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Hypothetical DNA replication mechanism used by some circular chromosomes
D-loop replication, however, nor do all chloroplasts and mitochondria use circular chromosomes; in those with linear chromosomes, D-loop replication does
D-loop_replication
DNA structure
region or D-loop region.[citation needed] Replication of the mitochondrial DNA can occur in two different ways, both starting in the D-loop region. One
D-loop
DNA replication in prokaryotes
other bacteria show many similarities. Replication is bi-directional and originates at a single origin of replication (OriC). It consists of three steps:
Prokaryotic_DNA_replication
Biological process
process of D-loop replication.[citation needed] In vertebrate cells, replication sites concentrate into positions called replication foci. Replication sites
DNA_replication
Self-reproducing cellular automaton patterns
mediate the loop replication process. After the loop has completed, state 5 travels counter-clockwise along the sheath of the parent loop to the next
Langton's_loops
Non-coding region of the mitochondrial DNA
contains the origin of replication of one strand, and the origin of transcription for both strands. The control region and mtDNA D-loop are sometimes used
MtDNA_control_region
Cellular automaton
reproducing CA?") for the full rule set of Byl's loop Gianluca Tempesti (1998), "Chapter 3: Self-Replication", A Self-Repairing Multiplexer-Based FPGA Inspired
Byl's_loop
Self-replicating cellular automaton
requirements for machine self-replication. However, it is clear that far simpler machines can achieve self-replication. Examples include trivial crystal-like
Von Neumann universal constructor
Von_Neumann_universal_constructor
Loop transformation technique
Loop unrolling, also known as loop unwinding, is a loop transformation technique that attempts to optimize a program's execution speed at the expense
Loop_unrolling
Three-stranded nucleic acid structure
and can block replication forks to induce fork collapse and subsequent double-strand breaks. R-loops may also induce unscheduled replication by acting as
R-loop
Second subphase of interphase
feedback loop similar to the one found in yeast. Throughout M phase and G1 phase, cells assemble inactive pre-replication complexes (pre-RC) on replication origins
S_phase
Rolling hairpin replication (RHR) is a unidirectional, strand displacement form of DNA replication used by parvoviruses, a group of viruses that constitute
Rolling_hairpin_replication
DNA replication stress refers to the state of a cell whose genome is exposed to various stresses. The events that contribute to replication stress occur
DNA_replication_stress
Telomerase-independent mechanism
D-loop migration model, which is supported by the observation of non-conservative rather than semi-conservative products of break-induced replication
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres
Alternative_Lengthening_of_Telomeres
Cycles going through a hierarchy
synthesis and DNA replication, and self-referential Gödelian statements in formal systems. In I Am a Strange Loop, Hofstadter defines strange loops as follows:
Strange_loop
Sequence in a genome
The origin of replication (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. Propagation of the
Origin_of_replication
DNA located in cellular organelles called chloroplasts
dehydrogenase ribosomal proteins tRNA replication origin regions tRNA small RNA ribosomal protein replication origin regions ribosomal RNA tRNAs ribosomal
Plastid_DNA
D-loop. Resolution of the D-loop is thought to occur by replication primed by the 3’ end generated at Chi (in the D-loop). Alternatively, the D-loop may
Chi_site
Region of repetitive nucleotide sequences on chromosomes
primer to initiate replication. On the leading strand (oriented 5'-3' within the replication fork), DNA-polymerase continuously replicates from the point
Telomere
DNA replication in eukaryotic organisms
Eukaryotic DNA replication is a conserved mechanism that restricts DNA replication to once per cell cycle. Eukaryotic DNA replication of chromosomal DNA
Eukaryotic_DNA_replication
Stage in cell cycle
several factors on the replication complex promoting DNA replication by causing inhibitory proteins to fall off of replication complexes or through activation
G1/S_transition
Species of virus
involved in viral replication. Porcine circovirus is a replicating entity with one of the smallest DNA strands consisting of a simple loop of DNA. The DNA
Porcine_circovirus
non-crossover DNA. SDSA is unique in that D-loop translocation results in conservative rather than semiconservative replication, as the first extended strand is
Synthesis-dependent strand annealing
Synthesis-dependent_strand_annealing
Capacity of an object, organism, or population to continue its own existence
imperfect self-replication and thus imperfect self-perpetuation because of recombination and mutation. Organisms are not like self-replicating machine but
Self-perpetuation
EL, Cayer J, Ye F, Guo Y, Shyr Y, Cortez D. Cyclin-dependent kinase 9-cyclin K functions in the replication stress response. EMBO Rep. 2010 Nov;11(11):876-82
Cyclin-dependent kinase complex
Cyclin-dependent_kinase_complex
Process where information about current status is used to influence future status
as inputs as part of a chain of cause and effect that forms a circuit or loop. The system can then be said to feed back into itself. The notion of cause-and-effect
Feedback
DNA structure
open regions at loops. Cruciform DNA is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and has a role in DNA transcription and DNA replication, double strand
Cruciform_DNA
Software user interface
Human-in-the-loop (HITL) is used in multiple contexts. It can be defined as a model requiring human interaction. HITL is associated with modeling and simulation
Human-in-the-loop
DNA synthesis technique
Rolling circle replication (RCR) is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication that can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules
Rolling_circle_replication
Mechanism of nuclear organization
interact with cohesin subunits. DNA replication: Replication forks and replisomes have been shown to restrict loop extrusion activity. Additionally, the
Loop_extrusion
Animated children's television series for PBS Kids
the Loop (stylized in all caps) is a children's animated television series created by Dave Peth. It revolves around the adventures of Lyla Loops, a seven-year-old
Lyla_in_the_Loop
The replication factor C, or RFC, is a five-subunit protein complex that is required for DNA replication. The subunits of this heteropentamer are named
Replication_factor_C
Control mechanism in the eukaryotic cell cycle
fission) is relatively simple and quick: the chromosome replicates from the origin of replication, a new membrane is assembled, and the cell wall forms
Cell_cycle_checkpoint
Type of chromosome
bacteria chromosome replication is best understood in the well-studied bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Chromosome replication proceeds in three
Circular_chromosome
Repeating sequences of 2–13 base pairs of DNA
cause of such length changes is replication slippage, caused by mismatches between DNA strands while being replicated during meiosis. DNA polymerase,
Microsatellite
Human infectious disease
supports viral replication. HDAg-L, in contrast, is produced during the later stages of an infection, acts as an inhibitor of viral replication, and is required
Hepatitis_D
Family of viruses
positive-strand RNA synthesis. The cis-acting replication element (CRE) is required for replication. The stem-loop-structure that contains the CRE is independent
Picornavirus
Protein family
defective in the regulation of DNA replication initiation. The rationale behind this screen was that if replication origins were regulated in a manner
Minichromosome_maintenance
Family of viruses
initiating replication. During replication, the hairpins repeatedly unfold, are replicated, and refold to change the direction of replication to progress
Parvoviridae
Bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli
lysogenic cycle). The O and P proteins initiate replication of the phage chromosome (see "Lytic Replication"). Q, another antiterminator, binds to Qut sites
Lambda_phage
Dynamical system
successful strategies decline. Unlike other models of replication—such as the quasispecies model—the replicator equation allows the fitness of each type to depend
Replicator_equation
Limit to divisions of a normal human cell
This occurs due to the uneven nature of DNA replication, where leading and lagging strands are not replicated symmetrically. The telomeric region of DNA
Hayflick_limit
Spatial distribution of chromatin within a cell nucleus
breathing. At intermediate scales, an active process of loop extrusion creates dynamic loops and Topologically Associating Domains (TADs). Each human
Nuclear_organization
Protein complex serving as a telomere cap
telomere. Both TRF1 and TRF2 participate in telomere replication as well as in the prevention of replication fork stalling. Exercise has been shown to upregulate
Shelterin
Virus that has DNA as its genetic material
polymerase to use the negative strand as a template for replication. Replication progresses in a loop around the genome by means of extending the 3'-end of
DNA_virus
RNA family
replication Other non-coding RNA structures in Tombusvirus include the 3′ UTR region IV and an internal replication element. Fabian MR, Na H, Ray D,
Tombusvirus_5′_UTR
DNA mutation involving an increase in number of trinucleotide repeats
during DNA replication, also known as "copy choice" DNA replication. Due to the repetitive nature of the DNA sequence in these regions, 'loop out' structures
Trinucleotide repeat expansion
Trinucleotide_repeat_expansion
UTR element Enterovirus 5′ cloverleaf cis-acting replication element Enterovirus cis-acting replication element Fibro-purF RNA motif FIE3 (ftz instability
List of cis-regulatory RNA elements
List_of_cis-regulatory_RNA_elements
Nucleic acid sequence
replication of cell organism and organelles that range from phage plasmids, mitochondria, and eukaryotic viruses to mammalian cells. The replication origins
Inverted_repeat
RNA family
the secondary signal stem-loop, where mutations in this region reduce viral replication 4 to 6 times. However, replication rates of mutant BLV strains
Bovine leukaemia virus RNA packaging signal
Bovine_leukaemia_virus_RNA_packaging_signal
Dependence of the state of a system on its history
called hysteretic. Plots of a single component of the moment often form a loop or hysteresis curve, where there are different values of one variable depending
Hysteresis
Viral protein
primer for replication. In picornavirius, 3Dpol (the RdRp) is able to synthesize VPg-pUpU-OH by using a polyA sequence within a stem-loop structure (cis-acting
VPg
Learning model
Double-loop learning entails the modification of goals or decision-making rules in the light of experience. In double-loop learning, individuals or organizations
Double-loop_learning
Family of viruses
the replication and capsid proteins. Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows
Circoviridae
ATP-binding protein sequence motifs
motif is the main "P-loop" responsible for binding phosphate, while the B motif is a much less conserved downstream region. The P-loop is best known for
Walker_motifs
Single tube technique for the amplification of DNA
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a single-tube technique for the amplification of DNA for diagnostic purposes and a low-cost alternative
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
Loop-mediated_isothermal_amplification
Genus of viruses
structural and non-structural proteins, during replication. The cellular ribosome is crucial to the replication of the flavivirus, as it translates the RNA
Orthoflavivirus
Technique in computer programming to optimize loop execution
meantime, this is actually the value of A(i) in this replicated loop iteration. Of course, code replication increases code size and cache pressure just as the
Software_pipelining
Class of enzymes
III. The firing of the origin of replication (oriC) in bacteria cells is highly controlled to ensure DNA replication occurs only once during each cell
DNA_adenine_methylase
Model of DNA repair in biology
RAD51 localizer) are critical in support of DNA replication and the recovery of stalled or broken replication forks. NHEJ modifies and ligates the damaged
Double-strand break repair model
Double-strand_break_repair_model
Protein family
culminate in its division and replication are collectively known as the cell cycle Since the successful division and replication of a cell is essential for
Cyclin_A
Protein
particular spot on a circular chromosome called the replicator to start DNA replication. It is a replication initiation factor which promotes the unwinding
DnaA
Its RNA secondary structure is known to be necessary for the viral replication during infection. In contrast to the structurally conserved 5' UTR of
Flavivirus_3'_UTR
Virus classification system made by David Baltimore
mechanisms to replicate their genome. A widely used method is bidirectional replication, in which two replication forks are established at a replication origin
Baltimore_classification
Protein
duplex loop". Cell. 97 (4): 503–14. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80760-6. PMID 10338214. S2CID 721901. Teichmann M, Wang Z, Martinez E, Tjernberg A, Zhang D, Vollmer
Telomeric repeat-binding factor 2
Telomeric_repeat-binding_factor_2
Enzyme found in humans
effective in replication arrest recovery. WRN may also be important in telomere maintenance and replication, especially the replication of the G-rich
Werner_syndrome_helicase
Class of drugs
Viral Replication". ACS Chemical Biology. 6 (8): 857–64. doi:10.1021/cb200082d. PMC 3158809. PMID 21648432. Abulwerdi, Fardokht A; Shortridge, Matthew D; Sztuba-Solinska
RNA-targeting small molecule drugs
RNA-targeting_small_molecule_drugs
DNA replication occurs only once per cell cycle. A key feature of the DNA replication mechanism in eukaryotes is that it is designed to replicate relatively
Control of chromosome duplication
Control_of_chromosome_duplication
Realm of viruses
progeny genomes into a circular form. Replication begins with the RNA polymerase replicating the genome in a loop around the genome, producing a continuous
Ribozyviria
Protein-coding gene in humans
gene encodes a protein that binds to the histone 3' UTR stem-loop structure in replication-dependent histone mRNAs. Histone mRNAs do not contain introns
SLBP
Protein complex that regulates the separation of sister chromatids during cell division
DNA looping. Cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1, SCC1 and SCC3 (SA1 or SA2 in humans). Cohesin holds sister chromatids together after DNA replication until
Cohesin
2D cellular automaton devised by Edgar F. Codd in 1968
to Codd's cellular automaton in 1984 to create Langton's loops, exhibiting self-replication with far fewer cells than that needed for self-reproduction
Codd's_cellular_automaton
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
are seen in DNA replication. This also removes the need for an RNA primer to initiate RNA synthesis, as is the case in DNA replication. The non-template
Transcription_(biology)
Components of human immunodeficiency virus
transport of Rev to the nucleus from cytosol during viral replication. Rev recognizes a complex stem-loop structure of the mRNA env located in the intron separating
Structure_and_genome_of_HIV
Realm of viruses
ungulavirus, appears to start replication first by forming a D-loop, then progressing through a strand-displacement mechanism. Replication then ends with the help
Adnaviria
Species of flavivirus causing West Nile fever
without breaking viral replication, and are large enough to manipulate CpG and UpA frequencies, thereby preserving viral replication competence. Once WNV
West_Nile_virus
DNA that does not code for proteins
synthesis. In most cases, replication proceeds in both directions from the replication origin. The main features of replication origins are sequences where
Non-coding_DNA
Species of virus
geminivirus DNA replication". Viral Replication. Avid Science. pp. 2–35.[ISBN missing] Simmons, Alvin M.; Ling, Kai-Shu; Harrison, Howard F.; Jackson, D. Michael
Sweet_potato_leaf_curl_virus
Molecule that carries genetic information
adducts that induce errors in replication. Nevertheless, due to their ability to inhibit DNA transcription and replication, other similar toxins are also
DNA
Events leading to cell division
D periods. The B period extends from the end of cell division to the beginning of DNA replication. DNA replication occurs during the C period. The D period
Cell_cycle
Species of virus
the viral genome into an RNA replication complex, which is associated with rearranged cytoplasmic membranes. RNA replication takes place via the viral RNA-dependent
Hepatitis_C_virus
Family of protein complexes in bacteria
joint DNA molecule, such as a D-loop (Figure 2). The joint DNA molecule is thought to be resolved either by replication primed by the invading 3’ ended
RecBCD
Genetic recombination between identical or highly similar strands of genetic material
deletions of genetic material. During DNA replication, double-strand breaks can sometimes be encountered at replication forks as DNA helicase unzips the template
Homologous_recombination
Protein found in humans
replication foci, indicating that PCNA assists in initiating repair by guiding MutSβ and other repair proteins to free termini in recently replicated
MSH3
many times the replication is to take place. If Y=0, then the replication is called a "delayed replication" and the number of replications is to be obtained
BUFR
Network protocol flaw in the original versions of TFTP
befalls the sorcerer's apprentice: the problem resulted in an ever-growing replication of every packet in the transfer. The problem occurred because of a known
Sorcerer's Apprentice syndrome
Sorcerer's_Apprentice_syndrome
Plant organelle that conducts photosynthesis
or broken circles, then a D-loop mechanism of replication is insufficient to explain how those structures would replicate. At the same time, homologous
Chloroplast
Realm of viruses
circular in form. Replication methods used by singelavirians include rolling circle replication and probably protein-primed replication. Some viruses in
Singelaviria
Proto-oncogene derived from polyomavirus SV40
cell for transcription and genome replication. The cis-acting regulatory element surrounding the origin of replication directs transcription, and T-antigen
SV40_large_T_antigen
Mammalian protein found in humans
are stressed by agents that cause DNA damage, specifically when DNA replication forks are stalled. Damage present during S phase of the cell cycle causes
Bloom_syndrome_protein
Esoteric, minimalist programming language
the loop >++ Add 2 to Cell #2 >+++ Add 3 to Cell #3 >+++ Add 3 to Cell #4 >+ Add 1 to Cell #5 <<<<- Decrement the loop counter in Cell #1 ] Loop until
Brainfuck
Enzyme that repairs DNA damage
misincorporation of dUMP residues. After a mutation occurs, the mutagenic threat of uracil propagates through any subsequent DNA replication steps. Once unzipped
Uracil-DNA_glycosylase
Species of virus
findings emerged: replication-competent isolated viruses were related to RSV, but were non-transforming, and an isolated replication-defective strain of
Rous_sarcoma_virus
Eighth letter of the Greek alphabet
of a test taker in item response theory Theta Type Replication: a type of bacterial DNA replication specific to circular chromosomes Threshold value of
Theta
Untranslated regions in the genome of viruses in the genus Flavivirus
life cycle. During replication, the 5' UTR interacts with the 3' UTR of the genome to initiate synthesis of new viral replicates and viral protein translation
Flavivirus_5'_UTR
Lock-and-key pairing between two structures
catalyze genome replication. The reverse transcriptase can switch between two parental RNA genomes by copy-choice recombination during replication. DNA repair
Complementarity (molecular biology)
Complementarity_(molecular_biology)
Term in biochemistry
important in DNA replication because it replicates the leading strand one way and the lagging strand the other way. During DNA replication, the leading strand
Antiparallel_(biochemistry)
List of characters appearing in the Marvel Cinematic Universe
of defense at S.H.I.E.L.D. while secretly working for Hydra. When Hank Pym discovers S.H.I.E.L.D. has been trying to replicate his Pym particles in 1989
Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe: A–L
Characters_of_the_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe:_A–L
DNA structure
absence of DNA replication, which suggests they process H-DNA in a replication-independent manner. Alternatively, the DNA-replication repair nuclease
Triple-stranded_DNA
System for fixing base errors of DNA replication
deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage. Mismatch
DNA_mismatch_repair
D LOOP-REPLICATION
D LOOP-REPLICATION
Girl/Female
Hindu
Look, Blessed with beauty, Shape, Beauty
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian form of German Konrad, KONRÃD means "bold counsel."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for a cooper, from Middle English coupe ‘tub’, ‘container’ (see Cooper). In some cases the surname may have been derived from a pub or house sign.Dutch : from koop ‘purchase’, ‘bargain’, hence a nickname for a haggler or a metonymic occupational name for a merchant.
Boy/Male
British, English
Barrel Maker
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian name derived from Latin Alfredus, ALFRÉD means "elf counsel."
Male
French
French form of Latin Lupus, LOUP means "wolf."
Surname or Lastname
Dutch
Dutch : from a short form of the Germanic personal name Robrecht.Altered spelling of German Rupp.English : variant spelling of Roope.
Boy/Male
Arabic
The Biblical Lot is the English Language Equivalent
Boy/Male
Dutch, German, Hebrew
God will Multiply; God will Add
Female
Irish
Pet form of Irish Gaelic BrÃghid, BRÃD means "exalted one."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : possibly from the Old Norse personal name Tópi, Túpi, a short form of a personal name formed with þórr, name of the Norse god of thunder (see Thor) + a second element with initial b-, for example björn ‘bear’, ‘warrior’. On the other hand, the name is found mainly in Dorset and Devon, which are far from areas of Scandinavian settlement.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Rajasthani, Sindhi, Traditional
Look; Beauty; Appearance
Surname or Lastname
North German
North German : habitational name from any of several places called Loose or Loosey.North German : from a short form of Nikolaus, German form of Nicholas.Dutch : nickname from the adjective loos ‘cunning’, ‘artful’, ‘guileful’.English : variant spelling of Loose.
Male
Dutch
, Jehovah's gift (or grace).
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian name ÃRPÃD means "seed."
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian
Loop; Autumn
Surname or Lastname
English (Somerset)
English (Somerset) : habitational name from Look in Puncknowle, Dorset, named in Old English with lūce ‘enclosure’.English : possibly a variant of Luck 3.Northern English and Scottish : from a vernacular pet form of Lucas.Dutch (van Look) : topographic name from look ‘enclosure’ or habitational name from a place named with this word.Thomas Look (b. c. 1622) was in Lynn, MA, by 1646. His son, also called Thomas (b. 1646), moved to Martha’s Vineyard about 1670.
Boy/Male
Indian
The loving one
Boy/Male
Hebrew
God will multiply.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Look, Blessed with beauty, Shape, Beauty
D LOOP-REPLICATION
D LOOP-REPLICATION
Girl/Female
Tamil
Loved one, Darling, Beloved
Boy/Male
Muslim
Tall, Towering, Lofty
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Who is Guarded
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Traditional
A King; Sriram
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Servant of the Trustee
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Victorious in War
Girl/Female
Arabic, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Connoisseur; Full of Passion; Elegant; With Discrimination
Boy/Male
German
Head of the household; leader of the household.
Boy/Male
Australian, Polish
Healer; To Heal
Boy/Male
Muslim
Conqueror
D LOOP-REPLICATION
D LOOP-REPLICATION
D LOOP-REPLICATION
D LOOP-REPLICATION
D LOOP-REPLICATION
v. t.
To beat in the game of loo by winning every trick.
v. t.
To bind or fasten with hoops; as, to hoop a barrel or puncheon.
n.
See 1st Loop.
n.
Hence; Appearance; aspect; as, the house has a gloomy look; the affair has a bad look.
v. t.
To let hang down; as, to lop the head.
n.
A ring; a circular band; anything resembling a hoop, as the cylinder (cheese hoop) in which the curd is pressed in making cheese.
n.
Expression of the eyes and face; manner; as, a proud or defiant look.
v. i.
To seem; to appear; to have a particular appearance; as, the patient looks better; the clouds look rainy.
n.
A curve of any kind in the form of a loop.
v. t.
To express or manifest by a look.
v. t.
To make a loop of or in; to fasten with a loop or loops; -- often with up; as, to loop a string; to loop up a curtain.
pl.
of Trou-de-loup
v. i.
To direct the attention (to something); to consider; to examine; as, to look at an action.
n.
See Groundnut (d).
v. t.
To break over the poop or stern, as a wave.
n.
See Loon, the bird.
v. t.
To influence, overawe, or subdue by looks or presence as, to look down opposition.
v. t.
To look at; to turn the eyes toward.