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Suite of cryptographic algorithms needed to implement a particular security service
In cryptography, a cryptosystem is a suite of cryptographic algorithms needed to implement a particular security service, such as confidentiality (encryption)
Cryptosystem
Algorithm for public key cryptography
The Paillier cryptosystem, invented by and named after Pascal Paillier in 1999, is a probabilistic asymmetric algorithm for public key cryptography. The
Paillier_cryptosystem
Concept in cryptography
a hybrid cryptosystem is one which combines the convenience of a public-key cryptosystem with the efficiency of a symmetric-key cryptosystem. Public-key
Hybrid_cryptosystem
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
distributed without compromising security. There are many kinds of public-key cryptosystems, with different security goals, including digital signature, Diffie–Hellman
Public-key_cryptography
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
The RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) cryptosystem is a family of public-key cryptosystems (one of the oldest), widely used for secure data transmission. The
RSA_cryptosystem
Public-key encryption scheme
The Rabin cryptosystem is a family of public-key encryption schemes based on a trapdoor function whose security, like that of RSA, is related to the difficulty
Rabin_cryptosystem
A cryptosystem is a set of cryptographic algorithms that map ciphertexts and plaintexts to each other. Private-key cryptosystems use the same key for encryption
List_of_cryptosystems
Type of cryptosystem
A threshold cryptosystem, the basis for the field of threshold cryptography, is a cryptosystem in which the secret key is split into a number of pieces
Threshold_cryptosystem
Public-key cryptosystem
free GNU Privacy Guard software, recent versions of PGP, and other cryptosystems. The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a variant of the ElGamal signature
ElGamal_encryption
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
and cryptosystems is somewhat arbitrary, a sophisticated cryptosystem can be derived from a combination of several more primitive cryptosystems. In many
Cryptography
Type of cryptographic algorithm
Knapsack cryptosystems are cryptosystems whose security is based on the hardness of solving the knapsack problem. They remain quite unpopular because
Knapsack_cryptosystems
Form of public key cryptography
The Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem was one of the earliest public key cryptosystems. It was published by Ralph Merkle and Martin Hellman in 1978
Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem
Merkle–Hellman_knapsack_cryptosystem
Approach to public-key cryptography
security, compared to cryptosystems based on modular exponentiation in finite fields, such as the RSA cryptosystem and ElGamal cryptosystem. Elliptic curves
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
Asymmetric key encryption algorithm
The Goldwasser–Micali (GM) cryptosystem is an asymmetric key encryption algorithm developed by Shafi Goldwasser and Silvio Micali in 1982. GM has the distinction
Goldwasser–Micali cryptosystem
Goldwasser–Micali_cryptosystem
Asymmetric encryption algorithm developed by Robert McEliece
In cryptography, the McEliece cryptosystem is an asymmetric encryption algorithm developed in 1978 by Robert McEliece. It was the first such scheme to
McEliece_cryptosystem
Form of encryption that allows computation on ciphertexts
Goldwasser–Micali cryptosystem (unbounded number of exclusive or operations) Benaloh cryptosystem (unbounded number of modular additions) Paillier cryptosystem (unbounded
Homomorphic_encryption
The Benaloh Cryptosystem is an extension of the Goldwasser-Micali cryptosystem (GM) created in 1985 by Josh (Cohen) Benaloh. The main improvement of the
Benaloh_cryptosystem
Security system
Naccache–Stern Knapsack cryptosystem is an atypical public-key cryptosystem developed by David Naccache and Jacques Stern in 1997. This cryptosystem is deterministic
Naccache–Stern knapsack cryptosystem
Naccache–Stern_knapsack_cryptosystem
Public-key security system
Naccache–Stern cryptosystem is a homomorphic public-key cryptosystem whose security rests on the higher residuosity problem. The Naccache–Stern cryptosystem was
Naccache–Stern_cryptosystem
Placeholder characters
1978 paper "A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-key Cryptosystems". Subsequently, they have become common archetypes in many scientific
Alice_and_Bob
Study of stealing information securely and subliminally
cryptosystem would be computationally indistinguishable from the outputs of the corresponding uninfected cryptosystem. If the infected cryptosystem is
Kleptography
Lattice-based cryptosystem
The Goldreich–Goldwasser–Halevi (GGH) lattice-based cryptosystem is a broken asymmetric cryptosystem based on lattices. There is also a GGH signature scheme
GGH_encryption_scheme
Asymmetric key encryption algorithm
Ronald Cramer and Victor Shoup in 1998, it is an extension of the ElGamal cryptosystem. In contrast to ElGamal, which is extremely malleable, Cramer–Shoup adds
Cramer–Shoup_cryptosystem
Cohen's cryptosystem is a public-key cryptosystem proposed in 1998 by Bram Cohen. In Cohen's cryptosystem, a private key is a positive integer p {\displaystyle
Cohen's_cryptosystem
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
exchange. RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is another notable public-key cryptosystem. Created in 1978, it is still used today for applications involving digital
Encryption
In cryptography, the Niederreiter cryptosystem is a variation of the McEliece cryptosystem developed in 1986 by Harald Niederreiter. It applies the same
Niederreiter_cryptosystem
Cryptographic arrangement
Key escrow (also known as a "fair" cryptosystem) is an arrangement in which the keys needed to decrypt encrypted data are held in escrow so that, under
Key_escrow
Property of some cryptographic algorithms
Malleability is often an undesirable property in a general-purpose cryptosystem, since it allows an attacker to modify the contents of a message. For
Malleability_(cryptography)
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
advanced computerized schemes of the present. Methods for breaking modern cryptosystems often involve solving carefully constructed problems in pure mathematics
Cryptanalysis
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
public-key schemes such as the RSA, Diffie-Hellman or elliptic-curve cryptosystems—which could, theoretically, be defeated using Shor's algorithm on a
Lattice-based_cryptography
Cryptography framework
E(a,E(b,m)) = mab mod p = mba mod p = E(b,E(a,m)). The Massey–Omura Cryptosystem was proposed by James Massey and Jim K. Omura in 1982 as a possible improvement
Three-pass_protocol
Property of some cryptosystems
indistinguishability is a property of many encryption schemes. Intuitively, if a cryptosystem possesses the property of indistinguishability, then an adversary will
Ciphertext indistinguishability
Ciphertext_indistinguishability
Substitution cipher based on linear algebra
Authentication protocol Cryptographic primitive Cryptanalysis Cryptocurrency Cryptosystem Cryptographic nonce Cryptovirology Hash function Cryptographic hash function
Hill_cipher
Cryptographic system
anglicized name Secure Inter-Network Architecture. As of April 2024 the cryptosystem was employed by "many European governments for transmitting classified
Sichere Inter-Netzwerk Architektur
Sichere_Inter-Netzwerk_Architektur
The Damgård–Jurik cryptosystem is a generalization of the Paillier cryptosystem. It uses computations modulo n s + 1 {\displaystyle n^{s+1}} where n {\displaystyle
Damgård–Jurik_cryptosystem
Mathematical problem in cryptography
problem has been used as a hardness assumption to create public-key cryptosystems, such as the ring learning with errors key exchange by Peikert. Denote
Learning_with_errors
The Okamoto–Uchiyama cryptosystem is a public key cryptosystem proposed in 1998 by Tatsuaki Okamoto and Shigenori Uchiyama. The system works in the multiplicative
Okamoto–Uchiyama_cryptosystem
Quantum-safe key encapsulation mechanism
in the transmission system being able to decrypt it. This asymmetric cryptosystem uses a variant of the learning with errors lattice problem as its basic
ML-KEM
Digital verification standard
The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a public-key cryptosystem and Federal Information Processing Standard for digital signatures, based on the mathematical
Digital_Signature_Algorithm
American cryptographer
Public Key Cryptosystem and A Signature Scheme Based on Discrete Logarithms" proposed the design of the ElGamal discrete log cryptosystem and of the ElGamal
Taher_Elgamal
Any attack based on information gained from the implementation of a computer system
from Microsoft Research and Indiana University. Attempts to break a cryptosystem by deceiving or coercing people with legitimate access are not typically
Side-channel_attack
Asymmetric cryptographic technique based on integer factorisation
The Schmidt-Samoa cryptosystem is an asymmetric cryptographic technique, whose security, like Rabin depends on the difficulty of integer factorization
Schmidt-Samoa_cryptosystem
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
libgcrypt LibreSSL mbed TLS Microsoft CryptoAPI OpenSSL wolfCrypt EdDSA RSA (cryptosystem) Johnson, Don; Menezes, Alfred (1999). "The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
American cryptographer (born 1952)
Martin Hellman, with whom he co-invented the Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem. He later introduced the Merkle–Damgård construction, which underlies
Ralph_Merkle
Basic cryptographic algorithm used to build cryptographic protocols
primitives are one of the building blocks of every cryptosystem, e.g., TLS, SSL, SSH, etc. Cryptosystem designers, not being in a position to definitively
Cryptographic_primitive
Cryptography method
In cryptography, a semantically secure cryptosystem is one where only negligible information about the plaintext can be feasibly extracted from the ciphertext
Semantic_security
Measure of cryptographic strength
algorithms and is useful when combining multiple primitives in a hybrid cryptosystem, so there is no clear weakest link. For example, AES-128 (key size 128
Security_level
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
Diffie-Hellman exchange. The method was followed shortly after by the RSA cryptosystem, an implementation of public-key cryptography using asymmetric algorithms
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
Encryption technique
burden compared to the key negotiation protocols of a modern public-key cryptosystem. Such media cannot reliably be erased securely by any means short of
One-time_pad
Public key cryptosystem
Equations (HFE), also known as HFE trapdoor function, is a public key cryptosystem which was introduced at Eurocrypt in 1996 and proposed by (in French)
Hidden_Field_Equations
Security of a cryptosystem which derives purely from information theory
A cryptosystem is considered to have information-theoretic security (also called unconditional security) if the system is secure against adversaries with
Information-theoretic security
Information-theoretic_security
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
under an adaptive chosen message attack. All public key / private key cryptosystems depend entirely on keeping the private key secret. A private key can
Digital_signature
Public-key cryptosystem that uses lattice-based cryptography
NTRU is an open-source public-key cryptosystem that uses lattice-based cryptography to encrypt and decrypt data. It consists of two algorithms: NTRUEncrypt
NTRU
Term applied to cryptographic systems that are highly resistant to cryptanalysis
actual use of cryptographic algorithms requires their encapsulation in a cryptosystem, and doing so often introduces vulnerabilities which are not due to faults
Strong_cryptography
Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
Prichett, Gordon (1987). "Cryptology: From Caesar Ciphers to Public-key Cryptosystems". The College Mathematics Journal. 18 (1): 2–17. doi:10.1080/07468342
Cipher
Management of cryptographic keys
Key management is the management of cryptographic keys in a cryptosystem. This includes the lifecycle management of keys, such as the generation, exchange
Key_management
Attack model for cryptanalysis
be defeated under chosen-ciphertext attack. For example, the El Gamal cryptosystem is semantically secure under chosen-plaintext attack, but this semantic
Chosen-ciphertext_attack
U.S. government cryptographic standard
Authentication protocol Cryptographic primitive Cryptanalysis Cryptocurrency Cryptosystem Cryptographic nonce Cryptovirology Hash function Cryptographic hash function
FIPS_140-3
Hypothesis in computational complexity theory
Cryptosystems whose security is equivalent to this assumption include Rabin signature and the Okamoto–Uchiyama cryptosystem. Many more cryptosystems rely
Computational hardness assumption
Computational_hardness_assumption
Public-key cryptosystem
In cryptography, a key encapsulation mechanism (KEM) is a public-key cryptosystem that allows a sender to generate a short secret key and transmit it to
Key_encapsulation_mechanism
Algorithm for solving the discrete logarithm problem
to increase the difficulty of the discrete log problem is to base the cryptosystem on a larger group. The algorithm is based on a space–time tradeoff. It
Baby-step_giant-step
Cryptographic attack
a side-channel attack in which the attacker attempts to compromise a cryptosystem by analyzing the time taken to execute cryptographic algorithms. Every
Timing_attack
Theorem on modular exponentiation
Euler's theorem underlies the RSA cryptosystem, which is widely used in Internet communications. In this cryptosystem, Euler's theorem is used with n being
Euler's_theorem
Asymmetric key encryption algorithm
The Blum–Goldwasser (BG) cryptosystem is an asymmetric key encryption algorithm proposed by Manuel Blum and Shafi Goldwasser in 1984. Blum–Goldwasser is
Blum–Goldwasser_cryptosystem
Lattice-based public key cryptosystem
The NTRUEncrypt public key cryptosystem, also known as the NTRU encryption algorithm, is an NTRU lattice-based alternative to RSA and elliptic curve cryptography
NTRUEncrypt
Encrypted information
analyzed. Ciphertext is generally the most easily obtained part of a cryptosystem and therefore is an important part of cryptanalysis. Ciphertext-only:
Ciphertext
English cryptanalyst (1917–1996)
Authentication protocol Cryptographic primitive Cryptanalysis Cryptocurrency Cryptosystem Cryptographic nonce Cryptovirology Hash function Cryptographic hash function
Joan_Clarke
Israeli mathematician and computer scientist (1931–2026)
Rabin invented the Rabin signature algorithm, the first asymmetric cryptosystem whose security was proved equivalent to the intractability of integer
Michael_O._Rabin
non-commutative cryptography, the currently widely used public-key cryptosystems like RSA cryptosystem, Diffie–Hellman key exchange and elliptic curve cryptography
Non-commutative_cryptography
EPOC Kyber Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem – knapsack scheme McEliece cryptosystem Niederreiter cryptosystem NTRUEncrypt RSA – factoring RSA-KEM
Outline_of_cryptography
Unsolved problem in cryptography
developed, it would threaten the current or eventual security of RSA-based cryptosystems—both for public-key encryption and digital signatures. More specifically
RSA_problem
American cryptographer (born 1947)
Rivest, jointly with Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman, introduced the RSA cryptosystem in 1978,[C1] which revolutionized modern cryptography by providing the
Ron_Rivest
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
not information-theoretically secure. However, in a properly designed cryptosystem the chance of successfully guessing the key is negligible. When cracking
Brute-force_attack
Simple and widely known encryption technique
Prichett (January 1987). "Cryptology: From Caesar Ciphers to Public-Key Cryptosystems". The College Mathematics Journal. 18 (1): 2–17. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.110
Caesar_cipher
In cryptography, a malicious entity
opponent, enemy) is an entity whose aim is to prevent the users of the cryptosystem from achieving their goal (primarily privacy, integrity, and availability
Adversary_(cryptography)
Topics referred to by the same term
problem, a special case of the above Naccache-Stern knapsack cryptosystem, a cryptosystem based on the knapsack problem Knapsack (band), an American band
Knapsack_(disambiguation)
Assumption used in cryptographic systems
cryptographic protocols, most notably the ElGamal and Cramer–Shoup cryptosystems. Consider a (multiplicative) cyclic group G {\displaystyle G} of order
Decisional Diffie–Hellman assumption
Decisional_Diffie–Hellman_assumption
Class of cryptographic attacks
attack describes a class of cryptographic attacks on the public-key cryptosystem RSA based on the Coppersmith method. Particular applications of the Coppersmith
Coppersmith's_attack
Based Encryption Boneh–Franklin Shamir, Adi (1985). "Identity-Based Cryptosystems and Signature Schemes" (PDF). In Blakley, George Robert; Chaum, David
Identity-based_cryptography
Field of asymmetric cryptographic primitives
generation of improved proposals. In later work, the "Hidden Monomial Cryptosystems" was developed by (in French) Jacques Patarin. It is based on a ground
Multivariate_cryptography
Cryptographic signature scheme
this a fairly efficient digital signature scheme. The Lamport signature cryptosystem was invented in 1979 and named after its inventor, Leslie Lamport. Alice
Lamport_signature
Plaintext-awareness is a notion of security for public-key encryption. A cryptosystem is plaintext-aware if it is difficult for any efficient algorithm to
Plaintext-aware_encryption
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
applies, such as the McEliece cryptosystem, which relies on a hard problem in coding theory. Lattice-based cryptosystems are also not known to be broken
Quantum_computing
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
Authentication protocol Cryptographic primitive Cryptanalysis Cryptocurrency Cryptosystem Cryptographic nonce Cryptovirology Hash function Cryptographic hash function
Salt_(cryptography)
Venezuelan computer scientist
the Blum Blum Shub pseudorandom number generator, the Blum–Goldwasser cryptosystem, and more recently CAPTCHAs. Blum is also known as the advisor of many
Manuel_Blum
Block cipher
FEAL-8 Cryptosystem. CRYPTO 1990: 22–33. Shoji Miyaguchi: The FEAL Cipher Family. CRYPTO 1990: 627–638 Shoji Miyaguchi: The FEAL-8 Cryptosystem and a Call
FEAL
scan to solve the 1:many identify problem. Today, private biometric cryptosystems overcome these limitations and risks through the use of one-way, fully
Private_biometrics
Israeli American computer scientist (born 1959)
algorithmic number theory. She and Blum proposed the Blum-Goldwasser cryptosystem. Along with Silvio Micali, also a student at Berkeley at the time, she
Shafi_Goldwasser
numbers that are limited, they may, in fact, have no real purpose in a cryptosystem if the chaotic behavior can be predicted. One of the most important issues
Chaotic_cryptology
American computer scientist
cryptography. His contributions to these fields include: The Cramer–Shoup cryptosystem asymmetric encryption algorithm bears his name. His freely available
Victor_Shoup
In cryptography, a key distribution center (KDC) is part of a cryptosystem intended to reduce the risks inherent in exchanging keys. KDCs often operate
Key_distribution_center
Digital asset using a distributed ledger
Authentication protocol Cryptographic primitive Cryptanalysis Cryptocurrency Cryptosystem Cryptographic nonce Cryptovirology Hash function Cryptographic hash function
Cryptocurrency
Branch of pure mathematics
the creation of public-key cryptography algorithms, such as the RSA cryptosystem. Number theory is the branch of mathematics that studies integers and
Number_theory
Field of knowledge
Euclid in 300 BC, had no practical application before its use in the RSA cryptosystem, now widely used for the security of computer networks. In the 19th century
Mathematics
Decidability assumption
In particular, the assumption is used in the proof of the Paillier cryptosystem. Informally, the DCRA states that given a composite n {\displaystyle
Decisional composite residuosity assumption
Decisional_composite_residuosity_assumption
French cryptographer
Pointcheval–Stern signature algorithm, the Naccache–Stern cryptosystem and Naccache–Stern knapsack cryptosystem, and the block ciphers CS-Cipher, DFC, and xmx.
Jacques_Stern_(cryptographer)
Mathematics independent of applications
the problem of factoring large integers, which is the basis of the RSA cryptosystem, widely used to secure Internet communications. It follows that, currently
Pure_mathematics
A prime p divides a^p–a for any integer a
with n not prime in public-key cryptography, specifically in the RSA cryptosystem, typically in the following way: if y = x e ( mod n ) , {\displaystyle
Fermat's_little_theorem
Information retrieval using cryptography
security of a length-flexible additively homomorphic cryptosystem like the Damgård–Jurik cryptosystem. In 2005 Craig Gentry and Zulfikar Ramzan achieved
Private_information_retrieval
Early public-key cryptosystem
cryptography, Merkle's Puzzles is an early construction for a public-key cryptosystem, devised by Ralph Merkle in 1974 and published in 1978. The protocol
Merkle's_Puzzles
CRYPTOSYSTEM
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Girl/Female
Hindu
Lover of lotus, Goddess Lakshmi
Girl/Female
Tamil
The one who shines, Splendid, Ornamental, Shining
Boy/Male
Welsh
Corrupt.
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Piers, PIERCE means "rock, stone."
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Greek
Well-born; Everliving; Noble; Short for Names Ending with Gino
Boy/Male
Hindu
Prosperity or awakening or high quality, Advancement - to rise
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from a medieval personal name of which the original form was Latin Aegidius (from Greek aigidion ‘kid’, ‘young goat’). This was the name of a 7th-century Provençal hermit, whose cult popularized the name in a variety of more or less mutilated forms: Gidi and Gidy in southern France, Gil(l)i in the area of the Alpes-Maritimes, and Gil(l)e elsewhere. This last form was taken over to England by the Normans, but by the 12th century it was being confused with the Germanic names Gisel, a short form of Gilbert, and Gilo, which is from Gail (as in Gaillard).Irish : adopted as an Anglicized equivalent of Gaelic Ó Glaisne, a County Louth name, based on glas ‘green’, ‘blue’, ‘gray’.
Female
German
German form of Russian unisex Sasha, SASCHA means "defender of mankind."
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
To Conquer the World
Girl/Female
Tamil
Happy
CRYPTOSYSTEM
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CRYPTOSYSTEM
CRYPTOSYSTEM
CRYPTOSYSTEM