Search references for COLLABORATIVE LEARNING. Phrases containing COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
See searches and references containing COLLABORATIVE LEARNING!COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
Situation in which two or more people learn or attempt to learn something together
Collaborative learning is a situation in which two or more people learn or attempt to learn something together. Unlike individual learning, people engaged
Collaborative_learning
Pedagogical approach
Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) is a pedagogical approach wherein learning takes place via social interaction using a computer or through
Computer-supported collaborative learning
Computer-supported_collaborative_learning
opportunity for collaborative knowledge building, particularly through peer-to-peer dialogue. In context of virtual collaborative learning, virtual structures
Virtual Collaborative Learning
Virtual_Collaborative_Learning
Writing performed by more than one person
create more student-centered and collaborative learning environments, or they may use it themselves to cross-collaborate with other academics to produce
Collaborative_writing
Process of acquiring new knowledge
shared interest in the topic of learning from safety events such as incidents or accidents, or in collaborative learning health systems). Research in such
Learning
Decentralized machine learning
Federated learning (also known as collaborative learning) is a machine learning technique in a setting where multiple entities (often called clients)
Federated_learning
Assessment in computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) environments is a subject of interest to educators and researchers. The assessment tools
Assessment in computer-supported collaborative learning
Assessment_in_computer-supported_collaborative_learning
Classification based on users' tags
bookmarking, teacher resource repositories, e-learning systems, collaborative learning, collaborative research, professional development and teaching
Folksonomy
Style of teaching
of collaborative learning is group processing. This refers to the members reflecting on how they are as a group reaching the collaborative learning task
Gradual release of responsibility
Gradual_release_of_responsibility
American computer scientist and professor
digital forensics, botnets, computer science education, distance learning, collaborative learning, and computer-assisted instruction. Malan enrolled at Harvard
David_J._Malan
research available for collaborative applications that involve mobile devices is limited. Examples of collaborative mobile learning applications can be found
Mobile computer-supported collaborative learning
Mobile_computer-supported_collaborative_learning
Analysis of social structures using network and graph theory
of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL). When applied to CSCL, SNA is used to help understand how learners collaborate in terms of amount, frequency
Social_network_analysis
Use of technology in education to enhance learning and teaching
computer-supported collaborative learning environment". Computers & Education. 88: 182–191. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.05.004. "What is collaborative learning?". spiral
Educational_technology
American researcher, academic and author (born 1959)
for his work on intelligent tutoring systems, educational games, collaborative learning, and machine ethics. From 2017 to 2019, he was president of the
Bruce_M._McLaren
Study of how people learn
international journals: Journal of the Learning Sciences and International Journal of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, and has previously sponsored the
Learning_sciences
Applications of distributed computing
distributed simulations, 3D multiplayer games, collaborative engineering software, collaborative learning applications, and others. The applications are
Collaborative virtual environment
Collaborative_virtual_environment
Collaborative pedagogy stems from the process theory of rhetoric and composition. Collaborative pedagogy believes that students will better engage with
Collaborative_pedagogy
Topics referred to by the same term
(disambiguation) Collaborative learning Collaborative method This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Collaborator. If an internal
Collaborator
Learner-centric pedagogy
discussion forums collaborative research take the place of lecturing. PBL fosters learning by involving students with the interaction of learning materials.
Problem-based_learning
Method to foster collaborative learning
A professional learning community (PLC) is a method to foster collaborative learning among colleagues within a particular work environment or field. It
Professional learning community
Professional_learning_community
hand-held mobile devices, permitting true mobile collaborative possibilities. Collaborative learning is based on the model that knowledge can be created
Distributed_collaboration
Internationally dispersed online learning
communicative competence in computer-supported collaborative learning is a form of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL), applied to intercultural communicative
Intercultural communicative competence in computer-supported collaborative learning
Intercultural_communicative_competence_in_computer-supported_collaborative_learning
Her six books and hundreds of articles about Computer-supported collaborative learning have been acknowledged as seminal works in the field. Harasim was
Linda_Harasim
Learning and teaching strategy
Team-based learning (TBL) is a collaborative learning and teaching strategy that enables people to follow a structured process to enhance student engagement
Team-based_learning
Educational technique
for collaborative learning for building knowledgeable learning communities. Cultivating a dynamic environment through interdisciplinary learning and generating
Active_learning
Adaptive environmental assessment and management (AEAM)
evaluate the effectiveness and process of collaborative adaptive management on rangelands. The Collaborative Adaptive Rangeland Management or “CARM” project
Adaptive_management
Group Education
Team learning is the collaborative effort to achieve a common goal within the group. The aim of team learning is to attain the objective through dialogue
Team_learning
Subset of artificial intelligence
approach. Springer Science & Business Media, 2002. "Federated Learning: Collaborative Machine Learning without Centralized Training Data". Google AI Blog. 6 April
Machine_learning
Element of cooperative learning
Positive interdependence is an element of cooperative and collaborative learning where members of a group who share common goals perceive that working
Positive_interdependence
Agreements by organizations to share resources
Collaborative partnerships are agreements and actions made by consenting organizations to share resources to accomplish a mutual goal. Collaborative partnerships
Collaborative_partnership
Sixth form college in Pontefract, West Yorkshire, England
forming a trust to open colleges in other areas, called the New Collaborative Learning Trust. At its Ofsted inspection in 2014 it was rated outstanding
New_College,_Pontefract
American academic (1934–2019)
friends and colleagues, he is best known for his scholarship on collaborative learning and innovations for college tutoring. Bruffee graduated from Wesleyan
Kenneth_Bruffee
distributed collaboration. Cloud collaboration Collaborative innovation network Collaborative learning Collective problem solving Distributed cognition
Collaborative_intelligence
Group production of a document
be more difficult due to issues such as time zones. Collaborative real-time editor Collaborative writing Euro-Office Tomlinson, Bill; et al. (2012). Massively
Collaborative_editing
Theory of knowledge
extended the traditional focus on individual learning to address collaborative and social dimensions of learning. It is possible to see social constructivism
Constructivism (philosophy of education)
Constructivism_(philosophy_of_education)
Group of people cooperating to achieve academic goals
A learning community is a group of people who share common academic goals and attitudes and meet semi-regularly to collaborate on classwork. Such communities
Learning_community
Act of working together
include: 21st century skills Collaborative partnerships Collaborative Partnerships: Business/Industry-Education Learning circle Writers, both in fiction
Collaboration
Self-directed, iterative learning approach
experts Personal learning goals in sprints Collaborative, mostly digitally supported collaboration Regular joint reflection on the learning process Personal
Agile_learning
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
meaningful knowledge that often leads to better learning outcomes than individual work. Collaborative groups require joint intellectual efforts between
Problem_solving
the International Conferences of the Learning Sciences (ICLS), and the Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Conference (CSCL) and offers publications
International Society of the Learning Sciences
International_Society_of_the_Learning_Sciences
Topics referred to by the same term
(disambiguation), several schools in Australia Professional learning community, for collaborative learning Perlecan, a protein in humans Peptide loading complex
PLC
Astronomer
His Passions for Collaborative Learning and Astrophysics". A&S Dean Ray Jayawardhana Shares His Passions for Collaborative Learning and Astrophysics -
Ray_Jayawardhana
Knowledge management software
ISBN 9781450365178. S2CID 69171908. Zhi, Qiao; Su, Mu (October 2015). "Enhance Collaborative Learning by Visualizing Process of Knowledge Building with Padlet". 2015
Padlet
Distinguished Professor of Learning Sciences
Esther Hmelo-Silver is a learning scientist and expert on problem-based learning, collaborative learning, the use of video for learning, and complex systems
Cindy_Hmelo-Silver
Concept in educational psychology
using different approaches and research frameworks have proved collaborative learning to be effective in many kinds of settings and contexts. Teachers
Zone_of_proximal_development
Collaborative approach to learning
In learning, co-construction is a distinctive approach where the emphasis is on collaborative or partnership working. The approach includes some more interactional
Co-construction_(learning)
used as a tool to support collaborative learning among students. Wiki is an effective form to support collaborative learning practices. Wiki enables students
Social_affordance
Guatemalan-Danish educational psychologist
multimedia learning. Educational Psychology Review, 34, 1771–1798. Makransky, G., & Petersen, G. B. (2023). The Theory of Immersive Collaborative Learning (TICOL)
Guido_Makransky
Type of educational facility
A learning commons (also called a scholars' commons or information commons) is a technology-rich, flexible space for collaborative study and information
Learning_commons
American online studying platform
digital study tools, including flashcards, practice quizzes, and collaborative learning games. The service was founded in 2006 by Andrew Sutherland and
Quizlet
student engagement in extensive reading by means of cooperative learning and collaborative work and offer the potential to promote reading for enjoyment
Literature_Circles_in_EFL
Education practice
"Using Kids Headphones for Schools to Enhance Collaborative Learning". "Les formations en Blended Learning - Trouvez la formation idéale !". formation-professionnelle
Blended_learning
Transmission of knowledge and skills
mnemonics, and constructivists tend to employ collaborative learning strategies. Various theories suggest that learning is more efficient when it is based on
Education
Subconscious imitative behaviour
for supporting collaborative learning (PDF). Maastricht, Netherlands: European Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning. pp. 324–331. Kupfer
Mirroring
Method in education
science classrooms. Others developed strategies computer-supported collaborative learning environments. More information about implication of formative assessment
Formative_assessment
(2002). "Building Communities – Strategies for Collaborative Learning". ASTD's Source for E-Learning. Archived from the original on August 23, 2010.
Online_learning_community
Mode of delivering education to students who are not physically present
education (also known as online learning, remote learning or remote education) through an online school. A distance learning program can either be completely
Distance_education
American computer scientist
American computer scientist specializing in computer-supported collaborative learning. He is professor emeritus of computing and informatics at Drexel
Gerry_Stahl
Web-based learning environment or virtual learning environment. More precisely Fle3 is server software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL)
Fle3
Japanese cognitive psychologist (1948–2015)
research in the journal Cognitive Science. She continued to study collaborative learning throughout her research career, examining subjects across the lifespan
Naomi_Miyake
prototypes of collaborative learning environments, which became the basis for their further research and development of what they called Collaborative Networked
Networked_learning
Interdisciplinary feminist network
new approach to collaborative learning", and a "feminist anti-MOOC." Through its website, FemTechNet provides "resources for learning more about feminism
FemTechNet
Support given to a student by an instructor
that facilitate learning. The first feature is the interaction between the learner and the expert. This interaction should be collaborative for it to be
Instructional_scaffolding
displaying lesson content materials on-screen during lectures and collaborative learning sessions. They are also used for lecture capture, for the recording
WolfVision
User-led content creation that takes place in a variety of online environments
Williams promote "collaborative and social models of learning" as methods for developing a successful "Global Network for Higher Learning." Currently, the
Produsage
game-based learning as well, which is different than gamification.[citation needed] CBL also utilizes team-based learning (or Active Collaborative Learning, ACL)
Competition-based_learning
Type of artificial intelligence model
Shallow architectures can replicate deep model performance through collaborative learning. Edge computing Rina Diane Caballar (31 October 2024). "What are
Small_language_model
Collaboration Collaborative innovation network Collaborative learning Collaborative software Collaborative working environment Collaborative working system
Collaborative information seeking
Collaborative_information_seeking
Student-Centered Active Learning Environment with Upside-Down Pedagogies, is a classroom specifically created to facilitate active, collaborative learning in a classroom
SCALE-UP
American psychologist
who has made substantial contributions to the understanding of collaborative learning (O'Donnell, Hmelo-Silver, & Erkens, 2006), and is the co-author
Angela_O'Donnell
Academy in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England
with Dinnington High School. On 1 April 2024, LEAP merged with New Collaborative Learning Trust, making Brinsworth Academy part of the enlarged trust. Since
Brinsworth_Academy
Theory of learning
at brick-and-mortar learning centers or in social networking communities on the web. Situated learning activities are collaborative and complex therefore
Situated_learning
Research field that lies at the intersection of machine learning and computer security
Sébastien (2021-12-06). "Collaborative Learning in the Jungle (Decentralized, Byzantine, Heterogeneous, Asynchronous and Nonconvex Learning)". Advances in Neural
Adversarial_machine_learning
Use of networked computers for online conversation
Backchannel in Collaborative Learning Environments." In Proceeding ICLS ’06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Learning Sciences, 852–858
Backchannel
Chinese classic, preserved as a chapter in the Lijing
traditionally taught the value of collaborative learning. To this day, group learning remains the most popular learning method throughout the bulk of China
Great_Learning
American education technology company
Francisco, California. The Company designs online tutoring software for collaborative learning to increase student success and retention in schools and colleges
Tradepal
of deepening inquiry. It is often used with computer-supported collaborative learning so that the learners are working on their research questions and
Progressive_inquiry
Viewed social effects of communications technology
A. (2008). "Student perceptions of collaborative learning, social presence and satisfaction in a blended learning environment: Relationships and critical
Social_presence_theory
Branch of analytics
conceptualized the "ways of thinking, acting, and being in the world" in a collaborative learning environment. Specifically, the framework is based on the context
Learning_analytics
Psychological theory
scripts by learners. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, [s. l.], v. 11, n. 3, p. 349–369, 2016. Stegmann, K. et al. Appropriation
Script_theory
Educational practice of interaction among students
proponent of constructivist learning: his book, Thought and Language, provides evidence that students learn better through collaborative, meaningful problem-solving
Peer_learning
Concept in education and psychology
encouraging collaborative learning allows students to work in groups and benefit from social interaction. Benefits of Play-Based Learning for Children
Learning_through_play
Method of publishing to a website or blog
alongside computer-supported collaborative learning in the classroom. This provides a positive and encouraging learning environment for students, especially
Mobile_blogging
mastered, and a learner of those she is not yet familiar with. Collaborative learning has been identified as an important part of SLN formation, because
Social_learning_network
delivering online collaborative learning activities. It provides teachers with a visual authoring environment for creating sequences of learning activities.
LAMS
Process in which words and phrases are formed to produce a text
fixed sequenced format. "The aim of collaborative learning helps students to find more control in their learning situation. The social model of writing
Writing_process
Academic journal
training; collaborative learning tools; learning with mobile devices; wearable devices and interfaces for learning; personalized and adaptive learning systems;
IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies
IEEE_Transactions_on_Learning_Technologies
version. CSILE was considered the first networked system designed for collaborative learning (Carl Bereiter webpage). The main contributors were Marlene Scardamalia
Knowledge_Forum
Algorithm used by recommender systems
Collaborative filtering (CF) is, besides content-based filtering, one of two major techniques used by recommender systems. Collaborative filtering has
Collaborative_filtering
Java based physics engine
Constructor is a Java based physics engine, which was central to Soda's collaborative learning environment Sodaplay.com. It was created by Ed Burton, Soda's Research
Soda_Constructor
Evaluation by peers with similar expertise
S2CID 219259301. Søndergaard, Harald; Mulder, Raoul A. (2012). "Collaborative learning through formative peer review: pedagogy, programs and potential"
Peer_review
Online social experiment on Reddit
r/place was a recurring collaborative project and social experiment hosted on the content aggregator site Reddit. Originally launched on April Fools'
R/place
Hip hop collective and record label from Houston, Texas
archives hosted by Rice University's Center for Engaged Research and Collaborative Learning, a center under the Kinder Institute for Urban Research. The physical
Swishahouse
Academic discipline; examines how goal-driven social entities add and create knowledge
Action learning Activity theory Air-defense experiments Ambidextrous organization Bus factor Collaborating, learning and adapting Collaborative learning Community
Organizational_learning
British schoolteacher
how". Tes. Retrieved 24 December 2019. Massey, Robert (2019). "5. Collaborative Learning". From Able to Remarkable: Help Your Students Become Expert Learners
Joe_Kirby_(teacher)
Topics referred to by the same term
chemical compound. Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, a research topic on supporting collaborative learning with the assistance of computer artifacts
CSCL
Japanese-Brazilian computer scientist, researcher (born 1979)
dynamics of collaborative learning. The goal was to create intelligent systems to support the design, implementation, and evaluation of collaborative activities
Seiji_Isotani
Type of learning powerful enough to revise worldview and self-perception
arguments, and alternate points of view, which fosters collaborative learning. Transformative learning has two components that at times seem to be in conflict:
Transformative_learning
Research group in the University of Hawaii at Manoa
Journal of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning. Dr. Samuel Joseph is a former resident of Japan and continues to collaborate with Japanese companies.
Laboratory for Interactive Learning Technologies
Laboratory_for_Interactive_Learning_Technologies
American computer scientist and linguist (born 1950)
collaborative problem solving, and dynamic context-sensitive language modeling. This is contrast with the data driven approaches by machine learning,
James F. Allen (computer scientist)
James_F._Allen_(computer_scientist)
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess of learning, Goddess Saraswati
Girl/Female
Tamil
Saraswathi | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€Â
Goddess Saraswati, Tamil Goddess for education, Goddess of learning
Saraswathi | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€Â
Surname or Lastname
English, French, German, Hungarian (Donát), Polish, and Czech (Donát)
English, French, German, Hungarian (Donát), Polish, and Czech (Donát) : from a medieval personal name (Latin Donatus, past participle of donare, frequentative of dare ‘to give’). The name was much favored by early Christians, either because the birth of a child was seen as a gift from God, or else because the child was in turn dedicated to God. The name was borne by various early saints, among them a 6th-century hermit of Sisteron and a 7th-century bishop of Besançon, all of whom contributed to the popularity of the baptismal name in the Middle Ages, which was not checked by the heresy of a 4th-century Carthaginian bishop who also bore it. Another bearer was a 4th-century gramMarian and commentator on Virgil, widely respected in the Middle Ages as a figure of great learning.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess of learning, Saraswati
Girl/Female
Tamil
Saraswathy | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€ Â
Goddess Saraswati, Tamil Goddess for education, Goddess of learning
Saraswathy | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€ Â
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sarasvati | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯€
A Goddess of learning
Sarasvati | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯€
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vidhya | விதà¯à®¯à®¾,விதà¯à®¯à®¾Â
Knowledge, Learning
Vidhya | விதà¯à®¯à®¾,விதà¯à®¯à®¾Â
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vidyasri | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®¸à®°à¯€
Wisdom, Knowledge, Learning, Goddess Durga
Vidyasri | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®¸à®°à¯€
Girl/Female
Sikh
Knowledge, Learning
Boy/Male
Indian
Excellent, Eminent in learning
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vaagdevi | வாகà¯à®¤à¯‡à®µà¯€
Goddess of learning, Saraswati
Vaagdevi | வாகà¯à®¤à¯‡à®µà¯€
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess of learning, Saraswati
Girl/Female
Tamil
Saraswati | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯€
Goddess Saraswati, Tamil Goddess for education, Goddess of learning
Saraswati | ஸரஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯€
Boy/Male
Tamil
Vidaysagar | விதாயà¯à®¸à®¾à®•à®°
Learning ocean
Vidaysagar | விதாயà¯à®¸à®¾à®•à®°
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vidhyavathi | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€
Wisdom, Knowledge, Learning, Goddess Durga
Vidhyavathi | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®µà®¾à®¤à¯€
Boy/Male
Muslim
Excellent, Eminent in learning
Girl/Female
Tamil
Learning
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess of learning, Saraswati
Boy/Male
Indian
Collaborate
Boy/Male
Tamil
Vidyasagar | விதà¯à®¯à®¾à®¸à®¾à®•à®°Â
Ocean of learning
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a timid person, from Middle English ro ‘roe’; this is a midland and southern form of Ray 2.Norwegian : habitational name from any of several farmsteads named Roe or Røe, from Old Norse ruð ‘clearing’.English name adopted by bearers of French Baillargeon.Korean : variant of No.
Female
Welsh
Variant spelling of Welsh Branwen, BRANGWEN means "fair raven."
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : patronymic from Pott 1, particularly common in northeastern England.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Little Girl
Boy/Male
Irish American
Strong willed or wise 'Hound-lover.' Also from the Irish 'Coachuhhar', meaning high desire.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Successful, Love of Krishna Radha
Girl/Female
Indian
God of currency
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Mongolian Baatar, BÃTOR means "warrior."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Without Beginning
Girl/Female
Tamil
Goddess Sita
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
n.
The acquisition of knowledge or skill; as, the learning of languages; the learning of telegraphy.
n.
A beginner in learning; one who is in the rudiments of any branch of study; a person imperfectly acquainted with a subject; a novice.
n.
Instruction in school; tuition; education in an institution of learning; act of teaching.
n.
A book used in schools for learning lessons.
a.
Pertaining to, or suiting, a scholar, a school, or schools; scholarlike; as, scholastic manners or pride; scholastic learning.
v. t.
To be without; to be destitute of, or deficient in; not to have; to lack; as, to want knowledge; to want judgment; to want learning; to want food and clothing.
v. t.
To train in an institution of learning; to educate at a school; to teach.
n.
The character and qualities of a scholar; attainments in science or literature; erudition; learning.
a.
Not exhibiting learning; as, unlearned verses.
a.
Being without; destitute; free; wanting; devoid; as, void of learning, or of common use.
a.
A man of learning; one versed in literature or science; a person eminent for acquirements.
n.
One engaged in the pursuits of learning; a learned person; one versed in any branch, or in many branches, of knowledge; a person of high literary or scientific attainments; a savant.
prep.
As sign of the infinitive, to had originally the use of last defined, governing the infinitive as a verbal noun, and connecting it as indirect object with a preceding verb or adjective; thus, ready to go, i.e., ready unto going; good to eat, i.e., good for eating; I do my utmost to lead my life pleasantly. But it has come to be the almost constant prefix to the infinitive, even in situations where it has no prepositional meaning, as where the infinitive is direct object or subject; thus, I love to learn, i.e., I love learning; to die for one's country is noble, i.e., the dying for one's country. Where the infinitive denotes the design or purpose, good usage formerly allowed the prefixing of for to the to; as, what went ye out for see? (Matt. xi. 8).
n.
A place for learned intercourse and instruction; an institution for learning; an educational establishment; a place for acquiring knowledge and mental training; as, the school of the prophets.
n.
The act of working together; united labor.
a.
Pertaining to theory; depending on, or confined to, theory or speculation; speculative; terminating in theory or speculation: not practical; as, theoretical learning; theoretic sciences.
n.
The knowledge or skill received by instruction or study; acquired knowledge or ideas in any branch of science or literature; erudition; literature; science; as, he is a man of great learning.
n.
The sakti or wife of Brahma; the Hindoo goddess of learning, music, and poetry.
n.
The doctrine of arts in general; such branches of learning as respect the arts.
n.
An institution organized and incorporated for the purpose of imparting instruction, examining students, and otherwise promoting education in the higher branches of literature, science, art, etc., empowered to confer degrees in the several arts and faculties, as in theology, law, medicine, music, etc. A university may exist without having any college connected with it, or it may consist of but one college, or it may comprise an assemblage of colleges established in any place, with professors for instructing students in the sciences and other branches of learning.