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Term applied to cryptographic systems that are highly resistant to cryptanalysis
Strong cryptography or cryptographically strong are general terms used to designate the cryptographic algorithms that, when used correctly, provide a
Strong_cryptography
Activist advocating widespread use of strong cryptography
A cypherpunk is one who advocates the widespread use of strong cryptography and privacy-enhancing technologies as a means of effecting social and political
Cypherpunk
Cryptographic application programming interface
Bouncy Castle is a collection of APIs used for implementing cryptography in computer programs. It includes APIs for both the Java and the C# programming
Bouncy_Castle_(cryptography)
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
Cryptography, or cryptology, is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally,
Cryptography
in response to United States federal legislation on the export of strong cryptography in the 1990s. The legislation had limited encryption to weak algorithms
Server-Gated_Cryptography
Topics referred to by the same term
a disease Crypto Wars, governmental attempts to limit access to strong cryptography Cripto, a protein-coding gene Krypto, also known as Krypto the Superdog
Crypto
Encryption device promoted by the NSA in the 1990s
were part of cryptographic software that was exported. These attempts were largely made moot by the widespread use of strong cryptographic technologies
Clipper_chip
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
In cryptography, encryption (more specifically, encoding) is the process of transforming information in a way that, ideally, only authorized parties can
Encryption
Disused cipher that was used historically
Renaissance ciphers, World War II cryptography such as the Enigma machine, and others. Conversely, modern strong cryptography relies on new algorithms and
Classical_cipher
Approach to public-key cryptography
Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
Framework for encryption and keys
On those versions and later, the stronger cryptographic algorithms are available by default." "Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Unlimited Strength
Java_Cryptography_Extension
Encryption protocol
distribution of normal cryptographic software completely impossible. CipherSaber was invented by Arnold Reinhold to keep strong cryptography in the hands of
CipherSaber
Number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm
In cryptography, key size or key length refers to the number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm (such as a cipher). Key length defines
Key_size
Australian cryptography policy review
The Walsh Report was an Australian cryptography policy review undertaken for the Australian government by Gerard Walsh, initially released in 1996 and
Walsh_Report_(cryptography)
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
= hash(m2). Such a pair is called a cryptographic hash collision. This property is sometimes referred to as strong collision resistance. It requires a
Cryptographic_hash_function
Traffic prioritization and measure of network performance
reservation approach for mobile wireless multirate adhoc networks. Strong cryptography network protocols such as Secure Sockets Layer, I2P, and virtual
Quality_of_service
Attempts to limit access to strong cryptography
the United States (US) and allied governments to limit access to cryptography strong enough to thwart decryption by national intelligence agencies, especially
Crypto_Wars
strong cryptography for the Apache v1.3 and v2 webserver via the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) cryptographic
Mod_ssl
issuer of the token. The token is protected from manipulation with strong cryptography. The client then presents the token to an application to gain access
Security_token_service
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a
Public-key_cryptography
Set of security requirements for card processors
components. Protect stored account data. Protect cardholder data with strong cryptography during transmission over open, public networks. Protect all systems
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard
Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standard
Cryptogram • Cryptographically Generated Address • Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator • Cryptographically strong • Cryptographic Application
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers, began thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classical
History_of_cryptography
Variable containing a public key in Windows NT 4.0
contained a 1024-bit public key; public keys are used in public-key cryptography for encryption and digital signature verification (but not decryption
NSAKEY
Freedom of communication and expression through various media
and strong cryptography: In addition to Internet-based publishing, the Internet (in combination with anonymity software such as Tor and cryptography) allows
Freedom_of_the_press
Public recursive DNS resolver based in Switzerland
use standards-based strong cryptography to protect the privacy of its users' DNS queries, and the first to use DNSSEC cryptographic validation to protect
Quad9
authority Public key fingerprint Secret sharing Internet key exchange Strong cryptography Brute-force attack Dictionary attack Padding oracle attack Pass the
List of cybersecurity information technologies
List_of_cybersecurity_information_technologies
Type of prime number
mathematics, a strong prime is a prime number with certain special properties. The definitions of strong primes are different in cryptography and number theory
Strong_prime
Cryptography based on quantum mechanical phenomena
Quantum cryptography is the exploiting of quantum-mechanical properties such as quantum entanglement, measurement disturbance, no-cloning theorem, and
Quantum_cryptography
2012 book by Julian Assange
control physical reality. Assange later wrote in The Guardian: "Strong cryptography is a vital tool in fighting state oppression." saying that was the
Cypherpunks_(book)
Type of authentication protocol
impractical to implement a true nonce, a strong cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator and cryptographic hash function can generate challenges
Challenge–response authentication
Challenge–response_authentication
A cryptographic service provider (CSP) is a package that "provides a concrete implementation of certain cryptographic services." A CSP offers operations
Cryptographic Service Provider
Cryptographic_Service_Provider
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
cryptosystem) such as RSAES-OAEP, and public-key key encapsulation. In RSA-based cryptography, a user's private key—which can be used to sign messages, or decrypt
RSA_cryptosystem
Web browser made by Mozilla
websites. It uses TLS to protect communications with web servers using strong cryptography when using the HTTPS protocol. The freely available HTTPS Everywhere
Firefox
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
it suitable for use in cryptography. It is also referred to as a cryptographic random number generator (CRNG). Most cryptographic applications require random
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
Software company in Canada
users. Being based in Canada allowed it to circumvent the US ban on strong cryptography, considered "munitions" at the time. ZKS was featured in Wired magazine
Zero_Knowledge_Systems
Concept in data security
data must comply with current PCI standards, including the use of strong cryptography. Tokenization is currently in standards definition in ANSI X9 as
Tokenization_(data_security)
United States law preventing export of military technologies
Munitions List changes over time. Until 1996–1997, ITAR classified strong cryptography as arms and prohibited their export from the U.S. Another change
International Traffic in Arms Regulations
International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations
Surveillance strategy
strategy has led to concerns about the need to urgently deploy post-quantum cryptography; even though no practical quantum attacks yet exist, some data stored
Harvest_now,_decrypt_later
of cryptographic software, including software, libraries, protocols, algorithms, services, and operating-system components used for cryptography, encryption
List of cryptographic software
List_of_cryptographic_software
Cryptographic secret, not public in contrast to salt
In cryptography, a pepper is a secret added to an input such as a password during hashing with a cryptographic hash function. This value differs from
Pepper_(cryptography)
Device installed in a vehicle to discourage theft
[citation needed] Keyless remote car alarms are typically based on strong cryptography authentication methods: Radio receiver Immobilizer Motion detector
Car_alarm
Method of exchanging information securely
banking at UBS AG (Union Bank of Switzerland) with the advent of strong cryptography in industry standard browsers. 2001: Google search engine indexes
Secure_messaging
Book by Matt Curtin
history. The message was unencrypted on June 18 and was found to be "Strong cryptography makes the world a safer place." This is also the message of Curtin's
Brute Force: Cracking the Data Encryption Standard
Brute_Force:_Cracking_the_Data_Encryption_Standard
transposition cipher much harder to explain. Second, the lack of a strong cryptographic tradition suggests – almost requires – a correspondingly weak cryptanalytic
Japanese cryptology from the 1500s to Meiji
Japanese_cryptology_from_the_1500s_to_Meiji
American historian and writer (1930–2024)
did it cover the advent of strong cryptography in the public domain, beginning with the invention of public key cryptography and the specification of the
David_Kahn_(writer)
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the cryptographic key is unknown. In
Cryptanalysis
secure communication channel with the contactless chip, but using stronger cryptography than BAC. PACE offers an excellent protection against offline attacks
Supplemental_access_control
Book by David Kahn
did not cover the advent of strong cryptography in the public domain, beginning with the invention of public key cryptography and the specification of the
The_Codebreakers
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
exchange is a mathematical method of securely generating a symmetric cryptographic key over a public channel and was one of the first protocols as conceived
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
British designation for intelligence from decrypted enemy communications
chief engineer Harold Keen. After the war, interrogation of German cryptographic personnel led to the conclusion that German cryptanalysts understood
Ultra_(cryptography)
of participants was still increasing rapidly. The solution was: Strong cryptography makes the world a safer place. The owner of the computer that found
DESCHALL_Project
American computer scientist (born 1963)
"kid sister cryptography", writing in the Preface to Applied Cryptography that: There are two kinds of cryptography in this world: cryptography that will
Bruce_Schneier
Security of a cryptosystem which derives purely from information theory
high-level military communications.[citation needed] There are a variety of cryptographic tasks for which information-theoretic security is a meaningful and useful
Information-theoretic security
Information-theoretic_security
Repeated basic operation in a cryptosystem
In cryptography, a round or round function is a basic transformation that is repeated (iterated) multiple times inside the algorithm. Splitting a large
Round_(cryptography)
identify a component. This identification relies in part on public-key cryptography. Strong names ensure reliable binding between components, or between a root
Strong_key
Books on cryptography have been published sporadically and with variable quality for a long time. This is despite the paradox that secrecy is of the essence
Bibliography_of_cryptography
Operating system
portability, standardization, correctness, proactive security, and integrated cryptography. The OpenBSD project maintains portable versions of many subsystems as
OpenBSD
Computer data measurements and scales
PMID 10984064. S2CID 75923. "To Boil the Oceans". Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger. 10 February 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2021. Given as 1042 erg K−1 in Bekenstein
Orders_of_magnitude_(data)
Information classified since created; generally referring to nuclear weapons
although it has also been used to classify other nuclear technologies and cryptography data. The United States Department of Energy has called the born secret
Born_secret
Political ideology
Crypto Anarchy?", May writes: Some of us believe various forms of strong cryptography will cause the power of the state to decline, perhaps even collapse
Crypto-anarchy
Concept to reduce computer security risks
or changing state diagram or algorithm by independent hardware. Strong cryptography Martiny, Karsten; Motzek, Alexander; Möller, Ralf (2015). Formalizing
Defense_strategy_(computing)
Key derivation function
In cryptography, PBKDF1 and PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 1 and 2) are key derivation functions with a sliding computational cost, used
PBKDF2
Algorithms to produce pseudo-random numbers
\mathrm {seed} )} ! This yields a strong, cryptographically-secure source of randomness[citation needed]. But cryptographically-secure pseudorandom number generators
Counter-based random number generator
Counter-based_random_number_generator
American computer security company
its early years, RSA and its leaders were prominent advocates of strong cryptography for public use, while the NSA and the Bush and Clinton administrations
RSA_Security
Free software package management system
version 0.6 of APT which introduced the Secure APT feature, using strong cryptographic signing to authenticate the package repositories. APT was originally
APT_(software)
Exponentation in modular arithmetic
is useful in computer science, especially in the field of public-key cryptography, where it is used in both Diffie–Hellman key exchange and RSA public/private
Modular_exponentiation
Security definition for digital signatures
In a cryptographic digital signature or MAC system, digital signature forgery is the ability to create a pair consisting of a message, m {\displaystyle
Digital_signature_forgery
Award
Prize for real-world cryptography is a prize given to people or organizations who are recognized for contributions to cryptography that have a significant
Levchin_Prize
American lexicographer and Internet activist
Works, was investigated for the export of strong cryptography; the US government at the time treated cryptographic software above a certain strength as the
Grady_Ward
Social movement concerning creative works
Anatoly G. Volynets Cypherpunk – Activist advocating widespread use of strong cryptography Free content – Free licensed works in any field Free education –
Free-culture_movement
Cryptographic software in OpenBSD
accelerators are in common use and have strong operating system support, the use of hardware in cryptography has had relatively low uptake.[citation needed]
OpenBSD Cryptographic Framework
OpenBSD_Cryptographic_Framework
Open competition to select password hash functions
the Password Hashing Competition was to raise awareness of the need for strong password hash algorithms, hopefully avoiding a repeat of previous password
Password_Hashing_Competition
Transfer from the United States to another country of technology related to cryptography
The export of cryptography from the United States to other countries has experienced various levels of restrictions over time. World War II illustrated
Export of cryptography from the United States
Export_of_cryptography_from_the_United_States
Property of cryptographic hash functions
In cryptography, collision resistance is a property of cryptographic hash functions (CHFs): a hash function H is collision-resistant if it is hard to
Collision_resistance
In cryptography, the white-box model refers to an extreme attack scenario, in which an adversary has full unrestricted access to a cryptographic implementation
White-box_cryptography
Security features as used in OpenBSD operating system
software for strong cryptography into the core operating system. To this end, a number of low-level features are provided, including a source of strong pseudo
OpenBSD_security_features
Cryptographic technique
In cryptography, domain separation is a construct used to implement multiple different functions using only one underlying template in an efficient way
Domain_separation
independent security audit. Jami Softphone and messenger utilizing DHT and strong cryptography Yes Yes GPLv3 ? Formerly named "GNU Ring" and "SFLphone". Lantern
List of free and open-source Android applications
List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications
Mathematical object
also in other areas. In particular, they have a significant place in cryptography. Micciancio defined a generalization of cyclic lattices as ideal lattices
Ideal_lattice
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
In cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as an authentication tag, is a short piece of information used for authenticating
Message_authentication_code
Cryptography algorithm
In cryptography, a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide information security such as confidentiality or authenticity
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Function used in computer cryptography
Cryptography" Archived 2012-04-21 at the Wayback Machine. Summer course on cryptography, MIT, 1996–2001. Many authors view this definition as strong one-way
One-way_function
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
modern applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of cryptography. Developed in the early 1970s at IBM and based on an earlier design by
Data_Encryption_Standard
PHP web application and component framework
applications using getopt syntax or routing, complete with prompts Crypt Strong cryptography tools and password hashing. DB Database abstraction layer, SQL abstraction
Laminas
Smart payment card standard
details, which the card issuer can check in real time. This provides a strong cryptographic check that the card is genuine. The issuer responds to an authorization
EMV
Computational concept
Exposure-Resilient cryptography in which the desired extractor is used as an Exposure-Resilient Function (ERF). Exposure-Resilient cryptography takes into account
Randomness_extractor
Physical computing device
encryption and decryption functions for digital signatures, strong authentication and other cryptographic functions. These modules traditionally come in the form
Hardware_security_module
Relativistic quantum cryptography is a sub-field of quantum cryptography, in which in addition to exploiting the principles of quantum physics, the no-superluminal
Relativistic quantum cryptography
Relativistic_quantum_cryptography
Server on which public keys are stored for others to use
a key server is a computer that receives and then serves existing cryptographic keys to users or other programs. The users' programs can be running
Key_server_(cryptographic)
Type of cryptographic security
Strong secrecy is a term used in formal proof-based cryptography for making propositions about the security of cryptographic protocols. It is a stronger
Strong_secrecy
Method to set encryption keys
In cryptography, a pre-shared key (PSK) is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it needs
Pre-shared_key
Unreproducible object used in digital security
that can be made asymptotically optimal, one can extract a unique strong cryptographic key from the physical microstructure. The same unique key is reconstructed
Physical_unclonable_function
Function that derives secret keys from a secret value
In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is a cryptographic algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master
Key_derivation_function
American researcher
while working for AT&T, Blaze implemented a strong cryptographic package known as "CFS", the Cryptographic File System, for Unix, since ported to Linux
Matt_Blaze
Applications on prior releases were required to explicitly opt into stronger cryptography – including Visual Studio itself. This increasingly caused programs
.NET Framework version history
.NET_Framework_version_history
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
Agency (NSA) for top secret information when used in an NSA approved cryptographic module. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is defined in these standards:
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Mechanism for authenticating cryptographic keys
In cryptography, a web of trust is a concept used in PGP, GnuPG, and other OpenPGP-compatible systems to establish the authenticity of the binding between
Web_of_trust
Type of message authentication code
In cryptography, a universal hashing message authentication code, or UMAC, is a message authentication code (MAC) calculated using universal hashing, which
UMAC_(cryptography)
Form of encryption that allows computation on ciphertexts
Homomorphic encryption can be viewed as an extension of public-key cryptography, because ciphertexts can be manipulated algebraically to produce an encrypted
Homomorphic_encryption
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