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Product design framework
Data Thinking is a framework that integrates data science with the design process. It combines computational thinking, statistical thinking, and domain-specific
Data_thinking
Set of problem-solving methods
organizing data, which are also prevalent in other kinds of thinking, such as scientific thinking, engineering thinking, systems thinking, design thinking, model-based
Computational_thinking
Manner of solving problems
Lateral thinking is a manner of solving problems using an indirect and creative approach via reasoning that is not immediately obvious. Synonymous to thinking
Lateral_thinking
Overview of and topical guide to thought
novel ideas Counterfactual thinking – Concept in psychology Critical thinking – Analysis of facts to form a judgment Data thinking – Product design framework
Outline_of_thought
Analysis of facts to form a judgment
Critical thinking is the process of analyzing available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments to reach sound conclusions or informed choices. It
Critical_thinking
American supercomputer and AI firm (1983–1994)
Thinking Machines also introduced an early commercial redundant array of independent disks (RAID) 2 disk array, the DataVault, circa 1988. Thinking Machines
Thinking_Machines_Corporation
American artificial intelligence company
Thinking Machines Lab Inc. is an American artificial intelligence (AI) startup founded by Mira Murati, the former chief technology officer of OpenAI. Their
Thinking_Machines_Lab
Cognitive process independent of the senses
Thought, or thinking, is a cognitive process in which the mind considers, creates, or manipulates ideas, representations, or information. Core forms include
Thought
Cognitive activity
Strategic thinking is a mental or thinking process applied by individuals and within organizations in the context of achieving a goal or set of goals.
Strategic_thinking
Insular information management system
architecture, or in the data architecture of a data system. Such data silos are proving an obstacle for businesses wishing to use data mining to make productive
Information_silo
Thinking technique that involves an analytical approach to problem solving
prefer to rely on external data and facts in order to avoid failure or counterfactual thinking. The notion of "vertical thinking" as a method of solving
Vertical_thinking
Set of problem-solving methods
thinking" is not the same as "quantitative literacy", although there is overlap in interpreting numbers and data visualizations. Statistical thinking
Statistical_thinking
Process of generating creative ideas
Divergent thinking is a thought process used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. It typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing
Divergent_thinking
Examining complex systems as a whole
Systems thinking is a way of making sense of the complexity of the world by looking at it in terms of wholes and relationships rather than by splitting
Systems_thinking
Metaphor for unconventional thinking
Thinking outside the box (also thinking beyond the box and, especially in Australia, thinking outside the square) is an idiom that means to think differently
Thinking_outside_the_box
potential for cheating, over-reliance, equity of access, reduced critical thinking, and the perpetuation of misinformation and bias. Efforts to integrate
Artificial intelligence in education
Artificial_intelligence_in_education
Field of study to extract knowledge from data
"Data Science for Business: What You Need to Know about Data Mining and Data-Analytic Thinking". O'Reilly Media, Inc. Han, Kamber; Pei (2011). Data Mining:
Data_science
Concept in education and education reform
Higher-order thinking, also known as higher order thinking skills (HOTS), is a concept applied in relation to education reform and based on learning taxonomies
Higher-order_thinking
YouTube channel
Retrieved April 18, 2026. "Ben Taylor | Author and Podcaster of Thinking Basketball | NBA Data and Analytics (EP.097)". Sports Business Classroom. June 27
Thinking_Basketball
Classification of individuals based on personality traits
decisions, based on the data received from their information-gathering functions (sensing or intuition). Those who prefer thinking tend to judge things from
Personality_type
Visual representation of data
no accounts that span the entire development of visual thinking and visual representation of data, and which collate the contributions of disparate disciplines
Data and information visualization
Data_and_information_visualization
Type of data asset
by applying the rigorous principles of product thinking and management. It comprises one or more data artifacts (e.g., datasets, models, pipelines) and
Data_product
Capability that enables an organization to ensure high data quality
research Master data management – Practice for controlling corporate data Operational risk management – Exercising systematic anticipatory thinking skills Sarbanes–Oxley
Data_governance
Reframing Critical Thinking Skills (CTS) for Group-Decision-Support-Systems (GDSS)
Integrative thinking is a field that was developed by Graham Douglas in 1986. It is defined as the process of integrating intuition, reason, and imagination
Integrative_thinking
2020 book
them. In doing so, D’Ignazio and Klein suggest that data feminism is "a way of thinking about data, both their uses and their limits, that is informed
Data_Feminism
Method to gather data in usability testing
A think-aloud (or thinking aloud) protocol is a method used to gather data in usability testing in product design and development, in psychology and a
Think_aloud_protocol
Data storage subsystem with redundant hard disk drives
The DataVault was Thinking Machines' mass storage system, storing 5 GB of data, expandable to 10 GB with transfer rates of 40 MB/s. Eight DataVaults could
DataVault
Centralized storage of knowledge
further thinking of how a data warehouse could be developed and managed in a practical way within any enterprise. Key developments in early years of data warehousing:
Data_warehouse
Crucial skill in all different fields of work and life
of categories that include logical reasoning, critical thinking, communication, research, data analysis and creativity. Analytical skill is taught in
Analytical_skill
Specialized data centers designed for artificial intelligence
An AI data center is a specialized data center facility designed for the computationally intensive tasks of training and running artificial intelligence
AI_data_center
Artificial intelligence model developed by TypeSafe AI
One models", a name the company says comes from fast, intuitive System 1 thinking as popularized by Daniel Kahneman. TypeSafe AI was founded in 2024 by Diogo
Jev_(AI_model)
Disorder of thought form, content or stream
disorder (TD) is a multifaceted construct that reflects abnormalities in thinking, language, and communication. Thought disorders encompass a range of thought
Thought_disorder
Professor of Sociology
of Chicago. He is the author of five books: Thinking Through Statistics, Thinking Through Methods, Thinking Through Theory, Social Structures, The Explanation
John_Levi_Martin
Computer-based technologies
mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs. Based on the storage and processing technologies
Information_technology
Ability to look at information and discern patterns
Analytical reasoning, also known as analytical thinking, refers to the ability to look at information, be it qualitative or quantitative in nature, and
Analytic_reasoning
Generative AI chatbot by OpenAI
answers that sound plausible, known as hallucinations. Biases in its training data have been reflected in its responses. The chatbot can facilitate academic
ChatGPT
American gunfire locator technology company
SoundThinking, Inc. (formerly ShotSpotter Inc.) is an American security technology company based in Fremont, California. The company is publicly traded
SoundThinking
Misuse of data analysis
Data dredging, also known as data snooping or p-hacking, is the misuse of data analysis to find patterns in data that can be presented as statistically
Data_dredging
Web-based IDE for prototyping with Google's generative AI models
current information, URL context for analyzing specific web pages, and a thinking mode for complex reasoning tasks. The platform provides access to several
Google_AI_Studio
Plan for the construction of an object or system
design refers to something that is or has been intentionally created by a thinking agent, and is sometimes used to refer to the inherent nature of something
Design
Chinese artificial intelligence company
the MIT License. This model features a hybrid architecture with thinking and non-thinking modes. It also surpasses prior models like V3 and R1, by over
DeepSeek
Architectural pattern in computer software development
domain data. Though it reduces to classes in the end, DCI reflects a computational model dominated by object thinking rather than class thinking. Therefore
Data,_context_and_interaction
Supercomputer model (produced 1986–1991)
(CM) is a member of a series of massively parallel supercomputers sold by Thinking Machines Corporation. The idea for the Connection Machine grew out of doctoral
Connection_Machine
Formation of beliefs based on what might be pleasing to imagine
Wishful thinking is the formation of beliefs based on what might be pleasing to imagine, rather than on evidence, rationality, or reality. It is a product
Wishful_thinking
Legal issues regarding the collection and dissemination of data
make people purchase more items thinking that this is what they will want to purchase. However, sometimes this type of data is used without explicit consent
Information_privacy
Proposed orbital infrastructure
Dome program, which would rely on space-based data processing to continuously track targets. Early thinking about space-based computing infrastructure grew
Space-based_data_center
Theoretical framework
formation. Semantics is fundamentally a study of concepts, the meaning that thinking beings give to various elements of their experience. The value of a conceptual
Conceptual_model
Collection of information that has not been fully processed or analyzed
Look up raw data in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Raw data, also known as primary data, are data (e.g., numbers, instrument readings, figures, etc
Raw_data
Subset of artificial intelligence
development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without being explicitly programmed
Machine_learning
AI that generates content
forms of digital data. These models learn the underlying patterns and structures of their training data, and use them to generate new data in response to
Generative_AI
Network attack in which valid data transmission is repeated or delayed
and expected) context, thereby fooling the honest participant(s) into thinking they have successfully completed the protocol run." Suppose Alice wants
Replay_attack
Details of the Dune science fiction novels
sometimes pushes the boundaries of) the prohibitions against computers, thinking machines and conscious robots put in place 10,000 years before as a result
Organizations of the Dune universe
Organizations_of_the_Dune_universe
American multinational technology company
systems on chips (SoCs), and application programming interfaces (APIs) for data science, high-performance computing, artificial intelligence (AI) hardware
Nvidia
Supplemental data placed after a block of data being transmitted
supplemental data (metadata) placed at the end of a block of data being stored or transmitted, which may contain information for the handling of the data block
Trailer_(computing)
Artificial intelligence chatbot by Moonshot AI
have been used as the basis or for post-training of US models, including Thinking Machines Lab's Inkling and Cursor's Composer 2. In September 2026, Anthropic
Kimi_(AI)
Study of collection and analysis of data
applications of statistical thinking revolved around the needs of states to base policy on demographic and economic data, hence its stat- etymology. The
Statistics
American multinational technology conglomerate
Amazon's meeting culture is document-driven. It is designed to encourage deep thinking, shared context, and efficient decision-making, avoiding polished presentations
Amazon_(company)
Any of a set of standard configurations of Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks
was used in specialized systems such as the Thinking Machines' DataVault, which transferred 32 bits of data simultaneously with 7 bits of parity: a (39
Standard_RAID_levels
Country in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
of the accident, but this led to a relatively low number of deaths (WHO data, 2005). The disaster contributed to the socio-economic crises that resulted
Soviet_Union
Type of parallel processing
Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) is a type of parallel computing (processing) in Flynn's taxonomy. SIMD describes computers with multiple processing
Single instruction, multiple data
Single_instruction,_multiple_data
Celebration by Girl Guides and Scouts
World Thinking Day, formerly Thinking Day, is celebrated annually on 22 February by all Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. It is also celebrated by Scout and
World_Thinking_Day
Intelligence in machines
assertion that machines that do so are actually consciously thinking (as opposed to simulating thinking)." Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 1–4. Russell & Norvig
Artificial_intelligence
Graph that misrepresents data
written text than data of similar quality presented as a graphic, arguing that this is partly the result of the teaching of critical thinking focusing on engaging
Misleading_graph
Community of practice for data practitioners
suggested to create a portfolio to have highlight technical skills and data thinking skills. TidyTuesday is one suggested way to find datasets to create
TidyTuesday
Concept of an idealized society
Ruth Levitas, social psychologists have tested the functions of utopian thinking among people. Utopia is fundamentally a cultural and psychological concept
Utopian_thinking
American philosopher, psychologist, and activist (1859–1952)
encourage reflective thinking. Moreover, Dewey described his vision for the design of poorly executed thinking and well executed thinking processes –the difference
John_Dewey
Pseudoscientific personality questionnaire
dichotomous categories: introversion or extraversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving. This produces a four-letter test
Myers–Briggs_Type_Indicator
Most populous city in the United States
Landmarks. J.B. Lippincott. p. 354. Garb, Margaret (March 1, 1998). "If You're Thinking of Living In/Riverdale, the Bronx; A Community Jealous of Its Open Space"
New_York_City
Medical condition caused by receiving too little or too many nutrients
but not in all cases, in which may result in changes in consciousness or thinking, or even irreversible neurological damage. This condition can have major
Malnutrition
Type of question to predict knowledge on topic
control discussions. Socratic questioning is based on the foundation that thinking has structured logic, and allows underlying thoughts to be questioned.
Socratic_questioning
American entrepreneur and venture capitalist (born 1967)
macro hedge fund based in San Francisco. He launched Palantir in 2003, a big data analysis company, and has been its chairman since then. In August 2004, Thiel
Peter_Thiel
Online repository of information
million. "Thinking of Starting a Business? Lock Down Profits in Virtual Data Rooms". 4 April 2013. Walker, Morgan Hartley and Chris. "Virtual data rooms -
Virtual_data_room
Type of website edited collaboratively
latter definition is still occasionally in use. By 2014, Ward Cunningham's thinking on the nature of wikis had evolved, leading him to write that the word
Wiki
American multinational technology company
Trump criticized the project and stated he "wants them to change their thinking." In October 2026, the Finnish Licensing and Supervision Agency (LVV) called
System that supports business decisions
storage and processing of data, comprising digital products that process data to facilitate decision making and the data being used to provide information
Information_system
Field of research
One Teacher's Thinking". myweb.wvnet.edu(1999). Retrieved 29 November 2016. Kitchin, Rob. The data revolution: Big data, open data, data infrastructures
Critical_data_studies
The AI Mirror: How to Reclaim Our Humanity in an Age of Machine Thinking is a 2024 non-fiction book by American philosopher of technology Shannon Vallor
The AI Mirror: How to Reclaim Our Humanity in an Age of Machine Thinking
The_AI_Mirror:_How_to_Reclaim_Our_Humanity_in_an_Age_of_Machine_Thinking
Web browser developed by Google
damages was filed against Google in 2020 because it misled consumers into thinking it would not track them when using incognito mode, despite using various
Google_Chrome
Continent
written records survive. Much literature, philosophy, mathematics, and other thinking from the classical period disappeared from Western Europe, though they
Europe
Consistency among data between source and target data stores
Data synchronization is the process of establishing consistency between source and target data stores, and the continuous harmonization of the data over
Data_synchronization
Stored data in computer systems
backup, or data backup is a copy of computer data taken and stored elsewhere so that it may be used to restore the original after a data loss event.
Backup
Family of large language models by Alibaba
between thinking and non-thinking mode Qwen3 Base, the pretrained base model Qwen3 Instruct, which supports only non-thinking mode Qwen3 Thinking, which
Qwen
System to capture, manage, and present geographic data
store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data. Geographic data is often stored within a spatial database; however, this is not
Geographic_information_system
Graph showing the rate of water flow
maintained for the data. Thinking of the x values as “flow for today” and the y values as “flow for tomorrow” helps visualize the order of the data. Aquifer test
Hydrograph
Election of Joe Biden
24, 2021. Mehta, Dhrumil (September 18, 2020). "How Asian Americans Are Thinking About The 2020 Election". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on
2020 United States presidential election
2020_United_States_presidential_election
Data about other data
Metadata (or metainformation) is data (or information) that defines and describes the characteristics of other data. It often helps to describe, explain
Metadata
1889 doctoral thesis by Henri Bergson
Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness, Dover Publications 2001, ISBN 0-486-41767-0. F. C. T. Moore (1996). Bergson: thinking backwards. Cambridge
Time_and_Free_Will
American artificial intelligence company
AI companies including Anthropic, Safe Superintelligence Inc., xAI, and Thinking Machines Lab. OpenAI has faced multiple lawsuits for alleged deaths linked
OpenAI
their own conclusions through such procedures, they use their higher order thinking skills (see Bloom's taxonomy) and are creating knowledge (see Vygotsky)
Data-driven_learning
Object-oriented programming language
C* (or C-star) is a data-parallel superset of ANSI C with synchronous semantics. It was developed in 1987 as an alternative language to *Lisp and CM-Fortran
C*
Integration of software development and operations
implementation of DevOps. The Toyota Production System (TPS), inspired lean thinking with its focus on continuous improvement, kaizen, flow, and small batches
DevOps
opinions for the 2026 elections. From 2018 to 2024, ABC, NBC, CBS and CNN used data from the National Election Pool while the Associated Press and Fox News relied
2026_United_States_elections
Artificial intelligence LLM (released 2026)
Inkling is an open-weights large language model created by Thinking Machines company, first released on July 15, 2026. It is published under an Apache
Inkling (large language model)
Inkling_(large_language_model)
Checking software against expectations
stakeholders and, therefore, SRS validation is the same as SRS verification. Thinking this way is not advisable as it only causes more confusion. It is better
Software_testing
Vice President of the United States since 2025
Raj Chetty, Oren Cass, and Yoram Hazony are also said to have shaped his thinking. Dreher was a guest at Vance's baptism. Vance opposes abortion, and supported
JD_Vance
Reformist period of Laotian history
New Thinking (Lao: Chintanakan Mai) is a term and a slogan that refers to the reformist period of Laotian history from 1986 onward. It can be referred
New_Thinking_(Laos)
Most populous city in California, US
"Southern California Institute of Architecture: A School of Architectural Thinking". sciarc.edu. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017. Retrieved
Los_Angeles
Special administrative region of China
[Editorial: Targeted measures to address population issues require new thinking to achieve population growth]. Ming Pao (in Traditional Chinese). 1 February
Hong_Kong
American politician (born 1984)
deductibles or copays. ... "In the universal healthcare model that I am thinking of, they wouldn't have to pay healthcare premium costs," Nixon said. That's
Angie_Nixon
Type of machine learning model
Usually, a model has a name with several parts, such as in "Qwen3-235B-A22B-Thinking-2507". The commonly used parts are: Model family name. For example: Llama
Large_language_model
travel, tourism, insurance
DATA THINKING
DATA THINKING
Female
English
 Middle English name DARA means "brave, daring." Compare with another form of Dara.
Female
English
 English surname transferred to unisex forename use, possibly DANA means "from Denmark." Compare with other forms of Dana.
Female
Finnish
 Short form of Finnish Katariina, KATA means "pure." Compare with other forms of Kata.
Male
Turkish
Turkish name ATA means "ancestor."
Male
English
English surname transferred to unisex forename use, possibly DANA means "from Denmark."
Female
Polish
 Variant spelling of Polish Dyta, DITA means "rich battle." Compare with another form of Dita.
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Dathan, DATAN means "belonging to a fountain."
Female
Slavic
 Short form of Slavic Bogdana, DANA means "gift from God." Compare with other forms of Dana.
Male
Hebrew
(דֶּרַע) Hebrew name DARA means "the arm." In the bible, this is the name of a son of Zerah. Compare with other forms of Dara.
Female
Finnish
Variant form of Finnish Aada, AATA means "noble."
Male
Irish
 From Irish Gaelic Mac Dara, DARA means "son of oak." Compare with other forms of Dara.
Female
Russian
 Short form of Russian Yekaterina, KATA means "pure." Compare with other forms of Kata.
Male
Irish
Irish Gaelic name MAC DARA means "son of oak." This is the name of a patron saint and is still common in Ireland, especially in Connemara.
Female
Polish
Short form of Polish Edyta, DYTA means "rich battle."
Female
Hungarian
 Short form of Hungarian Katalin, KATA means "pure." Compare with other forms of Kata.
Female
Hebrew
(×“Ö¼Ö¸× Ö¸×”) Feminine form of Hebrew Dan, DANA means "judge." Compare with other forms of Dana.
Female
Hindi/Indian
(लता) Hindi name derived from a plant name, from the Sanskrit word lata, LATA means "creeper," in reference to a creeping plant.
Girl/Female
Hindu
A creeper
Female
Hebrew
(דִּיתָה) Pet form of Hebrew Yehuwdiyth, DITA means "Jewess" or "praised." Compare with another form of Dita.
Male
Iranian/Persian
 Short form of Persian Dârayavahush, DARA means "possesses a lot, wealthy." Compare with other forms of Dara.
DATA THINKING
DATA THINKING
DATA THINKING
DATA THINKING
DATA THINKING
DATA THINKING
DATA THINKING
travel, tourism, insurance