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Process for breaking-down polymers
Thermal depolymerization (TDP) is the process of converting a polymer into a monomer or a mixture of monomers, by predominantly thermal means. It may
Thermal_depolymerization
1) H2O → n C6H12O6 Thermal depolymerization Polymer degradation Polymerisation Ceiling temperature Chain scission Depolymerization, IUPAC Goldbook Carraher
Depolymerization
Chemical decomposition caused by heat
significant. Thermal degradation of polymer Ellingham diagram Thermochemical cycle Thermal depolymerization Chemical thermodynamics Pyrolysis - thermal decomposition
Thermal_decomposition
Type of waste treatment technology
considered to be thermal treatment include: Cement kiln Gasification Incineration Mechanical heat treatment Pyrolysis Thermal depolymerization Waste autoclaves
Thermal_treatment
Process to convert wet biomass into crude-like oil
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermal depolymerization process used to convert wet biomass, and other macromolecules, into crude-like oil under
Hydrothermal_liquefaction
Species of flowering plant
Industrial biotechnology Pellet fuel mill stove Sabatier reaction Thermal depolymerization Concepts Agflation Cellulosic ethanol commercialization Energy
Common_sunflower
Topics referred to by the same term
North Macedonia TDaP, tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis vaccine Thermal depolymerization, a process for converting biomass into oil Thymidine diphosphate
TDP
Naturally occurring combustible liquid
Financial asset backed by a country's revenues from petroleum exports Thermal depolymerization – Process for breaking-down polymers Total petroleum hydrocarbon –
Petroleum
Biodegradable polymer
feedstock. Polylactic acid can be chemically recycled to monomer by thermal depolymerization or hydrolysis. When purified, the monomer can be used for the manufacturing
Polylactic_acid
Process of generating energy from the primary treatment of waste
Gasification: produces combustible gas, hydrogen, synthetic fuels Thermal depolymerization: produces synthetic crude oil, which can be further refined Pyrolysis:
Waste-to-energy
American biochemist
expending more energy than is produced. This process is called Thermal depolymerizing reforming process and apparatus and was patented, U.S. patent 5
Paul_Baskis
Neurodegenerative disease caused by prions
instruments that come in contact with high-infectivity tissues. Thermal depolymerization also destroys prions in infected organic and inorganic matter,
Creutzfeldt–Jakob_disease
Thermal decomposition of materials
of heavier hydrocarbons into lighter ones, as in oil refining. Thermal depolymerization, which breaks down plastics and other polymers into monomers and
Pyrolysis
Processes to manage and dispose of sludge during sewage treatment
level of dryness. Thermal depolymerization produces light hydrocarbons from sludge heated to 250 °C and compressed to 40 MPa. Thermal hydrolysis is a two-stage
Sewage_sludge_treatment
Petroleum substitute
be used as drop-in fuels. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermal depolymerization process used to convert wet biomass into an oil—sometimes referred
Pyrolysis_oil
Synthetic bio-oil converted from manure
developed a method for converting raw pig manure into bio-oil through thermal depolymerization (thermochemical conversion). This process uses a thermochemical
Manure-derived synthetic crude oil
Manure-derived_synthetic_crude_oil
Pressurized liquid water at temperatures between the boiling and critical points
hydrous pyrolysis. A few commercial scale applications exist. Thermal depolymerization or thermal conversion (TCC) uses superheated water at about 250 °C to
Superheated_water
Disposable bag used to contain solid waste material
in September). Blue bag Packaging Plastic bag Plastic recycling Thermal depolymerization, post consumer waste processing technologies Wikimedia Commons
Bin_bag
Sustainable design Synfuel Syngas Tar sands Tesla turbine Thermal depolymerization Thermal power station Thermoelectric power Thorium Tidal power Transmutation
List_of_energy_resources
Extraction and sale of petroleum products
Abiogenic petroleum origin Fossil fuel Oil sands Petroleum geology Thermal depolymerization Oil-producing areas History of the petroleum industry in Canada
Petroleum_industry
Converting waste materials into new products
conversion of assorted polymers into petroleum by a much less precise thermal depolymerization process. Such a process would be able to accept almost any polymer
Recycling
Technical and technological processes for protection of the environment
Biofiltration Bioreactor Bioremediation Composting toilet Desalination Thermal depolymerization Pyrolysis Concerns over pollution and greenhouse gases have spurred
Environmental_technology
Fuel from carbon monoxide and hydrogen
oil Synthetic Fuels Corporation Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program Thermal depolymerization Pyrolysis Ruth, John C; Stephanopoulos, Gregory (2023). "Synthetic
Synthetic_fuel
American synthetic fuel company
primarily to develop and commercialize the thermal depolymerization technology, now referred to by the company as "thermal conversion process" or TCP. The process
Changing_World_Technologies
Renewable energy made from biomass
achieved by different methods, broadly classified as thermal, chemical, or biochemical: Thermal conversion processes use heat as the dominant mechanism
Bioenergy
Synthesis of fuel from biomass
Non-food crops Renewable energy Sustainable energy Synthetic fuel Thermal depolymerization Wood fuel "Biomass to liquid term". Archived from the original
Biomass_to_liquid
Process of producing goods
Friedel–Crafts reaction, Kolbe–Schmitt reaction Olefin metathesis, thermal depolymerization Oxo process – produces aldehydes from alkenes Polymerization Raschig
Industrial_processes
Italian entrepreneur (born 1950)
undisclosed terms. Fischer–Tropsch process Low energy nuclear reaction Thermal depolymerization Mark Gibbs (17 October 2011). "Hello Cheap Energy, Hello Brave
Andrea_Rossi_(entrepreneur)
Type of unconventional oil deposit
Needs) Shale gas Steam injection (oil industry) Stranded asset Thermal depolymerization Utah oil sands Wabasca oil field World energy consumption Asphalt
Oil_sands
more thermally stable than its cyclic counterpart due to the presence of functionalized endcaps that stabilizes the polymer chain from depolymerization. For
Poly(phthalaldehyde)
Chemical reaction that cuts a polymer
the backbone to form two—mostly still highly molecular—fragments. Depolymerization, on the other hand, is the elimination of low molecular weight substances
Chain_scission
Use of algae as a source of energy-rich oils
Scottish oceanographic society and research organization Sea6 Energy Thermal depolymerization – Process for breaking-down polymers Scott, S. A.; Davey, M. P
Algae_fuel
American biofuel company
Industrial biotechnology Pellet fuel mill stove Sabatier reaction Thermal depolymerization Concepts Agflation Cellulosic ethanol commercialization Energy
Willie_Nelson_Biodiesel
Plastics that meet higher requirements than engineering plastics
against thermal degradation and its oxidation resistance. The thermal degradation occurs primarily by a statistical chain scission; depolymerization and removal
High-performance_plastics
PET-degrading species of bacterium
30 and 50 °C and depolymerized a range of post-consumer, predominantly amorphous PET products under laboratory conditions. Thermal pretreatment was still
Pseudideonella_sakaiensis
Synthetic polymer
At temperatures above 650–700 °C (1,200–1,290 °F) PTFE undergoes depolymerization. However, it begins to decompose at about 260 °C (500 °F) through 350 °C
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Topics referred to by the same term
pacing 1,2,3-Trichloropropane, an industrial solvent Thermal conversion process, a depolymerization process for producing crude oil from waste Tocopherols
TCP
Polymer
Enzymatic depolymerization is being investigated as a route for PET recycling. Research includes improving the catalytic activity and thermal stability
Polyethylene_terephthalate
Group of chemical compounds
C. L. (2011). "Characterization of oxidized tannins: Comparison of depolymerization methods, asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation and small-angle X-ray
Procyanidin
Alteration in the polymer properties under the influence of environmental factors
temperature, thermal degradation gives way to complete decomposition. Certain polymers like PTFE, polystyrene and PMMA undergo depolymerization to give their
Polymer_degradation
Indian food scientist in Ireland
Irish brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus followed by ultrasound-assisted depolymerization." Scientific Reports 14, no. 1 (2024): 6214. Soro, Arturo B., Daniel
Brijesh_Tiwari
Polymeric materials that can be reverted to monomers
Temperature Polymers refer to polymeric materials that can undergo depolymerization to revert the materials to their monomers at relatively low temperatures
Depolymerizable_polymers
Thermal scanning probe lithography (t-SPL) is a form of scanning probe lithography (SPL) whereby material is structured on the nanoscale using scanning
Thermal scanning probe lithography
Thermal_scanning_probe_lithography
Cooking method using prolonged low temperatures
crisp texture. While the cell walls will generally not burst, the depolymerization of the pectic polysaccharides that connect the vegetable cells together
Sous_vide
Family of polymers
are used in sealants, adhesives, lubricants, medicine, cooking utensils, thermal insulation, and electrical insulation. Some common forms include silicone
Silicone
Semi-crystalline high-temperature plastic in the Nylon family
theoretically fully recyclable by remelting, and as a condensation polymer by depolymerization. Commercial recycling requires the cost of logistics and cleaning and
Polyphthalamide
Lightweight black residue, made of carbon and ashes, after pyrolysis of biomass
conventional thermal conversion process, so the product is therefore defined as "hydrochar" rather than "biochar". Thermo-catalytic depolymerization is another
Biochar
Process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction
Ribozyme (RNA biocatalyst) SUMO enzymes Temperature-programmed reduction Thermal desorption spectroscopy IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th
Catalysis
Process that eliminates all biological agents on an object or in a volume
gaseous sterilizing agent; in this case, it is prepared on-site by depolymerization of solid paraformaldehyde. Many vaccines, such as the original Salk
Sterilization_(microbiology)
Chemical compound
ligands (L) to give molecular derivatives. These transformations entail depolymerization via cleavage of Pt-Cl-Pt linkages: PtCl2 + 2 L → PtCl2L2 Addition of
Platinum(II)_chloride
Salt in the liquid state
recycling, and they have also been explored as media that influence depolymerization pathways for some condensation polymers (e.g., polyamides and polyesters)
Ionic_liquid
Theory of a quantum origin of consciousness
concentrations (~5 MAC), the anesthetic gas halothane causes reversible depolymerization of microtubules. This cannot be the mechanism of anesthetic action
Orchestrated objective reduction
Orchestrated_objective_reduction
Transparent thermoplastic, commonly called acrylic
destined for heat processing, since this stabilizes the polymer to depolymerization ("unzipping") during processing. Comonomers such as butyl acrylate
Poly(methyl_methacrylate)
At the endpoint, the first excess of hydroxyl ions catalyzes the depolymerization of paraformaldehyde. The reaction is strongly endothermic and yields
Thermometric_titration
Refined wood pulp
(TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are also important to predict the thermal behavior of the MCC upon
Microcrystalline_cellulose
Type of material
thermosetting polymer, often with favorable mechanical properties and high thermal and chemical resistance. Epoxy has a wide range of applications, including
Epoxy
Polymer resin widely used in packaging
(or deformed at a rapid rate, due to a combination of viscoelastic and thermal insulation properties), the chains can take on a higher degree of confirmation
Polystyrene
Type of organic polymer
well as degrade to butene monomers, which can evaporate further. This depolymerization mechanism, which allows clean and complete volatization, is in contrast
Polybutene
Chemical compound
of pentafluoropropionic acid: CF3CF2CO−2Na+ → C2F4 + CO2 + NaF The depolymerization reaction – vacuum pyrolysis of PTFE at 650–700 °C (1,200–1,290 °F)
Tetrafluoroethylene
Class of enzymes
Ranjani, Ganapathy; et al. (2026). "Polyurethane Cascade Depolymerization by a Combination of Thermal Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis". ChemSusChem.
Urethanase
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units
monomers are released and this process is referred to as unzipping or depolymerization. Which mechanism dominates will depend on the type of polymer and temperature;
Polymer
Polyester resin modified by the addition of fatty acids and other components
urethane-modified alkyd resins from depolymerization intermediates of post-consumer PET bottles: coating properties and thermal behaviors". Journal of Coatings
Alkyd
Chemical compound
biodegradable, semicrystalline and thermally labile polymer with uses in industry and medicine. Depolymerization back to the monomer is triggered at
P-Dioxanone
Recycling of bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate
recycle may require size reduction and amorphisation prior to the depolymerization reaction. The chemical recycling where transesterification takes place
PET_bottle_recycling
Class of enzymes
"Characterization and engineering of a two-enzyme system for plastics depolymerization". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 117 (41): 25476–25485. Bibcode:2020PNAS
PETase
By-product of iron and steel-making
Increased amounts of network-modifiers lead to higher degrees of network depolymerization and reactivity. Common crystalline constituents of blast-furnace slags
Ground granulated blast-furnace slag
Ground_granulated_blast-furnace_slag
Facility which pulps wood or plant fibre
cut. Related hybrid pulping methods use a combination of chemical and thermal treatment to begin an abbreviated chemical pulping process, followed immediately
Pulp_mill
Class of polyphenols found in many plants
(1997). "Method for Estimation of Proanthocyanidins Based on Their Acid Depolymerization in the Presence of Nucleophiles". Journal of Agricultural and Food
Proanthocyanidin
MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, depolymerization (controlled chemical degradation of macromolecules) via chain-end depolymerization (i.e., unzipping) and nanopore
Sequence analysis of synthetic polymers
Sequence_analysis_of_synthetic_polymers
Structural phenolic polymer in plant cell walls
derivatives as well as 2,6-dimethylphenol. These compounds are produced by thermal breakdown of lignin in the wood used in the smokehouse. The conventional
Lignin
Fibrous material used notably in papermaking
related hybrid pulping methods that use a combination of chemical and thermal treatment to begin an abbreviated chemical pulping process, followed immediately
Pulp_(paper)
Cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water
6 hydrolyze in the presence of strong acids. The process leads to depolymerization. For this reason, nylon products fail by fracturing when exposed to
Hydrolysis
These treatments show effectiveness in the cases of delignification, depolymerization, reduction of crystallinity etc. The effects of different physical
Lignocellulosic filler reinforced polymer
Lignocellulosic_filler_reinforced_polymer
Organic compound with the formula H2C=C=O
produces a polyester of 3-hydroxy-4-hexenoic acid, which is thermally or hydrolytically depolymerized to sorbic acid.[citation needed] Ethenone is very reactive
Ethenone
Eukaryotic motor protein
from ATP is transformed into mechanical work, and the roles played by thermal fluctuations. This is a rather active area of research. There is a need
Kinesin
Resin that cures when exposed to light of appropriate wavelengths
can cure in a fraction of a second when exposed to light, as opposed to thermally cured enamels which can require half an hour or longer. Curable materials
Photopolymer
Structural fibrous protein
disulfide bridges that confer additional strength and rigidity by permanent, thermally stable crosslinking—in much the same way that non-protein sulfur bridges
Keratin
Plastics derived from renewable biomass sources
nanocomposites have been widely studied, showing improved mechanical properties, thermal stability, moisture resistance, and gas barrier properties. Cellulose bioplastics
Bioplastic
Protein-coding gene in humans
activated by osmotic, mechanical and chemical cues. It also responds to thermal changes (warmth). Channel activation can be sensitized by inflammation
TRPV4
Category of polymers, in which the monomers are joined together by ester links
Linares-Pastén, Javier A. (January 2021). "Assessment of IsPETase-Assisted Depolymerization of Terephthalate Aromatic Polyesters and the Effect of the Thioredoxin
Polyester
Polymerization process involving free radicals as repeating units
polymerization will be favored if ΔGp < 0; if ΔGp > 0, the polymer will undergo depolymerization. According to the thermodynamic equation ΔG = ΔH – TΔS, a negative
Radical_polymerization
Processes which convert waste plastic into new items
to improve the biodegradability of plastic, also increase the degree of thermal degradation. Flame retardants can similarly have unwanted effects. Product
Plastic_recycling
Polymer material
In contrast to dissociative CANs, networks in associative CANs do not depolymerize upon application of a stimulus and maintain a near constant cross-link
Covalent_adaptable_network
Chemical element with atomic number 16 (S)
formation of polymers. At higher temperatures, the viscosity decreases as depolymerization occurs. Molten sulfur assumes a dark red color above 200 °C (392 °F)
Sulfur
Study of chemical reactions influenced by mechanical phenomena
thus represents a fourth way to cause chemical reactions, complementing thermal reactions in fluids, photochemistry, and electrochemistry. Mechanochemistry
Mechanochemistry
degradation of initial components. The depolymerization temperature and the difference between polymerization and depolymerization temperatures must be increased
Polyfullerene
Glucose polymer used as energy store in plants
S, Chao C, Yu J, Copeland L, Wang S (2022). "Changes of starch during thermal processing of foods: current status and future directions". Trends in Food
Starch
Group of viruses
and the pilus retracts into the cell. This retraction may involve depolymerization of the pilus subunit assembly into the cell membrane at the base of
Ff_phages
Polymerization reaction initiated by a charge transfer to a monomer
hence end-capping of the polymer chains is often necessary to prevent depolymerization. The rate of propagation and the degree of polymerization can be determined
Cationic_polymerization
discovered in 2016, and MHETase of Ideonella sakaiensis – for faster depolymerization of PET and also of PEF, which may be useful for depollution, recycling
Timeline_of_biotechnology
Plants used in agriculture
because lignin limits the accessibility of cellulose microfibrils to depolymerization by enzymes. Besides with trees, the chemically labile lignin bonds
Genetically_modified_crops
Method of reusing or reprocessing used clothing, fibrous material and rags
glycolysis, methanolysis, hydrolysis, and/or ammonolysis. This act of depolymerization also removes contaminants from the starting material such as dyes and
Textile_recycling
Type of retail packaging
approach include solvent-based separation, compatibilizers, and enzymatic depolymerization of PET. Another route under study is structural separation, where multilayer
Multilayered_packaging
American chemist (born 1962)
Moore, Jeffrey S. (24 May 2011). "Arylene–Ethynylene Macrocycles via Depolymerization–Macrocyclization". Macromolecules. 44 (10): 3685–3687. Bibcode:2011MaMol
Jeffrey_S._Moore
Medical condition
cancers. These drugs interfere with the normal cycling of microtubule depolymerization and repolymerization in small diameter sensory fibers to create sensory
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
Chemotherapy-induced_peripheral_neuropathy
Polymeric arrays of repeating units connected by non-covalent bonds
controlled processes, supramolecular polymers having "stimuli-responsive" and "thermally bisignate" characteristics is also possible. In conventional covalent
Supramolecular_polymer
Family of proteins that form microfilaments
their function often involves undergoing rapid polymerization and depolymerization. Second, microfilaments are polarized – i.e. the two ends of a filament
Actin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
an absence of pinna reflex, a decrease in grip strength, an increased thermal pain threshold, severe hearing impairment and a number of abnormal indirect
MYO7A
Family of motor proteins
Inde S, Iwai S, Chaen S (2017). "Mutations in the SH1 helix alter the thermal properties of myosin II". Biophysics and Physicobiology. 14: 67–73. doi:10
Myosin
Engineering technique
many geopolymers are quite durable, with high mechanical strength and thermal stability. They react readily with calcium hydroxide in water, which allows
Polymer_soil_stabilization
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THERMAL DEPOLYMERIZATION
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