equilibrium, but the second law of thermodynamics states that if left undisturbed it will eventually reach equilibrium
Black_body
British physicist, engineer and mathematician (1824–1907)
was instrumental in the formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. He contributed significantly to unifying physics, which was then in
Lord_Kelvin
Ratio of thermal diffusivity to mass diffusivity
dynamics and thermodynamics, the Lewis number (denoted Le) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of thermal diffusivity to mass diffusivity. It is
Lewis_number
Thermal motion of liquid or gas particles at temperatures above absolute zero
equilibrium system (i.e. it is not at rest yet). Many results in classical thermodynamics are not easily applied to non-equilibrium systems. However, there sometimes
Molecular_diffusion
Thermodynamic process that is reversible and adiabatic
process that is both adiabatic and reversible.[excessive citations] In thermodynamics, adiabatic processes are reversible. Clausius (1875) adopted "isentropic"
Isentropic_process
Process of changing energy
studies of energy transformations are closely tied to the field of thermodynamics. Otto van Guericke invented the first vacuum pump in 1650, which set
Energy_transformation
Change in energies of a thermodynamic system with respect to particle number
In thermodynamics, the chemical potential of a species is the energy that can be absorbed or released due to a change of the particle number of the given
Chemical_potential
Ratio of kinematic viscosity to thermal diffusivity
dynamicist Ludwig Prandtl. It is defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity. The Prandtl number is a ratio of physical properties that
Prandtl_number
Use of the second law of thermodynamics to distinguish past from future
an arrow of time. As one goes "forward" in time, the second law of thermodynamics says, the entropy of an isolated system can increase, but not decrease
Entropy_as_an_arrow_of_time
Dimensionless number in fluid dynamics
scientific domains of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. Bejan numbers are named after Adrian Bejan. In the field of thermodynamics the Bejan number is
Bejan_number
Pump driven by a gas turbine
high pressure one; so surrounding the impeller is either a volute or a diffuser - these are specially shaped housings to decelerate the flow which then
Turbopump
Ratio of a fluid's kinematic viscosity to mass diffusivity
dimensionless number defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) and mass diffusivity, and it is used to characterize fluid flows in which
Schmidt_number
Understanding of gas properties in terms of molecular motion
behavior of gases. Its introduction allowed many principal concepts of thermodynamics to be established. It treats a gas as composed of numerous particles
Kinetic_theory_of_gases
Dimensionless quantity related to transient heat conduction
characterizes the time needed for heat to diffuse over a distance L {\displaystyle L} . For a medium with thermal diffusivity α {\displaystyle \alpha } , this
Fourier_number
Dimensionless quantity associated with free convection of a fluid
(Pr), which describes the relationship between momentum diffusivity and thermal diffusivity: Ra = Gr × Pr. Hence it may also be viewed as the ratio of
Rayleigh_number
American scientist (1928–2016)
career. One of the foremost authorities on thermodynamics, Cahn applied the basic laws of thermodynamics to describe and predict a wide range of physical
John_W._Cahn
also referred to as the terrace step kink (TSK) model, describes the thermodynamics of crystal surface formation and transformation, as well as the energetics
Terrace_ledge_kink_model
interfacial 'double layer' of charges. Influence of an external force on the diffuse layer generates tangential motion of a fluid with respect to an adjacent
Electrokinetic_phenomena
Theoretical engine
the human mind". For Nobel laureate Richard Feynman The science of thermodynamics began with an analysis, by the great engineer Sadi Carnot, of the problem
Carnot_heat_engine
Pressure of a component gas in a mixture
differences in partial pressure (not concentration). In chemistry and thermodynamics, this concept is generalized to non-ideal gases and instead called fugacity
Partial_pressure
Technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
performance of vapor compression refrigeration cycles is limited by thermodynamics. These air conditioning and heat pump devices move heat rather than
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning
Exchange of mass, energy, and momentum between observed and studied systems
systems. While it draws from fields as diverse as continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, it places a heavy emphasis on the commonalities between the topics
Transport_phenomena
Branch of fluid mechanics
regime, the physics of nozzle and diffuser flows is altered. Using the conservation laws of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics, the following relationship for
Compressible_flow
Transportation of solutes through membranes
capabilities and therefore its biological utility. A general principle of thermodynamics that governs the transfer of substances through membranes and other
Membrane_transport
In thermodynamics, a physical property is any property that is measurable, and whose value describes a state of a physical system. Thermodynamic properties
List of thermodynamic properties
List_of_thermodynamic_properties
Opening or structure through which a fluid is admitted into a space or machine
a compressor or combustion chamber. It may instead be referred to as a diffuser. For an automobile engine the components through which the air flows to
Intake
Model compatible with special relativity
{\displaystyle \mathbf {q} ~=~-k~\nabla \theta ,} into the first law of thermodynamics ρ c ∂ θ ∂ t + ∇ ⋅ q = 0 , {\displaystyle \rho ~c~{\frac
Relativistic_heat_conduction
American-born Italian academic and scientist
basis of thermodynamics, and non-Euclidean geometrical theories of relativity. He was the scientific coordinator of the "European Thermodynamics Network"
Bernard_H._Lavenda
Proposed lightweight radiator
environment is not simply black space, but one with solar radiation and diffuse radiation reflected and emitted from the sun (stars), earth, other objects
Liquid_droplet_radiator
Intensive physical property of substances
Reduction potential Standard electrode potential Guggenheim (1985). Thermodynamics (8 ed.). IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. (the "Gold
Electrochemical_potential
Ratio of the thermal resistances of a body's interior to its surface
out of the body. Combining these relationships with the First law of thermodynamics leads to a simple first-order linear differential equation. The corresponding
Biot_number
Measurement unit derived from basic metric value
irradiance kg⋅s−3 square metre per second m2/s kinematic viscosity, thermal diffusivity, diffusion coefficient m2⋅s−1 pascal-second Pa⋅s = N⋅s/m2 dynamic viscosity
SI_derived_unit
Interpretation of entropy as a measure of the spread of energy
In thermodynamics, the interpretation of entropy as a measure of energy dispersal has been exercised against the background of the traditional view, introduced
Entropy_(energy_dispersal)
Chemical properties of materials
rates of chemical reactions Chemical thermodynamics – Study of chemical reactions within the laws of thermodynamics Glass transition – Reversible transition
Tammann temperature and Hüttig temperature
Tammann_temperature_and_Hüttig_temperature
Homogeneous mixture containing dissolved polymers
improve texture, while those in paints help control drip and spreading. Thermodynamics plays a central role in understanding polymer solutions. The Flory-Huggins
Polymer_solution
Increase in the total entropy of a compound system after mixing
In thermodynamics, the entropy of mixing is the increase in the total entropy when several initially separate systems of different composition, each in
Entropy_of_mixing
Non-equilibrium thermodynamic reaction
class of reactions that serve as a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, resulting in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator.
Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction
biophysical process governed by classical gas laws, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and mechanics. The respiratory system functions to exchange oxygen
Physics_of_respiration
Fluid flow that occurs due to heterogeneous fluid properties and body forces
motion of fluid driven by density (or other property) difference. In thermodynamics, convection often refers to heat transfer by convection, where the qualified
Convection
Physical force that originates from thermodynamics instead of fundamental interactions
classical (and semi-classical) general relativity is closely related to thermodynamics. Based on the work of Jacobson, Thanu Padmanabhan, and others, there
Entropic_force
Mechanical fan that forces fluid to move radially outward
in the diffuser. Further losses due to incidence occur if the device is working beyond its design conditions. Flow from the impeller or diffuser expands
Centrifugal_fan
Image-generating machine learning model
thermodynamic diffusion, since they were first developed with inspiration from thermodynamics. Models in Stable Diffusion series before SD 3 all used a variant of
Stable_Diffusion
Dimensionless numbers used in chemical engineering
German chemist Gerhard Damköhler, who worked in chemical engineering, thermodynamics, and fluid dynamics. The Karlovitz number (Ka) is related to the Damköhler
Damköhler_numbers
Forms which matter can take
attraction prevents them from separating. Their anions and cations appear to diffuse within compartmentalized layers or micelles instead of freely as in a uniform
State_of_matter
Scientific study of matter's behavior and properties
determining the state of equilibrium of a chemical reaction, in chemical thermodynamics. A reaction is feasible only if the total change in the Gibbs free energy
Chemistry
Diffusion model over latent embedding space
probability distribution. They used techniques from non-equilibrium thermodynamics, especially diffusion. It was accompanied by a software implementation
Latent_diffusion_model
Portmanteau word for an atom adsorbed onto the surface of a solid material
easier for the atoms to stick to the surface. Taking a look at the thermodynamics at the surface of the film, it is seen that bonds are broken, releasing
Adatom
Equations of motion for viscous fluids
{\textstyle \mu } need not be constant – in general, they depend on two thermodynamics variables if the fluid contains a single chemical species, say for example
Navier–Stokes_equations
Phenomenon of surface adhesion
isotherm with a kinetic basis and was derived based on statistical thermodynamics. It is the most common isotherm equation to use due to its simplicity
Adsorption
Process by which small crystals dissolve in solution for the benefit of larger crystals
or 4 or 5 bonded neighbors) will tend to detach from the particle and diffuse into the solution. Kelvin's equation describes the relationship between
Ostwald_ripening
Machine to increase pressure of gas by reducing its volume
reducing the volume (since the reduction in volume due to a piston in thermodynamics is considered as positive displacement of the piston).[vague] Put another
Compressor
Concept in fluid dynamics
defined as: M a = advective transport rate, due to surface tension gradient diffusive transport rate, of source of gradient {\displaystyle \mathrm {Ma} ={\dfrac
Marangoni_number
Ratio of a fluid's advective and diffusive transport rates
advective transport rate diffusive transport rate . {\displaystyle \mathrm {Pe} ={\dfrac {\text{advective transport rate}}{\text{diffusive transport rate}}}
Péclet_number
Combustion that leads on to an explosion
this so-called "flame temperature" can be determined from the laws of thermodynamics. For a stationary moving (unclear) deflagration front, these two timescales
Deflagration
Type of heat transfer within fluids
In fluid thermodynamics, Rayleigh–Bénard convection is a type of natural convection, occurring in a planar horizontal layer of fluid heated from below
Rayleigh–Bénard_convection
Measure of the "spread" of light in an optical system
perfect reflections or refractions. However, if light was to hit, say, a diffuser, its solid angle would increase, increasing the etendue. Etendue can then
Etendue
Mathematical descriptions of molecular diffusion
Wiley & Sons. Bokshtein BS, Mendelev MI, Srolovitz DJ, eds. (2005). Thermodynamics and Kinetics in Materials Science: A Short Course. Oxford: Oxford University
Fick's_laws_of_diffusion
diffusion difficult to achieve. Blood flow is directly influenced by the thermodynamics of the body. Changes in temperature affect the viscosity and surface
Surface chemistry of microvasculature
Surface_chemistry_of_microvasculature
Oceanographic term for variations in salinity and potential temperature
P (2002). "A state variable for characterizing water masses and their diffusive stability: Spiciness". Progress in Oceanography. 54 (1–4): 493–501. Bibcode:2002PrOce
Spice_(oceanography)
Electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of particles
with the development of the concept of mechanical equivalent of heat, thermodynamics and the kinetic theory of gases. In 1851, Lord Kelvin dismissed the
Thermal_radiation
Romanian mathematician, statistician and economist (1906–1994)
caused by his insufficient understanding of the physical science of thermodynamics. These mistakes have since generated some controversy, involving both
Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen
displacement between the surface charge and the electric charge of the diffuse layer. As a result, the moving particle creates a dipole moment. The sum
Sedimentation_potential
Soviet physicist, physical chemist and cosmologist (1914–1987)
on pioneering contributions on the fundamental understanding of the thermodynamics of black holes and expanding the scope of physical cosmology. Yakov
Yakov_Zeldovich
Process by which heat is transferred within an object
suitable for the application. One statement of the so-called zeroth law of thermodynamics is directly focused on the idea of conduction of heat. Bailyn (1994)
Thermal_conduction
Model of cell membranes
explanation for the data and latest evidence regarding the structure and thermodynamics of cell membranes. 1997 – K Simons and E Ikonen proposed the lipid raft
Fluid_mosaic_model
Technique for the generative modeling of a continuous probability distribution
probability distribution. They used techniques from non-equilibrium thermodynamics, especially diffusion. Consider, for example, how one might model the
Diffusion_model
Gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane
of the opposite sign; in the latter, the concentrated species tends to diffuse across the membrane to an equalize concentrations. The combination of these
Electrochemical_gradient
Christopher (2007). "Chapter 5: Energy and Entropy: The Birth of Thermodynamics". Heat and Thermodynamics: A Historical Perspective. United States of America: Greenwood
Mathematics, science, technology and engineering of the Victorian era
Mathematics,_science,_technology_and_engineering_of_the_Victorian_era
Concept in physics
play a role in analysis of these systems. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics Stochastic thermodynamics Fluctuation theorem Linear response theory Maes, Christian
Frenesy_(physics)
Biological molecular machines
1766. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10055695. Astumian, R. Dean (2010-06-02). "Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Molecular Motors". Biophysical Journal. 98 (11): 2401–2409
Molecular_motor
Nitrogen diffusion case-hardening process
few decades has there been a concentrated effort to investigate the thermodynamics and kinetics involved. Recent developments have led to a process that
Nitriding
possible, this is a very efficient method because the volatiles only need to diffuse a short way. Film devolatilization occurs when there is no longer sufficient
Polymer_devolatilization
Ability of a material to exchange energy with surroundings
In thermodynamics, a material's thermal effusivity, also known as thermal responsivity, is a measure of its ability to exchange energy with its surroundings
Thermal_effusivity
Woodcock (born 20 May 1945, Batley) is Emeritus Professor of Chemical Thermodynamics at the University of Manchester. He has also held appointments at the
Leslie_V._Woodcock
Shift of atomic positions in a crystal structure
; Eckert, J. (May 2008), "Diffusionless transformations", Basics of Thermodynamics and Phase Transitions in Complex Intermetallics, Book Series on Complex
Diffusionless_transformation
Field of engineering dealing with materials
and corrosion engineering thus involves a study of chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, electrochemistry and materials science. Generally related to metallurgy
Corrosion_engineering
Ratio of inertial to viscous forces acting on a liquid
When the velocity was increased, the layer broke up at a given point and diffused throughout the fluid's cross-section. The point at which this happened
Reynolds_number
Symbols for constants, special functions
solution thermal diffusivity a spring constant (usually a lowercase Latin k {\displaystyle k} ) the heat capacity ratio in thermodynamics (usually γ {\displaystyle
Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering
Highly viscous liquid exhibiting a kind of semi-solid behavior
no flow when in the steady state, although the liquid phase may still diffuse through this system. Gels are mostly liquid by mass, yet they behave like
Gel
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DIFFUSER THERMODYNAMICS
DIFFUSER THERMODYNAMICS
DIFFUSER THERMODYNAMICS
DIFFUSER THERMODYNAMICS
DIFFUSER THERMODYNAMICS
DIFFUSER THERMODYNAMICS
DIFFUSER THERMODYNAMICS
DIFFUSER THERMODYNAMICS
DIFFUSER THERMODYNAMICS
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