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Type of artificial intelligence model
Small language models or compact language models are artificial intelligence language models designed for human natural language processing including language
Small_language_model
Type of machine learning model
A large language model (LLM) is a neural network trained on a vast amount of text for natural language processing tasks, especially language generation
Large_language_model
Series of language models developed by Google AI
Bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) is a language model introduced in October 2018 by researchers at Google. It learns to represent
BERT_(language_model)
Large language model by Meta AI
Llama ("Large Language Model Meta AI" serving as a backronym) is a family of large language models (LLMs) released by Meta AI starting in February 2023
Llama_(language_model)
A large language model (LLM) is a type of machine learning model designed for natural language processing tasks such as language generation. LLMs are language
List_of_large_language_models
Large language model and AI chatbot by Anthropic
Claude is a series of large language models developed by American software company Anthropic. Claude was released as an AI-based chatbot in March 2023
Claude_(language_model)
Large language model developed by Google
Gemini is a family of multimodal large language models (LLMs) developed by Google DeepMind, and the successor to LaMDA and PaLM 2. Comprising Gemini Pro
Gemini_(language_model)
Microsoft free and open-source large language model
York Times considered Phi-3-mini to be Microsoft's push into smaller large language models. Phi-3-mini has 3.8 billion parameters. Phi-3-mini has been
Phi_(language_model)
Family of large language models by Google
Gemma is a series of source-available large language models developed by Google DeepMind. It is based on similar technologies as Gemini. The first version
Gemma_(language_model)
Language models designed for reasoning tasks
A reasoning model, also known as a reasoning language model (RLM) or large reasoning model (LRM), is a type of large language model (LLM) that has been
Reasoning_model
Type of artificial intelligence system
research community, offering smaller-scale alternatives for experimentation and academic study. Vision language models evolved from image captioning
Vision-language_model
Software design modeling notation
The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general-purpose, object-oriented, visual modeling language that provides a way to visualize the architecture
Unified_Modeling_Language
General-purpose modeling language
The systems modeling language (SysML) is a general-purpose modeling language for systems engineering applications. It supports the specification, analysis
Systems_modeling_language
Series of large language models developed by Google AI
is a series of large language models developed by Google AI introduced in 2019. Like the original Transformer model, T5 models are encoder-decoder Transformers
T5_(language_model)
Foundation model allowing control of robot actions
robot learning, a vision–language–action model (VLA) is a class of multimodal foundation models that integrates vision, language and actions. Given an input
Vision–language–action_model
Large language model developed by Google
PaLM (Pathways Language Model) is a 540 billion-parameter dense decoder-only transformer-based large language model (LLM) developed by Google AI. Researchers
PaLM
Type of large language model
A generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) is a type of large language model (LLM) that is widely used in generative artificial intelligence chatbots.
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
French artificial intelligence company
Founded in 2023, it has open-weight large language models (LLMs), with both open-source and proprietary AI models. As of 2025 the company has a valuation
Mistral_AI
Artificial intelligence model paradigm
typically requires only fine-tuning on smaller, task-specific datasets. Early examples of foundation models are language models like OpenAI's GPT series and Google's
Foundation_model
A language model benchmark is a standardized test designed to evaluate the performance of language models on various natural language processing tasks
Language_model_benchmark
A cache language model is a type of statistical language model. These occur in the natural language processing subfield of computer science and assign
Cache_language_model
Parameter-efficient fine-tuning technique for large language models
large language models and other deep neural networks. Introduced in 2021 by researchers at Microsoft, LoRA enables adaptation of pre-trained models to specific
LoRA_(machine_learning)
Purely statistical model of language
A word n-gram language model is a statistical model of language which calculates the probability of the next word in a sequence from a fixed size window
Word_n-gram_language_model
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
variations have been widely adopted for training large language models (LLMs) on large (language) datasets. Modern transformer designs are commonly grouped
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Structuring text as input to generative artificial intelligence
structuring natural language inputs (known as prompts) to produce specified outputs from a generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) model. Context engineering
Prompt_engineering
Machine learning model
model is a machine learning model which takes an input natural language prompt and produces an image matching that description. Text-to-image models gradually
Text-to-image_model
Informative representation of an entity
software Economic model, a theoretical construct representing economic processes Language model, a probabilistic model of a natural language, used for speech
Model
South Korean artificial intelligence company
Solar, a small language model with 10.7 billion parameters. Solar Pro 2 was released in July 2025, marking South Korea’s first large language model recognized
Upstage_(company)
Topics referred to by the same term
optical projection Standard litre per minute, a unit Small language model, a small scale language model in generative artificial intelligence Š-L-M (Shin-Lamedh-Mem)
SLM
Programming paradigm based on modeling the logic of a computation
Common declarative language paradigms include logic programming (e.g., Prolog, Datalog, answer set programming), and algebraic modeling systems. Declarative
Declarative_programming
Term used in machine learning
learning, the term stochastic parrot is a metaphor that frames large language models as systems that statistically mimic text without real understanding
Stochastic_parrot
Group of languages related through a common ancestor
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term family is
Language_family
Statistical law in machine learning
resources and time required for model training. With the "pretrain, then finetune" method used for most large language models, there are two kinds of training
Neural_scaling_law
American software company
collaboration focused on deploying AI agents powered by specialized small language models. The announcement was made at the World Economic Forum held in Davos
Uniphore
Abstract model
programming languages. Data models are often complemented by function models, especially in the context of enterprise models. A data model explicitly determines
Data_model
Theoretical framework
object-role modeling, and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Data flow modeling (DFM) is a basic conceptual modeling technique that graphically represents
Conceptual_model
Degradation of AI models trained on synthetic data
when language models are trained recursively on synthetic data, the learned conditional distributions concentrate probability mass on a small subset
Model_collapse
Software development process
bounded contexts, each of which have their own model. Under domain-driven design, the structure and language of software code (class names, class methods
Domain-driven_design
Technology company
Grounded Transformer (GGT-1) and Small Language Models (SLMs), which are customized to individual users' data. These models incorporate memory-stacking functions
Human_AI_Labs
Theory in linguistics
historical linguistics, the tree model (also Stammbaum, genetic, or cladistic model) is a model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a
Tree_model
Technique for the generative modeling of a continuous probability distribution
diffusion models, also known as diffusion-based generative models or score-based generative models, are a class of latent variable generative models. A diffusion
Diffusion_model
Machine learning method to transfer knowledge from a large model to a smaller one
distillation or model distillation is the process of transferring knowledge from a large model to a smaller one. While large models (such as very deep
Knowledge_distillation
Chinese artificial intelligence company
"AI Tiger" companies by investors with its focus on developing large language models. Moonshot was founded in March 2023 by Yang Zhilin, Zhou Xinyu and
Moonshot_AI
Family of large language models by Alibaba
pinyin: Tōngyì Qiānwèn) is a family of large language models developed by Alibaba Cloud. Many Qwen models are distributed under the free and open-source
Qwen
Description of a system using mathematical concepts and language
mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed
Mathematical_model
Machine learning technique
natural language feedback, and prompting for direct edits to the model's output. One initial motivation of RLHF was that it requires relatively small amounts
Reinforcement learning from human feedback
Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback
2020 text-generating language model
(GPT-3) is a large language model released by OpenAI in 2020. Like its predecessor, GPT-2, it is a decoder-only transformer model of deep neural network
GPT-3
Type of information retrieval using LLMs
Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a technique that enables large language models (LLMs) to retrieve and incorporate new information from external data
Retrieval-augmented generation
Retrieval-augmented_generation
Computer Language for System Modeling
is an object-oriented, declarative, multi-domain modeling language for component-oriented modeling of complex systems, e.g., systems containing mechanical
Modelica
Declarative specification language
specification language for expressing complex structural constraints and behavior in a software system. Alloy provides a simple structural modeling tool based
Alloy (specification language)
Alloy_(specification_language)
Computer language specialized to a specific set of requirements or function
kind of language, and include domain-specific markup languages, domain-specific modeling languages (more generally, specification languages), and domain-specific
Domain-specific_language
autoregressive large language models (LLMs) that generates multiple tokens per decoding step instead of one. A smaller draft model proposes a sequence
Speculative_decoding
AI that generates content
generative AI models are also available as open-source software, including Stable Diffusion and the LLaMA language model. Smaller generative AI models with up
Generative_AI
Electric compact crossover SUV
The Tesla Model Y is a battery electric compact crossover SUV produced by Tesla, Inc. since 2020. Presented in March 2019 as the company's fifth production
Tesla_Model_Y
Open-standard modeling language for systems engineering
The Lifecycle Modeling Language (LML) is an open-standard modeling language designed for systems engineering. It supports the full lifecycle: conceptual
Lifecycle_Modeling_Language
Intentionally devised human language
A constructed language is a language for communication between humans (i.e. not with or between computers) which, unlike most languages that naturally
Constructed_language
Hypotheses of second-language acquisition
The input hypothesis, also known as the monitor model, is a group of five hypotheses of second-language acquisition developed by the linguist Stephen Krashen
Input_hypothesis
Software engineering methodology
systematic use of a domain-specific language to represent the various facets of a system. Domain-specific modeling languages tend to support higher-level abstractions
Domain-specific_modeling
Visual programming language
Bubble is a visual programming language developed by Bubble Group designed for building web and mobile applications. It is a no-code development platform
Bubble_(programming_language)
Language family native to Eurasia
spoken by smaller groups are in danger of extinction. Over 3.4 billion people (42% of the global population) speak an Indo-European language as a first
Indo-European_languages
Revolver
somewhat smaller and lighter than the original N-frame .357, usually known as the Smith & Wesson Model 27. A stainless steel variant of the Model 19, the
Smith_&_Wesson_Model_19
Aboriginal Australian language family
number of languages. Most of the Pama–Nyungan languages are spoken by small ethnic groups of hundreds of speakers or fewer. Many languages have become
Pama–Nyungan_languages
Topics referred to by the same term
zodiac Gemini (astrology), an astrological sign Gemini (language model), series of large language models developed by Google Google Gemini, chatbot Gemini may
Gemini
Model of language change
historical linguistics, the wave model, or wave theory (German: Wellentheorie), is a model of language change in which a new language feature (innovation) or a
Wave_model
Scientific study of language
an interdisciplinary field concerned with the computational modelling of natural language, as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches
Linguistics
Chinese artificial intelligence company
a Chinese artificial intelligence (AI) company that develops large language models (LLMs). Based in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, DeepSeek is owned and funded by
DeepSeek
Processing of natural language by a computer
retrieval Language and Communication Technologies Language model Language technology Latent semantic indexing Multi-agent system Native-language identification
Natural_language_processing
Graphical representation for specifying business processes
flowcharting technique very similar to activity diagrams from Unified Modeling Language (UML). The objective of BPMN is to support business process management
Business Process Model and Notation
Business_Process_Model_and_Notation
Family of programming languages
themselves. Small programs would return results in a few seconds. This led to increasing interest in a system using time-sharing and a new language specifically
BASIC
Generative AI chatbot by OpenAI
OpenAI. Originally released in November 2022, the product uses large language models—specifically generative pre-trained transformers (GPTs)—to generate
ChatGPT
Image-generating machine learning model
release of Flux.2 model series, consisting of Pro, Flex, Dev, and Apache 2.0-licensed Klein (meaning Little or Small in German language) models along with Flux
Flux_(text-to-image_model)
Business with fewer employees or revenue
Researchers have examined small business failures in some depth, with attempts to model the predictability of failure. Small businesses can encounter several
Small_business
Somali-born American model and actress (born 1955)
Abdulmajid, 25 July 1955), known mononymously as Iman, is a Somali-American model and actress. A muse of the designers Gianni Versace, Thierry Mugler, Calvin
Iman_(model)
American robotics company
collaboration ended after a year, with Adcock stating that large language models had become a smaller problem compared to those allowing for "high rate robot control"
Figure_AI
Software design pattern
Model–view–controller (MVC) is a software architectural pattern commonly used for developing user interfaces that divides the related program logic into
Model–view–controller
2019 text-generating language model
Transformer 2 (GPT-2) is a large language model (LLM) by OpenAI and the second in their foundational series of GPT models. GPT-2 was pre-trained on a dataset
GPT-2
West Germanic language
Germanic language of the Indo-European language family that emerged in early medieval England and has since become a global lingua franca. The language is named
English_language
Artificial intelligence tool
first announced by GitHub on 29 June 2021. Users can choose the large language model used for generation. On June 29, 2021, GitHub announced GitHub Copilot
GitHub_Copilot
Object-oriented programming language
Smalltalk Kernel Language Manual (PDF) (Report). Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. p. 3. Retrieved 2026-01-23. Hewitt, Carl (2010-08-09). "Actor Model of Computation:
Smalltalk
Indian actress
Sanchana Natarajan is an Indian model and actress who has appeared in predominantly Tamil-language films. Having appeared in small roles in films including Irudhi
Sanchana_Natarajan
Software development method and a highly abstract software language
software language. It was described for the first time in 2002 in the book "Executable UML: A Foundation for Model-Driven Architecture". The language "combines
Executable_UML
Computer executable language
behavior and/or process template. WS-BPEL aims to model the behavior of processes, via a language for the specification of both Executable and Abstract
Business Process Execution Language
Business_Process_Execution_Language
Behavioral rules for all elements of a programming language
programming language consists of a syntax plus an execution model. The execution model specifies the behavior of elements of the language. By applying
Execution_model
Structured system of communication
endangered languages for posterity is sufficient. The University of Waikato is using the Welsh language as a model for their Māori language revitalisation
Language
Area of mathematical logic
mathematical logic, model theory is the study of the relationship between formal theories (a collection of sentences in a formal language expressing statements
Model_theory
General-purpose programming language
C is a general-purpose programming language created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie. By design, C gives the programmer relatively direct access to the features
C_(programming_language)
Enterprise architecture modeling language
(/ˈɑːrkɪmeɪt/ AR-ki-mayt) is an open and independent enterprise architecture modeling language to support the description, analysis and visualization of architecture
ArchiMate
Indian actress
Indian actress, politician, model and television presenter who has appeared in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada language films. She was born in a Brahmin
Kasthuri_Shankar
Mental representation of the external world
suggested that the mind constructs "small-scale models" of reality that it uses to anticipate events. Mental models can help shape behaviour, including
Mental_model
Technique in neural networks for learning joint representations of text and images
Contrastive Language–Image Pre-training (CLIP) is a technique for training a pair of neural network models, one for image understanding and one for text
Contrastive Language–Image Pre-training
Contrastive_Language–Image_Pre-training
AI research laboratory
large language models) and other generative AI tools, such as the text-to-image model Imagen, the text-to-video model Veo, and the text-to-music model Lyria
Google_DeepMind
How humans use words to communicate
Throughout the 20th century the dominant model for language processing in the brain was the Geschwind–Lichteim–Wernicke model, which is based primarily on the
Language processing in the brain
Language_processing_in_the_brain
Generative Modelling Language (GML) in computer graphics and generative computer programming is a very simple programming language for the concise description
Generative_Modelling_Language
Related alphabets based on Cyrillic scripts
alphabets are generally modelled after Russian, but often bear striking differences, particularly when adapted for Caucasian languages. The first few of these
Cyrillic_alphabets
1977 microcomputer by Tandy Corporation
QWERTY keyboard, 4 KB DRAM standard memory, small size and desk area, floating-point Level I BASIC language interpreter in ROM, 64-character-per-line video
TRS-80
Organized collection of data in computing
practical considerations, including data modeling, efficient data representation and storage, query languages, security and privacy of sensitive data,
Database
Esoteric, minimalist programming language
Brainfuck requires one to break down programs into small and simple instructions. The language takes its name from the slang term brainfuck, which refers
Brainfuck
West Germanic language spoken by Ashkenazis
speakers of High German languages and several other German dialects. Both Weinreich and Solomon Birnbaum developed this model further in the mid-1950s
Yiddish
Philosophy of language is the study of the nature of language. It investigates the relationship between language, language users, and the world. Investigations
Philosophy_of_language
Personality model consisting of five broad dimensions
and proneness to anxiety. The five-factor model was developed using empirical research into the language people used to describe themselves, which found
Big_Five_personality_traits
SMALL LANGUAGE-MODEL
SMALL LANGUAGE-MODEL
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Language
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a person of slender build or diminutive stature, from Middle English smal ‘thin’, ‘narrow’.Translation of equivalents in other European languages, such as German Klein and Schmal, French Petit.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Langdale, Cumbria, named in Old Norse as ‘long valley’, from lang ‘long’ + dalr ‘valley’.Possibly an Americanized form of Norwegian Langdal, Langdalen, Langdahl, habitational names from any of numerous farmsteads named Langdal(en), having the same etymology as 1.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Small Earth; Sweet Language (Tongue)
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Sale 1.English : from a short form of a personal name beginning with Sal-, for example Salomon.Swedish (Säll) : nickname from säll ‘happy’, ‘fortunate’, probably a soldier’s name.African : unexplained.
Boy/Male
German
Power of an Eagle
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Child Language
Girl/Female
Tamil
Language
Boy/Male
Tamil
Prangel | பà¯à®°à®¾à®‚ஜல
Language
Prangel | பà¯à®°à®¾à®‚ஜல
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Sweet Language
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the medieval female personal name Mal(le), pet form of Mary (see Marie).Indian (northern states) : Hindu name found in several communities, from Sanskrit malla ‘strongman’, ‘wrestler’.
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Language
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Small.
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : variant of Small.
Surname or Lastname
Scottish and northern English
Scottish and northern English : variant of Small.English : habitational name from a lost place in eastern Sussex named Smeghel, from Old English smēagel ‘burrow’, or from Brooksmarle (now Broxmead) in Sussex (named with Old English brocc ‘badger’ + smēagel).
Boy/Male
Gaelic, Hindu, Indian
Small Rough One; Language of God
Boy/Male
Hindu
Language
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Tongue; Language
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : unexplained.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Beautiful Language
SMALL LANGUAGE-MODEL
SMALL LANGUAGE-MODEL
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
King of Kings
Boy/Male
Tamil
Vishwambhar | விஷà¯à®µà®®à¯à®ªà®°
The Lord
Boy/Male
Assamese, Hindu, Indian, Marathi
The Healer; Vishnu; Who Cures the Disease of Birth and Death Cycles
Male
Irish
Irish surname transferred to forename use, BRODY means "ditch."Â
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Radiant; Beaming; Praising
Girl/Female
Indian
Aware, Knowing
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from a short form of Samuel.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Indian, Marathi, Punjabi, Sikh
God Rama
Girl/Female
Indian
Name of a flower
Boy/Male
British, English
Blend of Jar and Darell
SMALL LANGUAGE-MODEL
SMALL LANGUAGE-MODEL
SMALL LANGUAGE-MODEL
SMALL LANGUAGE-MODEL
SMALL LANGUAGE-MODEL
superl.
Having little size, compared with other things of the same kind; little in quantity or degree; diminutive; not large or extended in dimension; not great; not much; inconsiderable; as, a small man; a small river.
n.
The suggestion, by objects, actions, or conditions, of ideas associated therewith; as, the language of flowers.
superl.
Being of slight consequence; feeble in influence or importance; unimportant; trivial; insignificant; as, a small fault; a small business.
n.
The small or slender part of a thing; as, the small of the leg or of the back.
imp. & p. p.
of Language
v. t.
To put into a stall or stable; to keep in a stall or stalls; as, to stall an ox.
v. t.
To communicate by language; to express in language.
superl.
Not prolonged in duration; not extended in time; short; as, after a small space.
n.
The Provencal language. See Langue d'oc.
v. i.
To exercise the sense of smell.
a.
Having a language; skilled in language; -- chiefly used in composition.
v. i.
A bench or table on which small articles of merchandise are exposed for sale.
n. pl.
See Small, n., 2, 3.
n.
The language of the ancient Germans; the Teutonic languages, collectively.
adv.
In a small quantity or degree; with minuteness.
n.
The vocabulary and phraseology belonging to an art or department of knowledge; as, medical language; the language of chemistry or theology.
v. t.
To fatten; as, to stall cattle.
v. i.
A small apartment or shed in which merchandise is exposed for sale; as, a butcher's stall; a bookstall.
adv.
In or to small extent, quantity, or degree; little; slightly.