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Misuse of data analysis
Data dredging, also known as data snooping or p-hacking, is the misuse of data analysis to find patterns in data that can be presented as statistically
Data_dredging
Process of analyzing large data sets
related terms data dredging, data fishing, and data snooping refer to the use of data mining methods to sample parts of a larger population data set that are
Data_mining
Use of statistical arguments to assert falsehoods
testing is a misuse of statistics. Data dredging is an abuse of data mining. In data dredging, large compilations of data are examined in order to find a
Misuse_of_statistics
Approach of analyzing data sets in statistics
Anscombe's quartet, on importance of exploration Data dredging Predictive analytics Structured data analysis (statistics) Configural frequency analysis
Exploratory_data_analysis
Topics referred to by the same term
may also refer to: Data dredging, the misuse of data analysis to find patterns in data Dredge (video game), a 2023 fishing game Dredge-up, any one of several
Dredge_(disambiguation)
Statistical interpretation with many tests
Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Texas sharpshooter fallacy Model selection Look-elsewhere effect Data dredging Birthday problem Miller, R.G. (1981)
Multiple_comparisons_problem
Statistical analyses that were not specified before the data were seen
called data dredging (p-hacking) by critics because the statistical associations that it finds are often spurious. In other words, findings from data dredging
Post_hoc_analysis
Fallacy in statistical hypothesis testing
many degrees of freedom. In contrast to fishing expeditions such as data dredging where only expected or apparently-significant results are published
Forking_paths_problem
with labor organizations. Blue State Digital Civis Analytics Data dredging Dan Wagner (data scientist) The Groundwork Harper Reed Left-wing politics Michael
Catalist
Observed inability to reproduce scientific studies
evidence". Data dredging, also known as p-hacking or p-fishing, is misuse of data, through myriad techniques, to find support for hypotheses that the data is
Replication_crisis
Concept in machine learning
the system being studied evolves over time, invalidating the model) Data dredging Overfitting Resampling (statistics) Supervised learning Training, validation
Leakage_(machine_learning)
Statistical fallacy
information Confirmation bias – Bias confirming existing attitudes Data dredging – Misuse of data analysis, also known as p-hacking HARKing – Acronym for "Hypothesizing
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
Higher probability of publishing results showing a significant finding
their practices to ensure statistically significant results, such as by data dredging. Many factors contribute to publication bias. For instance, once a scientific
Publication_bias
Survey research program conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics
data dredging (also known as p-hacking) to find spurious associations that are framed as causal associations. National Archive of Computerized Data on
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
National_Health_and_Nutrition_Examination_Survey
2018 American documentary film
"is quite flimsy", the filmmakers indulge in confirmation bias and data dredging, and "some of the research cited on behalf of veganism is funded by
The_Game_Changers
Urban legend about two U.S. presidents
scored a minor chart hit with the song that same year. Birthday problem Data dredging The Dark Side of the Rainbow Kennedy curse "Historical Notes: A Compendium
Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend
Lincoln–Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend
Method of statistical factor analysis
model on an independent data set, as in the PRESS procedure. Critics regard the procedure as a paradigmatic example of data dredging, intense computation
Stepwise_regression
Acronym for "Hypothesizing after the results are known"
results even if the prediction is deduced after they know their results. Data dredging Texas sharpshooter fallacy Kerr, N. L. (1998). "HARKing: Hypothesizing
HARKing
Study of mental functions and behaviors
important findings. In response to concerns about publication bias and data dredging (conducting a large number of statistical tests on a great many variables
Psychology
Full or new moon which appears larger
looking back through already-gathered data to find support (and disregarding unsupportive data)—is known as data dredging (see also Texas sharpshooter fallacy
Supermoon
Unexpected outcome in experiments
their practices to ensure statistically significant results, such as by data dredging. Many factors contribute to publication bias. For instance, once a scientific
Null_result
Flaw in mathematical modelling
significantly exceed the sample size. Bias–variance tradeoff Curve fitting Data dredging Double descent Feature selection Feature engineering Freedman's paradox
Overfitting
Gene considered likely to be involved in a condition
gene that is related to a trait, poor methodological practices, and data dredging. Suitable candidate genes are generally selected based on known biological
Candidate_gene
Concept of flexibility in process of conducting a research study
to be generated. However, researcher degrees of freedom can lead to data dredging and other questionable research practices where the different interpretations
Researcher_degrees_of_freedom
Linear dependency situation in a regression model
inconvenient data by removing strongly-correlated variables from their regression. This procedure falls into the broader categories of p-hacking, data dredging, and
Multicollinearity
Peer-reviewed scholarly periodical
the registered report format, which aims to counteract issues such as data dredging and hypothesizing after the results are known. For example, Nature Human
Academic_journal
Probability of making type I errors when performing multiple hypotheses tests
family:[citation needed] To take into account the selection effect due to data dredging To ensure simultaneous correctness of a set of inferences as to guarantee
Family-wise_error_rate
Concept in inferential statistics
problems such as data dredging; alternative propositions are thus to select and justify flexible p-value thresholds before collecting data, or to interpret
Statistical_significance
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
explicitly re-introduced using Bayes' theorem. Precision and recall Data dredging – Misuse of data analysis Evidence under Bayes' theorem Inductive argument –
Base_rate_fallacy
2008 book by Ben Goldacre
(2012) by Ben Goldacre AllTrials Pseudoscience Data Fabrication Publication Bias Cherry Picking Data Dredging HARKing Replication Crisis "Becoming Ben". The
Bad_Science_(Goldacre_book)
Statistical method in genetic epidemiology
published studies. Smith, George Davey; Ebrahim, Shah (2002-12-21). "Data dredging, bias, or confounding: They can all get you into the BMJ and the Friday
Mendelian_randomization
Japanese construction company
Kajima Indonesia 2001 - The Suez Canal Bridge is completed 2002 - Hawaiian Dredging is acquired from Dillingham Construction. 2003 - Establishment of Kajima
Kajima
results. Looking for coincidences post hoc is of very dubious value, see Data dredging. see Heuristics in judgement and decision making Zarka, Philippe (2011)
Astrology_and_science
Refutation of a logical fallacy
secret messages encoded within the Hebrew text of the Torah Data dredging – Misuse of data analysis Look-elsewhere effect – Statistical analysis phenomenon
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Statistical analysis phenomenon
Supreme Court decision Edwards v. Aguillard. Bonferroni correction Data dredging Law of truly large numbers: with a sample size large enough, any outrageous
Look-elsewhere_effect
Fallacy of incomplete evidence
font size. Philosophy portal Ad hoc Biased sample Confirmation bias Data dredging False balance Fact-checking Hawthorne effect Half-truth Jumping to conclusions
Cherry_picking
Dredging device using injected air to move water and entrained load up a pipe
debris upwards and away from its source. It is a type of suction dredge. A water dredge or water eductor may be used for the same purpose. Typically, the
Airlift_(dredging_device)
that exactly satisfy the above pricing equation. This is an example of data dredging. Roll's critique has received a large number of citations in the financial
Roll's_critique
Statistical regression analysis with long list of variables
more likely the results are to be afflicted with Type I error. Data dredging – Misuse of data analysis Model selection – Task of selecting a statistical model
Kitchen_sink_regression
2013–2018 British political consulting firm
her email accounts and hard drives. Auspex International Catalist Data dredging Data Propria Foreign electoral intervention Foreign worker The Great Hack
Cambridge_Analytica
Problem of circular reasoning in statistics
suggested by the data while avoiding the fallacy described above. Bonferroni correction Data analysis Data dredging, p-hacking Exploratory data analysis HARKing
Testing hypotheses suggested by the data
Testing_hypotheses_suggested_by_the_data
Bias in a statistical analysis due to non-random selection
or "preliminary surveys". Presenting the most significant result of a data dredge as if it were a single experiment (which is logically the same as the
Selection_bias
U.S. election prediction system
other keys, such as long-term economic growth, could be examples of data dredging or overfitting, and expressed concern that "[i]t’s less that he has
The_Keys_to_the_White_House
Program used by Obama's 2012 campaign
United States. Cambridge Analytica Catalist Contingency table Data dredging Dan Wagner (data scientist) The Groundwork Harper Reed Herd behavior Left-wing
Project_Narwhal
Excise on alcoholic beverages
investigators select results according to statistical significance (data dredging or positive-results bias) or journal editors and reviewers select articles
Alcohol_tax
Genetic polymorphism
replicate—instead we find the opposite. This suggests that authors may be data dredging for measures and analytic strategies which yield the results they want
5-HTTLPR
Stock offering above-average dividend yield
The Motley Fool. The Foolish Four was almost certainly a result of data dredging. From the time of its discovery onward, it has been famously unreliable
High-yield_stock
Deliberately incorrect entry in a reference work
to detect lack of academic scrutiny, editorial oversight, fraud, or data dredging on the part of authors or their publishers. Trap publications may be
Fictitious_entry
Difference in the behavior of a system that is related to the calendar
effects in the stock market, and that all such patterns are the result of data dredging. However, there are contradictory findings and there is an ongoing debate
Calendar_effect
Belgian dredging company
maintenance and capital dredging along the Belgian coast since 1875. Dredging International in itself is a merger of two dredging companies in September
DEME
By around 2019 it had been renamed GOP Data Center. Cambridge Analytica Catalist Civis Analytics Data dredging Get out the vote Herd behaviour Right-wing
Voter_Vault
Use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment
political science, with some statisticians questioning practices such as data dredging that can lead to unreliable policy conclusions of political partisans
Social_statistics
Changing outcomes of clinical trial after initiation
the initial data analysis, were used instead. Fifteen other new secondary outcome measures failed to throw up positive results." Data dredging Melanie Newman
Outcome_switching
software Data dredging Data fusion Data generating process Data mining Data reduction Data point Data quality assurance Data set Data-snooping bias Data stream
List_of_statistics_articles
presidential campaign. Cambridge Analytica Catalist Contingency table Data dredging The Groundwork Project Narwhal Psychographic Predictive Analytics Hebert
Project_Houdini
Financial market is predictability seems to be inconsistent with theories of asset prices
This explanation for anomalies is also known as data snooping, p-hacking, data mining, and data dredging, and is closely related to the multiple comparisons
Market_anomaly
Scientific study of science
prevent publication bias (e.g. not publishing negative results), reduce data dredging, and increase replicability. Studies showing poor consistency and quality
Metascience
Research study registry
study plan could reduce the publication bias and prevent practices like data dredging. Indeed, Scientists would have to justify in the future why they differed
Animal_Study_Registry
Liquefied natural gas plant in Queensland, Australia
within the harbour (Dredging and Shipping Near the Great Barrier Reef, n.d.). This incident was never fully investigated, but the dredging within the harbour
Gladstone_LNG
Dam in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan
Present and Future. CRC Press (2009). ISBN 0-415-49432-X photo page with data Dredging News, Feb 2002 issue Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine Wikimedia
Nagashima_Dam
Video-sharing platform
22, 2013. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube. Dredge, Stuart (March 16, 2016). "YouTube was meant to be a video-dating website"
YouTube
Software used by US Republican Party in 2012 election campaign
on the tire." Cambridge Analytica Catalist Contingency table Data dredging Dan Wagner (data scientist) The Groundwork Harper Reed Herd behavior Left-wing
ORCA_(computer_system)
US constitutional law on false assertions
claims that a person received a military medal. Academic dishonesty Data dredging Data fabrication Errors and omissions excepted Errors and omissions insurance
False_statement_of_fact
Press, 1989. US Navy. Ship's Data: U.S. Naval Vessels. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943. US Navy. Ship's Data: U.S. Naval Vessels. 3 vols.
List of U.S. Navy ships sunk or damaged in action during World War II
List_of_U.S._Navy_ships_sunk_or_damaged_in_action_during_World_War_II
River in Eastern Europe
oxbow lakes and channels. Dredging of the river started in 2020 to enable the E40 waterway to pass through the area. The dredging raised concerns about radioactive
Pripyat_(river)
Indian waterway from Uttar Pradesh to West Bengal
construct barrages every 100 km (62 mi) on river Ganga and will undertake dredging activities in identified stretch to provide a width of 45 m (148 ft) and
National_Waterway_1
Social media platform owned by Meta
Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2017. Dredge, Stuart (November 20, 2013). "Instagram arrives on Windows Phone (and yes
Greek-American scientist (born 1965)
spurious promises. Risk factor epidemiology has excelled in salami-sliced, data-dredged articles with gift authorship and has become adept to dictating policy
John_Ioannidis
Most populous city in Canada
shallow harbour. The harbour and the channel of the Don River have been dredged numerous times for shipping. The lower section of the Don River was straightened
Toronto
Great Lakes freighter wrecked on Lake Superior in 1908
considerable effort, she was removed ten hours after grounding. The bar was dredged shortly thereafter. Less than a month later, she took on 336,365 bushels
SS_D._M._Clemson_(1903)
Ongoing environmental disaster in the US
completion of the dredging operations, aquatic plants were installed and habitat restoration commenced. As of 2025, GE stated that the dredging operations have
Pollution_of_the_Hudson_River
Stream in Virginia, United States
Distribution Service-Bennett’s Creek Dredging” https://www.dvidshub.net/news/105693/corps-begins-144k-bennetts-creek-dredging Retrieved May 24th, 2026 "Bennett's
Bennett Creek (Nansemond River tributary)
Bennett_Creek_(Nansemond_River_tributary)
List of the world's deepest natural harbours by average and maximum depth
17 April 2025. Environmental Aspects of Cork Harbour Dredging (PDF) (Report). Van Oord Dredging & Marine Contractors - Engineering Department. 1 May 2012
List of deepest natural harbours
List_of_deepest_natural_harbours
started in the 1990s. Cambridge Analytica Catalist Civis Analytics Data dredging Get out the vote Herd behaviour Left-wing politics Predictive analytics
Demzilla
Online communication software
Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved October 27, 2023. Dredge, Stuart (June 21, 2023). "Discord adds 'Media Channels' and tests 'Server
Discord
American television series
battle to save Ransom wages on, a mysterious cowboy drifts into town, dredging up secrets from the past. Vise tightening, Staten fights to protect the
Ransom_Canyon_(TV_series)
Country in West Asia
The largest natural harbour is at Dubai, although other ports have been dredged at Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, and elsewhere. Numerous islands are found in the
United_Arab_Emirates
Islands in the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C.
its plans for a drawbridge. In late 1922, dredging temporarily ceased after funding for continued dredging ran out. The land transfer became the subject
Kingman_and_Heritage_Islands
American ice cream company
Jerry's brand manager Kalli Swaik responded, "Ben & Jerry's believes that dredging and dumping in world heritage waters surrounding the marine park area will
Ben_&_Jerry's
Major river in northern France
second, but much higher flows are possible during periods of heavy runoff. Dredging in the 1960s mostly eliminated tidal bores on the lower river, known in
Seine
Swedish audio streaming service
undisclosed sum". TechCrunch. 12 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019. Dredge, Stuart (8 October 2021). "Spotify sells artist services site SoundBetter
Spotify
Barbadian singer (born 1988)
Artist Partners Stand to Make?". Variety. Retrieved September 15, 2025. Dredge, Stuart (October 28, 2014). "Tidal takes on Spotify with lossless-quality
Rihanna
2024 video game
out of nightmares". He concluded his review by saying that "outside of Dredge, I don't know if a game has felt so uniquely Lovecraftian". Writing for
Still_Wakes_the_Deep
Swedish businessman (born 1983)
Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2017. Dredge, Stuart (30 July 2020). "Spotify CEO talks Covid-19, artist incomes and
Daniel_Ek
American professional golfer (born 1996)
making a bogey in the final two rounds at the Masters since hole-by-hole data began to be recorded in 1942. The following week, Scheffler tied for first
Scottie_Scheffler
American business executive (born 1974)
passed, inspiring him to found Unspam and Project Honey Pot, an open source data collection software. In 2009, he created Cloudflare with Harvard Business
Matthew_Prince
Practice used to extract sand
Taiwan expelled or detained nearly 4,000 Chinese sand dredging vessels. Illegal sand dredging by Chinese vessels causes environmental damage in Taiwan
Sand_mining
American social media company (2006–2023)
Archived from the original on September 25, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2012. Dredge, Stuart (January 23, 2013). "Vine iPhone app brings short, sharp video to
Twitter,_Inc.
2024 bridge collapse near Baltimore, Maryland, US
provided by the Panama Canal's expansion: they installed new cranes and dredged the harbor to accommodate the up-to-14,000-TEU vessels that began passing
Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse
Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_collapse
focused on generating revenue through targeted advertising based on user data, a model that drove its rapid financial growth. In 2012, Facebook went public
History_of_Facebook
Water-filled sinkhole at the Maya archaeological site of Chichen Itza
supervision of Edward Herbert Thompson, who began dredging in 1904. Much of what is known about the dredging process is derived from Thompson’s personal notes
Sacred_Cenote
British crime drama series (2015–present)
ratings are based on 28-day data from BARB for ITV and ITV+1 and 7-day data for ITV HD. Episode 6's ratings are based on 28-day data from BARB for ITV, ITV+1
Unforgotten
Estuary located in southeastern Louisiana, United States
14 feet (3.7 to 4.3 m). Some shipping channels are kept deeper through dredging. It is roughly oval, about 40 miles (64 km) from west to east and 24 miles
Lake_Pontchartrain
Bridge in New York City
both the bottom and the top. The caisson had six chambers: two each for dredging, supply shafts, and airlocks. The caisson on the Manhattan side was slightly
Brooklyn_Bridge
British ocean liner (1907–1915)
ship as it slid into the water. In addition, the company spent £8,000 to dredge the Clyde, £6,500 on new gas plant, £6,500 on a new electrical plant, £18
RMS_Lusitania
Former landmass in Northern Europe
assemblage from the southern North Sea was also discovered through aggregate dredging off the coast of Norfolk. The cultural material was found to be associated
Doggerland
Political scandals over anomalous flood control project
stalled flagship projects, such as the Parañaque Spillway and Laguna de Bay dredging, which were expected to alleviate flooding in Metro Manila but suffered
Flood control projects scandal in the Philippines
Flood_control_projects_scandal_in_the_Philippines
Type of soil formed by sedimentation in estuaries
These data are particularly important to consider when dredging of bay muds is contemplated as part of a development project. Such dredging can have
Bay_mud
Indian fair
accommodate the pilgrims attending the event. To expand the available land, four dredging machines were used to reclaim 26 additional hectares (0.26 km2), significantly
2025_Prayag_Maha_Kumbh_Mela
American politician and attorney (born 1951)
Alaska Olympian went to D.C. to testify on climate change. Then a senator dredged up old tweets". Alaska Beacon. Archived from the original on August 29
John Kennedy (Louisiana politician)
John_Kennedy_(Louisiana_politician)
DATA DREDGING
DATA DREDGING
Female
Hungarian
 Short form of Hungarian Katalin, KATA means "pure." Compare with other forms of Kata.
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Dathan, DATAN means "belonging to a fountain."
Female
Hebrew
(×“Ö¼Ö¸× Ö¸×”) Feminine form of Hebrew Dan, DANA means "judge." Compare with other forms of Dana.
Female
English
 Middle English name DARA means "brave, daring." Compare with another form of Dara.
Female
Polish
Short form of Polish Edyta, DYTA means "rich battle."
Male
Turkish
Turkish name ATA means "ancestor."
Female
Slavic
 Short form of Slavic Bogdana, DANA means "gift from God." Compare with other forms of Dana.
Male
Hebrew
(דֶּרַע) Hebrew name DARA means "the arm." In the bible, this is the name of a son of Zerah. Compare with other forms of Dara.
Male
Irish
 From Irish Gaelic Mac Dara, DARA means "son of oak." Compare with other forms of Dara.
Female
English
 English surname transferred to unisex forename use, possibly DANA means "from Denmark." Compare with other forms of Dana.
Male
Irish
Irish Gaelic name MAC DARA means "son of oak." This is the name of a patron saint and is still common in Ireland, especially in Connemara.
Girl/Female
Hindu
A creeper
Female
Hebrew
(דִּיתָה) Pet form of Hebrew Yehuwdiyth, DITA means "Jewess" or "praised." Compare with another form of Dita.
Female
Finnish
Variant form of Finnish Aada, AATA means "noble."
Female
Russian
 Short form of Russian Yekaterina, KATA means "pure." Compare with other forms of Kata.
Male
Iranian/Persian
 Short form of Persian Dârayavahush, DARA means "possesses a lot, wealthy." Compare with other forms of Dara.
Female
Hindi/Indian
(लता) Hindi name derived from a plant name, from the Sanskrit word lata, LATA means "creeper," in reference to a creeping plant.
Female
Polish
 Variant spelling of Polish Dyta, DITA means "rich battle." Compare with another form of Dita.
Female
Finnish
 Short form of Finnish Katariina, KATA means "pure." Compare with other forms of Kata.
Male
English
English surname transferred to unisex forename use, possibly DANA means "from Denmark."
DATA DREDGING
DATA DREDGING
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hebrew, Islamic, Muslim, Pakistani, Urdu
Dove / Plants
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly southern England and South Wales) and Irish
English (mainly southern England and South Wales) and Irish : from the Old English personal name Hearding, originally a patronymic from Hard 1. The surname was first taken to Ireland in the 15th century, and more families of the name settled there 200 years later in Tipperary and surrounding counties.North German and Dutch : patronymic from a short form of any of the various Germanic compound personal names beginning with hard ‘hardy’, ‘brave’, ‘strong’.Warren Gamaliel Harding (1865–1923), the 29th president of the U.S., was born on a farm in OH, of English and Scottish stock on his father’s side. Early American bearers of this very common name include Joseph Harding who died at Plymouth in 1633. His great-great grandson Seth was a naval officer during the American Revolution.
Girl/Female
Muslim
The one and only
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Fearless
Boy/Male
Tamil
One of the kauravas
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Strength of Lord Rama
Boy/Male
American, British, English, French, German, Swedish
Keeper of the Garden; Surname
Girl/Female
Hindu
Pure, Sacred, Virtuous
Boy/Male
Indian
Safety
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Miles, MYLES means "son of Mile."
DATA DREDGING
DATA DREDGING
DATA DREDGING
DATA DREDGING
DATA DREDGING
v. t.
To note or fix the time of, as of an event; to give the date of; as, to date the building of the pyramids.
n. pl.
See Datum.
n.
A New Zealand forest tree (Metrosideros robusta), also, its hard dark red wood, used by the Maoris for paddles and war clubs.
n.
The point of time at which a transaction or event takes place, or is appointed to take place; a given point of time; epoch; as, the date of a battle.
n.
The fruit of the date palm; also, the date palm itself.
n.
Assigned end; conclusion.
a.
Being out of date; antiquated.
n.
Prior date; a date antecedent to another which is the actual date.
pl.
of Datum
n.
Given or assigned length of life; dyration.
a.
Without date; having no fixed time.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Date
a.
Erroneous in date; containing an anachronism.
imp. & p. p.
of Date
v. t.
To note the time of writing or executing; to express in an instrument the time of its execution; as, to date a letter, a bond, a deed, or a charter.
v. i.
To have beginning; to begin; to be dated or reckoned; -- with from.
n.
That addition to a writing, inscription, coin, etc., which specifies the time (as day, month, and year) when the writing or inscription was given, or executed, or made; as, the date of a letter, of a will, of a deed, of a coin. etc.
n.
Death; decease; the date of one's death.
v. t.
To date erroneously.