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Misuse of data analysis
Data dredging, also known as data snooping or p-hacking, is the misuse of data analysis to find patterns in data that can be presented as statistically
Data_dredging
Process of analyzing large data sets
related terms data dredging, data fishing, and data snooping refer to the use of data mining methods to sample parts of a larger population data set that are
Data_mining
Topics referred to by the same term
may also refer to: Data dredging, the misuse of data analysis to find patterns in data Dredge (video game), a 2023 fishing game Dredge-up, any one of several
Dredge_(disambiguation)
Use of statistical arguments to assert falsehoods
testing is a misuse of statistics. Data dredging is an abuse of data mining. In data dredging, large compilations of data are examined in order to find a
Misuse_of_statistics
Approach of analyzing data sets in statistics
Anscombe's quartet, on importance of exploration Data dredging Predictive analytics Structured data analysis (statistics) Configural frequency analysis
Exploratory_data_analysis
Fallacy in statistical hypothesis testing
many degrees of freedom. In contrast to fishing expeditions such as data dredging where only expected or apparently-significant results are published
Forking_paths_problem
Statistical interpretation with many tests
Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Texas sharpshooter fallacy Model selection Look-elsewhere effect Data dredging Birthday problem Miller, R.G. (1981)
Multiple_comparisons_problem
Statistical fallacy
distribution of data points. It is the philosophical or rhetorical application of the multiple comparisons problem (also known as data dredging or p-hacking
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
Statistical analyses that were not specified before the data were seen
called data dredging (p-hacking) by critics because the statistical associations that it finds are often spurious. In other words, findings from data dredging
Post_hoc_analysis
with labor organizations. Blue State Digital Civis Analytics Data dredging Dan Wagner (data scientist) The Groundwork Harper Reed Left-wing politics Michael
Catalist
Observed inability to reproduce scientific studies
evidence". Data dredging, also known as p-hacking or p-fishing, is misuse of data, through myriad techniques, to find support for hypotheses that the data is
Replication_crisis
Concept in machine learning
the system being studied evolves over time, invalidating the model) Data dredging Overfitting Resampling (statistics) Supervised learning Training, validation
Leakage_(machine_learning)
Survey research program conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics
data dredging (also known as p-hacking) to find spurious associations that are framed as causal associations. National Archive of Computerized Data on
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
National_Health_and_Nutrition_Examination_Survey
2018 American documentary film
"is quite flimsy", the filmmakers indulge in confirmation bias and data dredging, and "some of the research cited on behalf of veganism is funded by
The_Game_Changers
Higher probability of publishing results showing a significant finding
their practices to ensure statistically significant results, such as by data dredging. Many factors contribute to publication bias. For instance, once a scientific
Publication_bias
Acronym for "Hypothesizing after the results are known"
results even if the prediction is deduced after they know their results. Data dredging Texas sharpshooter fallacy Kerr, N. L. (1998). "HARKing: Hypothesizing
HARKing
Full or new moon which appears larger
looking back through already-gathered data to find support (and disregarding unsupportive data)—is known as data dredging (see also Texas sharpshooter fallacy
Supermoon
Urban legend about two U.S. presidents
scored a minor chart hit with the song that same year. Birthday problem Data dredging The Dark Side of the Rainbow Kennedy curse "Historical Notes: A Compendium
Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend
Lincoln–Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend
Gene considered likely to be involved in a condition
gene that is related to a trait, poor methodological practices, and data dredging. Suitable candidate genes are generally selected based on known biological
Candidate_gene
Flaw in mathematical modelling
significantly exceed the sample size. Bias–variance tradeoff Curve fitting Data dredging Double descent Feature selection Feature engineering Freedman's paradox
Overfitting
Problem of circular reasoning in statistics
suggested by the data while avoiding the fallacy described above. Bonferroni correction Data analysis Data dredging, p-hacking Exploratory data analysis HARKing
Testing hypotheses suggested by the data
Testing_hypotheses_suggested_by_the_data
2008 book by Ben Goldacre
(2012) by Ben Goldacre AllTrials Pseudoscience Data Fabrication Publication Bias Cherry Picking Data Dredging HARKing Replication Crisis "Becoming Ben". The
Bad_Science_(Goldacre_book)
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
explicitly re-introduced using Bayes' theorem. Precision and recall Data dredging – Misuse of data analysis Evidence under Bayes' theorem – Interpretation of probabilityPages
Base_rate_fallacy
Linear dependency situation in a regression model
inconvenient data by removing strongly-correlated variables from their regression. This procedure falls into the broader categories of p-hacking, data dredging, and
Multicollinearity
Statistical analysis phenomenon
Supreme Court decision Edwards v. Aguillard. Bonferroni correction Data dredging Law of truly large numbers: with a sample size large enough, any outrageous
Look-elsewhere_effect
results. Looking for coincidences post hoc is of very dubious value, see Data dredging. see Heuristics in judgement and decision making Zarka, Philippe (2011)
Astrology_and_science
Method of statistical factor analysis
model on an independent data set, as in the PRESS procedure. Critics regard the procedure as a paradigmatic example of data dredging, intense computation
Stepwise_regression
Refutation of a logical fallacy
secret messages encoded within the Hebrew text of the Torah Data dredging – Misuse of data analysis Look-elsewhere effect – Statistical analysis phenomenon
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Statistical method in genetic epidemiology
mendelian randomisation Smith, George Davey; Ebrahim, Shah (2002-12-21). "Data dredging, bias, or confounding: They can all get you into the BMJ and the Friday
Mendelian_randomization
Dredging device using injected air to move water and entrained load up a pipe
debris upwards and away from its source. It is a type of suction dredge. A water dredge or water eductor may be used for the same purpose. Typically, the
Airlift_(dredging_device)
Excise on alcoholic beverages
investigators select results according to statistical significance (data dredging or positive-results bias) or journal editors and reviewers select articles
Alcohol_tax
Probability of making type I errors when performing multiple hypotheses tests
regarded a family: To take into account the selection effect due to data dredging To ensure simultaneous correctness of a set of inferences as to guarantee
Family-wise_error_rate
By around 2019 it had been renamed GOP Data Center. Cambridge Analytica Catalist Civis Analytics Data dredging Get out the vote Herd behaviour Right-wing
Voter_Vault
Concept in inferential statistics
problems such as data dredging; alternative propositions are thus to select and justify flexible p-value thresholds before collecting data, or to interpret
Statistical_significance
Japanese construction company
Kajima Indonesia 2001 - The Suez Canal Bridge is completed 2002 - Hawaiian Dredging is acquired from Dillingham Construction. 2003 - Establishment of Kajima
Kajima
Peer-reviewed scholarly periodical
the registered report format, which aims to counteract issues such as data dredging and hypothesizing after the results are known. For example, Nature Human
Academic_journal
2013–2018 British political consulting firm
her email accounts and hard drives. Auspex International Catalist Data dredging Data Propria Foreign electoral intervention Foreign worker The Great Hack
Cambridge_Analytica
U.S. election prediction system
other keys, such as long-term economic growth, could be examples of data dredging or overfitting, and expressed concern that "[i]t’s less that he has
The_Keys_to_the_White_House
Statistical regression analysis with long list of variables
more likely the results are to be afflicted with Type I error. Data dredging – Misuse of data analysis Model selection – Task of selecting a statistical model
Kitchen_sink_regression
Difference in the behavior of a system that is related to the calendar
effects in the stock market, and that all such patterns are the result of data dredging. However, there are contradictory findings and there is an ongoing debate
Calendar_effect
Fallacy of incomplete evidence
font size. Philosophy portal Ad hoc Biased sample Confirmation bias Data dredging False balance Fact-checking Hawthorne effect Half-truth Jumping to conclusions
Cherry_picking
Program used by Obama's 2012 campaign
United States. Cambridge Analytica Catalist Contingency table Data dredging Dan Wagner (data scientist) The Groundwork Harper Reed Herd behavior Left-wing
Project_Narwhal
Unexpected outcome in experiments
their practices to ensure statistically significant results, such as by data dredging. Many factors contribute to publication bias. For instance, once a scientific
Null_result
Concept of flexibility in process of conducting a research study
to be generated. However, researcher degrees of freedom can lead to data dredging and other questionable research practices where the different interpretations
Researcher_degrees_of_freedom
Bias in a statistical analysis due to non-random selection
or "preliminary surveys". Presenting the most significant result of a data dredge as if it were a single experiment (which is logically the same as the
Selection_bias
Stock offering above-average dividend yield
The Motley Fool. The Foolish Four was almost certainly a result of data dredging. From the time of its discovery onward, it has been famously unreliable
High-yield_stock
Validity analysis of the capital asset pricing model
that exactly satisfy the above pricing equation. This is an example of data dredging. Roll's critique has received a large number of citations in the financial
Roll's_critique
Study of mental functions and behaviors
important findings. In response to concerns about publication bias and data dredging (conducting a large number of statistical tests on a great many variables
Psychology
Belgian dredging company
maintenance and capital dredging along the Belgian coast since 1875. Dredging International in itself is a merger of two dredging companies in September
DEME
Greek-American scientist (born 1965)
spurious promises. Risk factor epidemiology has excelled in salami-sliced, data-dredged articles with gift authorship and has become adept to dictating policy
John_Ioannidis
Deliberately incorrect entry in a reference work
to detect lack of academic scrutiny, editorial oversight, fraud, or data dredging on the part of authors or their publishers. Trap publications may be
Fictitious_entry
Changing outcomes of clinical trial after initiation
the initial data analysis, were used instead. Fifteen other new secondary outcome measures failed to throw up positive results." Data dredging Melanie Newman
Outcome_switching
Genetic polymorphism
replicate—instead we find the opposite. This suggests that authors may be data dredging for measures and analytic strategies which yield the results they want
5-HTTLPR
software Data dredging Data fusion Data generating process Data mining Data reduction Data point Data quality assurance Data set Data-snooping bias Data stream
List_of_statistics_articles
presidential campaign. Cambridge Analytica Catalist Contingency table Data dredging The Groundwork Project Narwhal Psychographic Predictive Analytics Hebert
Project_Houdini
Research study registry
study plan could reduce the publication bias and prevent practices like data dredging. Indeed, Scientists would have to justify in the future why they differed
Animal_Study_Registry
Financial market is predictability seems to be inconsistent with theories of asset prices
This explanation for anomalies is also known as data snooping, p-hacking, data mining, and data dredging, and is closely related to the multiple comparisons
Market_anomaly
started in the 1990s. Cambridge Analytica Catalist Civis Analytics Data dredging Get out the vote Herd behaviour Left-wing politics Predictive analytics
Demzilla
Scientific study of science
prevent publication bias (e.g. not publishing negative results), reduce data dredging, and increase replicability. Studies showing poor consistency and quality
Metascience
Stream in Virginia, United States
Distribution Service-Bennett’s Creek Dredging” https://www.dvidshub.net/news/105693/corps-begins-144k-bennetts-creek-dredging Retrieved May 24th, 2026 "Bennett's
Bennett Creek (Nansemond River tributary)
Bennett_Creek_(Nansemond_River_tributary)
Liquefied natural gas plant in Queensland, Australia
within the harbour (Dredging and Shipping Near the Great Barrier Reef, n.d.). This incident was never fully investigated, but the dredging within the harbour
Gladstone_LNG
Software used by US Republican Party in 2012 election campaign
on the tire." Cambridge Analytica Catalist Contingency table Data dredging Dan Wagner (data scientist) The Groundwork Harper Reed Herd behavior Left-wing
ORCA_(computer_system)
Use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment
political science, with some statisticians questioning practices such as data dredging that can lead to unreliable policy conclusions of political partisans
Social_statistics
World's oldest clam (c. 1498 or 1499–2006)
was an ocean quahog clam (Arctica islandica, family Arcticidae) that was dredged off the coast of Iceland in 2006 and whose age was calculated by counting
Ming_(clam)
Video-sharing platform
22, 2013. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube. Dredge, Stuart (March 16, 2016). "YouTube was meant to be a video-dating website"
YouTube
Harbor community in Nova Scotia
Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 11 January 2026. "Minister Shea and MP Kerr announce funding for emergency dredging at Cape St
Cape_St._Marys,_Nova_Scotia
Dam in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan
Present and Future. CRC Press (2009). ISBN 0-415-49432-X photo page with data Dredging News, Feb 2002 issue Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine Wikimedia
Nagashima_Dam
Indian waterway from Uttar Pradesh to West Bengal
construct barrages every 100 km (62 mi) on river Ganga and will undertake dredging activities in identified stretch to provide a width of 45 m (148 ft) and
National_Waterway_1
River in Eastern Europe
oxbow lakes and channels. Dredging of the river started in 2020 to enable the E40 waterway to pass through the area. The dredging raised concerns about radioactive
Pripyat_(river)
Press, 1989. US Navy. Ship's Data: U.S. Naval Vessels. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943. US Navy. Ship's Data: U.S. Naval Vessels. 3 vols.
List of U.S. Navy ships sunk or damaged in action during World War II
List_of_U.S._Navy_ships_sunk_or_damaged_in_action_during_World_War_II
American television series
battle to save Ransom wages on, a mysterious cowboy drifts into town, dredging up secrets from the past. Vice tightening, Staten fights to protect the
Ransom_Canyon_(TV_series)
List of the world's deepest natural harbours by average and maximum depth
17 April 2025. Environmental Aspects of Cork Harbour Dredging (PDF) (Report). Van Oord Dredging & Marine Contractors - Engineering Department. 1 May 2012
List of deepest natural harbours
List_of_deepest_natural_harbours
Practice used to extract sand
Taiwan expelled or detained nearly 4,000 Chinese sand dredging vessels. Illegal sand dredging by Chinese vessels causes environmental damage in Taiwan
Sand_mining
American fantasy drama TV series (2011–2019)
Retrieved November 26, 2021. Simon-Lewis, Alexandra (June 19, 2017). "Dredge up your nightmares with these scary deep-sea creatures from the Australian
Game_of_Thrones
American lake freighter (1903–1908)
considerable effort, she was removed ten hours after grounding. The bar was dredged shortly thereafter. Less than a month later, she took on 336,365 bushels
SS_D._M._Clemson_(1903)
Ongoing environmental disaster in the US
completion of the dredging operations, aquatic plants were installed and habitat restoration commenced. As of 2025, GE stated that the dredging operations have
Pollution_of_the_Hudson_River
American social media company (2006–2023)
Archived from the original on September 25, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2012. Dredge, Stuart (January 23, 2013). "Vine iPhone app brings short, sharp video to
Twitter,_Inc.
Country in West Asia
The largest natural harbour is at Dubai, although other ports have been dredged at Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, and elsewhere. Numerous islands are found in the
United_Arab_Emirates
Social media platform owned by Meta
Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2017. Dredge, Stuart (November 20, 2013). "Instagram arrives on Windows Phone (and yes
US constitutional law on false assertions
claims that a person received a military medal. Academic dishonesty Data dredging Data fabrication Errors and omissions excepted Errors and omissions insurance
False_statement_of_fact
British crime drama series (2015–present)
ratings are based on 28-day data from BARB for ITV and ITV+1 and 7-day data for ITV HD. Episode 6's ratings are based on 28-day data from BARB for ITV, ITV+1
Unforgotten
Line of smartphones by Apple
Retrieved October 5, 2022. Rushe, Dominic; Hern, Alex; Gibbs, Samuel; Dredge, Stuart (September 9, 2014). "The Apple Watch, iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus
IPhone
Online communication software
Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved October 27, 2023. Dredge, Stuart (June 21, 2023). "Discord adds 'Media Channels' and tests 'Server
Discord
Most populous city in Canada
January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024. "Daily Data Report for July 1936". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. March 27, 2024. Archived from
Toronto
Canadian athlete (born 1931)
Doreen M. Dredge (born 14 July 1931) is a Canadian athlete. She competed in the women's high jump at the 1948 Summer Olympics. "Doreen Dredge". Olympedia
Doreen_Dredge
Water-filled sinkhole at the Maya archaeological site of Chichen Itza
supervision of Edward Herbert Thompson, who began dredging in 1904. Much of what is known about the dredging process is derived from Thompson’s personal notes
Sacred_Cenote
British crime drama television series
"Grace – Listings". Next Episode. Retrieved 9 April 2021. "BARB 7-Day viewing data". BARB. "Weekly top programmes on four screens for 8-14 March 2021". BARB
Grace_(TV_series)
Ships that were lost or scuttled along the coast
39.01 m, beam 7.65 m, 217 tons, with a speed of 7 knots and capacity to dredge to a depth of 12 m. It was sunk 8 km southwest of Robben Island lighthouse
Shipwrecks_of_Cape_Town
Mythical sea monster
games such as Sea of Thieves, God of War II, Return of the Obra Dinn and Dredge.[citation needed] The kraken was also featured in two of the Pirates of
Kraken
(November 1995). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Hoffleit+, 1991)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: V/50. Originally Published
List_of_proper_names_of_stars
2024 video game
out of nightmares". He concluded his review by saying that "outside of Dredge, I don't know if a game has felt so uniquely Lovecraftian". Writing for
Still_Wakes_the_Deep
Former landmass in Northern Europe
assemblage from the southern North Sea was also discovered through aggregate dredging off the coast of Norfolk. The cultural material was found to be associated
Doggerland
Metropolitan area in Perak, Malaysia
Chappell in 1901. In 1913, dredging was put into practice by Malayan Tin Dredging Ltd. (MTD), which later became the largest tin dredging company in the world
Kinta_Valley
March 2, 2023. McWhertor, Michael (April 9, 2024). "Horror fishing game Dredge being adapted for live-action movie". Polygon. Retrieved April 14, 2024
List of films based on video games
List_of_films_based_on_video_games
Email and calendaring software
SharePoint) for shared functions such as mailboxes, calendars, folders, data aggregation (i.e., SharePoint lists), and as appointment scheduling apps
Microsoft_Outlook
Event wherein the Sun is obscured by the Moon
which generated debate. In 2002, Wang and a collaborator published detailed data analysis, which suggested that the phenomenon still remains unexplained.
Solar_eclipse
Messenger". Facebook Newsroom. March 17, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2015. Dredge, Stuart (March 18, 2015). "Facebook Messenger app will soon allow people
History_of_Facebook
Coral reef system in Queensland, Australia
pollutants, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, dumping of dredging sludge and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish
Great_Barrier_Reef
Former U.S. government scientific agency
exploration through introduction of steel cable for sounding, dredging and deep anchoring and data collection for the "first truly modern bathymetric map of
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey
City in Santa Fe Province, Argentina
allows preservation of a depth of 10 metres (34 ft) with minor periodic dredging. This allows for downstream navigation of vessels up to Panamax standards
Rosario
DATA DREDGING
DATA DREDGING
Female
English
 English surname transferred to unisex forename use, possibly DANA means "from Denmark." Compare with other forms of Dana.
Male
Irish
Irish Gaelic name MAC DARA means "son of oak." This is the name of a patron saint and is still common in Ireland, especially in Connemara.
Female
Hindi/Indian
(लता) Hindi name derived from a plant name, from the Sanskrit word lata, LATA means "creeper," in reference to a creeping plant.
Female
Hebrew
(×“Ö¼Ö¸× Ö¸×”) Feminine form of Hebrew Dan, DANA means "judge." Compare with other forms of Dana.
Female
Slavic
 Short form of Slavic Bogdana, DANA means "gift from God." Compare with other forms of Dana.
Female
English
 Middle English name DARA means "brave, daring." Compare with another form of Dara.
Male
Turkish
Turkish name ATA means "ancestor."
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Dathan, DATAN means "belonging to a fountain."
Girl/Female
Hindu
A creeper
Female
Finnish
 Short form of Finnish Katariina, KATA means "pure." Compare with other forms of Kata.
Female
Hebrew
(דִּיתָה) Pet form of Hebrew Yehuwdiyth, DITA means "Jewess" or "praised." Compare with another form of Dita.
Female
Polish
 Variant spelling of Polish Dyta, DITA means "rich battle." Compare with another form of Dita.
Male
Iranian/Persian
 Short form of Persian Dârayavahush, DARA means "possesses a lot, wealthy." Compare with other forms of Dara.
Female
Hungarian
 Short form of Hungarian Katalin, KATA means "pure." Compare with other forms of Kata.
Male
Hebrew
(דֶּרַע) Hebrew name DARA means "the arm." In the bible, this is the name of a son of Zerah. Compare with other forms of Dara.
Female
Russian
 Short form of Russian Yekaterina, KATA means "pure." Compare with other forms of Kata.
Female
Finnish
Variant form of Finnish Aada, AATA means "noble."
Female
Polish
Short form of Polish Edyta, DYTA means "rich battle."
Male
Irish
 From Irish Gaelic Mac Dara, DARA means "son of oak." Compare with other forms of Dara.
Male
English
English surname transferred to unisex forename use, possibly DANA means "from Denmark."
DATA DREDGING
DATA DREDGING
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Curtis.
Female
English
 English pet form of Persian Esther, ESSA means "star." Compare with masculine Essa.
Boy/Male
Hindu
The Moon
Boy/Male
Irish
Bard; travelling musician/singer.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Mind; Heart
Surname or Lastname
English
English : in most cases of French origin (see Duval 1), taken to England by a Huguenot refugee from Rouen. It may also be from a pet form of an Old English female personal name, Dūfe, meaning ‘dove’.According to Black, this is also found as a Swedish variant of Scottish McDougall.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Lord of Pleasure
Boy/Male
Tamil
To rise, Blue lotus
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Streeter.
Girl/Female
Arabic
Jasmine Flower
DATA DREDGING
DATA DREDGING
DATA DREDGING
DATA DREDGING
DATA DREDGING
a.
Being out of date; antiquated.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Date
a.
Without date; having no fixed time.
n.
Given or assigned length of life; dyration.
n.
A New Zealand forest tree (Metrosideros robusta), also, its hard dark red wood, used by the Maoris for paddles and war clubs.
pl.
of Datum
v. t.
To date erroneously.
n.
That addition to a writing, inscription, coin, etc., which specifies the time (as day, month, and year) when the writing or inscription was given, or executed, or made; as, the date of a letter, of a will, of a deed, of a coin. etc.
imp. & p. p.
of Date
v. t.
To note the time of writing or executing; to express in an instrument the time of its execution; as, to date a letter, a bond, a deed, or a charter.
a.
Erroneous in date; containing an anachronism.
v. i.
To have beginning; to begin; to be dated or reckoned; -- with from.
n.
Death; decease; the date of one's death.
n.
Assigned end; conclusion.
n. pl.
See Datum.
n.
Prior date; a date antecedent to another which is the actual date.
n.
The point of time at which a transaction or event takes place, or is appointed to take place; a given point of time; epoch; as, the date of a battle.
v. t.
To note or fix the time of, as of an event; to give the date of; as, to date the building of the pyramids.
n.
The fruit of the date palm; also, the date palm itself.