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In computing, chaining is a technique used in vector processors in which vector registers generate interim results which can be used immediately, without
Chaining_(vector_processing)
Computer processor which works on arrays of several numbers at once
In computing, a vector processor is a central processing unit (CPU) that implements an instruction set where its instructions are designed to operate efficiently
Vector_processor
Topics referred to by the same term
Chaining is a teaching procedure. It may also refer to: Back-chaining Backward chaining Chaining (vector processing) Daisy chaining DNA Exception chaining
Chaining_(disambiguation)
Random process independent of past history
signal processing, and speech processing. The adjectives Markovian and Markov are used to describe something that is related to a Markov process. A Markov
Markov_chain
Algorithm for partial ordering of events and detecting causality in distributed systems
timestamps, inter-process messages contain the state of the sending process's logical clock. A vector clock of a system of n processes is a vector (equivalently
Vector_clock
Case in parallel computing
result in vector code where applicable, much like manual use of intrinsics or vector datatypes. Chaining (vector processing) Vector processor Auto-vectorization
Automatic_vectorization
Cryptography algorithm
the original plaintext. The propagating cipher block chaining or plaintext cipher-block chaining mode was designed to cause small changes in the ciphertext
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Open-source distributed vector database
Neural Information Processing Systems. Curran Associates Inc.: 13766–13776. "KIOXIA AiSAQ Technology Integrated into Milvus Vector Database". Retrieved
Milvus_(vector_database)
Input to a cryptographic primitive
block, and which is referred to as an initialization vector. For example, the cipher-block chaining (CBC) mode requires an unpredictable value, of size
Initialization_vector
optimization algorithms Particle swarm optimization Backward chaining Forward chaining Rete algorithm DPLL algorithm Resolution (logic) WalkSAT Baum–Welch
List of artificial intelligence algorithms
List_of_artificial_intelligence_algorithms
Mechanism for inter-process communication using message passing
languages' method chaining, with its own operator| (sometimes called the "pipeline operator"). C++20 introduces LINQ-style chaining operations with the
Pipeline_(Unix)
Software engineering object-oriented API
Chaining works in both directions val b: B = new B().foo().bar(); // And, both method chains result in a B Command-query separation Method chaining Named
Fluent_interface
Agent that carries and transmits pathogens
vectors, such as mosquitos, ticks, and certain flies rely on blood-feeding and can acquire or pass on pathogens during that process. Disease vectors remain
Disease_vector
Set of vectors used to define coordinates
In mathematics, a set B of elements of a vector space V is called a basis (pl.: bases) if every element of V can be written in a unique way as a finite
Basis_(linear_algebra)
Calculus of vector-valued functions
Vector calculus or vector analysis is a branch of mathematics concerned with the differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in three-dimensional
Vector_calculus
Geometric object that has length and direction
physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector or simply a vector (sometimes called a geometric vector or spatial vector) is a geometric object that has magnitude
Euclidean_vector
Tools used to make software
linking attack vectors to real-world incidents and corresponding safeguards. Software supply chain attacks are on the rise, and securing the chain is a complex
Software_supply_chain
Probability concept
unit vector.) Another discrete-time process that may be derived from a continuous-time Markov chain is a δ-skeleton—the (discrete-time) Markov chain formed
Continuous-time_Markov_chain
Classification of computer architectures
kind in parallel and by chaining the output of one unit into another unit as input. Vector architectures that stream vector elements into functional
Duncan's_taxonomy
Examples of the probabilistic construct
microscopic volume are modeled as a continuous-time Markov chain. The state of the system is a vector representing the exact discrete integer count of each
Examples_of_Markov_chains
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
numerical representations called tokens, and each token is converted into a vector through an embedding layer. At each layer, each token is then contextualized
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Computer programming paradigm
computer science, stream processing (also known as event stream processing, data stream processing, or distributed stream processing) is a programming paradigm
Stream_processing
Approximate nearest neighbor search algorithm
searching vector data. In these systems, an item such as a document, image, song, or user profile is represented by a list of numbers called a vector. Items
Hierarchical navigable small world
Hierarchical_navigable_small_world
Integration over a non-flat region in 3D space
position which returns a scalar as a value), or a vector field (that is, a function which returns a vector as value). If a region R is not flat, then it is
Surface_integral
Message authentication code algorithm
encrypted with some block cipher algorithm in cipher block chaining (CBC) mode to create a chain of blocks such that each block depends on the proper encryption
CBC-MAC
Structuring text as input to generative artificial intelligence
inversion performs an optimization process to create a new word embedding based on a set of example images. This embedding vector acts as a "pseudo-word" which
Prompt_engineering
Classification of computer architectures
954) it is likely that Flynn was referring to vector chaining, and to memory-to-memory vector processors such as the TI ASC designed manufactured and sold
Flynn's_taxonomy
Overview of and topical guide to machine learning
Self-organizing map Skill chaining Sparse PCA State–action–reward–state–action Stochastic gradient descent Structured kNN Support vector machine T-distributed
Outline_of_machine_learning
Concepts from linear algebra
image processing, processed images of faces can be seen as vectors whose components are the brightnesses of each pixel. The dimension of this vector space
Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors
Supercomputer manufactured by Cray Research
The Cray-1 was the first supercomputer to successfully implement the vector processor design. These systems improve the performance of math operations by
Cray-1
Form of conditionals in computer programming
predicate masks become particularly powerful in vector processing is if an array of condition codes, one per vector element, may feed back into predicate masks
Predication (computer architecture)
Predication_(computer_architecture)
Collection of random variables
Stochastic processes have applications in many disciplines such as biology, chemistry, ecology, neuroscience, physics, image processing, signal processing, control
Stochastic_process
Multi-core microprocessor microarchitecture
Processing Elements (SPEs), which accelerate tasks such as multimedia and vector processing. The architecture was developed over four years, beginning in March
Cell_(processor)
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
decryption to be parallelized, in contrast to modes like cipher block chaining (CBC) where each block relies on the previous one. GCM was explicitly designed
Galois/Counter_Mode
two gates per chip, was a vector processor. It introduced a number of innovations, such as chaining, in which scalar and vector registers generate interim
History_of_supercomputing
Machine learning technique
for each mini-batch. Consider a simple feedforward network, defined by chaining together modules: x(0)↦x(1)↦x(2)↦⋯ where each network module can be a affine
Normalization (machine learning)
Normalization_(machine_learning)
Subset of artificial intelligence
colleagues introduced word2vec, techniques for efficiently learning distributed vector representations of words from large text corpora. In 2014, Ian Goodfellow
Machine_learning
Machine learning algorithm
Information Processing Systems 23. Konidaris, George; Andrew Barto (2009). "Skill discovery in continuous reinforcement learning domains using skill chaining".
Constructing_skill_trees
Design for testing technique for integrated circuits
the scan chain, sequential pattern generation is required. Test pattern generation for sequential circuits searches for a sequence of vectors to detect
Scan_chain
Programming paradigm in which many processes are executed simultaneously
Cray computers became famous for their vector-processing computers in the 1970s and 1980s. However, vector processors—both as CPUs and as full computer systems—have
Parallel_computing
Matrix used to describe the transitions of a Markov chain
{\displaystyle \leq 1.} In the same vein, one may define a probability vector as a vector whose elements are nonnegative real numbers which sum to 1. Thus,
Stochastic_matrix
Statistical tool to model changing systems
audio. A Markov decision process is a Markov chain in which state transitions depend on the current state and an action vector that is applied to the system
Markov_model
Type of chain drive
Harrier jump jet uses a roller chain driven by an air motor to rotate its engine nozzles to create its unique "thrust vectoring" propulsion, which point downwards
Roller_chain
Probability concept
probability, a discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC) is a sequence of random variables, known as a stochastic process, in which the value of the next variable
Discrete-time_Markov_chain
Their resulting vectors, are validated in the document similarity task. Gonzales et al. use word-sense embeddings to produce lexical chains that are integrated
Lexical_chain
Statistical concept
observation is a token from a finite alphabet of size V), there will be a vector of V probabilities summing to 1. In addition, in a Bayesian setting, the
Mixture_model
Differential operator in mathematics
the vector Laplacian applies to a vector field, returning a vector quantity. When computed in orthonormal Cartesian coordinates, the returned vector field
Laplace_operator
Biological memory process in organisms
can be applied to sequence encoding: associative chaining and positional coding. Associative chaining theory states that every item in a list is linked
Encoding_(memory)
Concept in mathematics
those quantities can be represented by a single coefficient matrix A and a vector b, where element A i , j {\displaystyle A_{i,j}} is the coefficient of symbol
Affine_arithmetic
Formula in calculus
from the one-dimensional chain rule. In the language of linear transformations, Da(g) is the function which scales a vector by a factor of g′(a) and Dg(a)(f)
Chain_rule
Bit-vector representation where only one bit can be set at a time
Many of the states are illegal In natural language processing, a one-hot vector is a 1 × N matrix (vector) used to distinguish each word in a vocabulary from
One-hot
Representation in natural language processing
natural language processing, a sentence embedding (or document embedding) is a representation of a natural language text as a vector of numbers which
Sentence_embedding
American software company
analytic processing within a single platform. It integrates features from Ingres and Vector, such as column-based storage, vectorized processing, and multi-core
Actian
Diffusion model over latent embedding space
backbone. As another example, an input image can be processed by a Vision Transformer into a sequence of vectors, which can then be used to condition the backbone
Latent_diffusion_model
Software library for similarity search
Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (PDF). pp. 1242–1245. doi:10.1109/ICASSP.2010.5495403. ISBN 978-1-4244-4295-9. "FAISS vector codecs". GitHub. Lin, Hangfei;
FAISS
Psychoanalytic tool devised by Jacques Lacan
is a "flattened" representation of a signifying chain as it crosses a pathway Lacan called a vector of desire. It appears as two curved lines which cross
Graph_of_desire
Markov chain in which all states can be absorbing
given by the ith entry of the vector t := N 1 , {\displaystyle \mathbf {t} :=N\mathbf {1} ,} where 1 is a length-t column vector whose entries are all 1. By
Absorbing_Markov_chain
Categorization of data using statistics
conversion of spoken language into text Statistical natural language processing – Processing of natural language by a computerPages displaying short descriptions
Statistical_classification
to complex random vectors. Applications of complex random vectors are found in digital signal processing. A complex random vector 𝐙=(Z1,…,Zn)T on the
Complex_random_vector
Scalable coherence technique
vector and coarse bit vector depending on the number of processors. Each directory entry must have 1 bit stored per processor per cache line, along with
Directory-based cache coherence
Directory-based_cache_coherence
Class of artificial neural network
the dominant architecture for many sequence-processing tasks, particularly in natural language processing, due to their superior handling of long-range
Recurrent_neural_network
Predictive model interchange format
generic post-processing of model outputs. In PMML 4.1, all the built-in and custom functions that were originally available only for pre-processing became available
Predictive Model Markup Language
Predictive_Model_Markup_Language
Type of derivative in mathematics
property is generalized to define the derivative of a vector-valued function or function of a vector argument. Sometimes called the total derivative, in
Derivative (multivariable calculus)
Derivative_(multivariable_calculus)
Distance along a curve
vector calculus and differential geometry, or for curves that might not necessarily be smooth as a least upper bound of lengths of polygonal chains.
Arc_length
Type of large language model
designs for natural language processing (NLP). The architecture's use of an attention mechanism allows models to process entire sequences of text at once
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Theorem in vector calculus
known as the Kelvin–Stokes theorem, is a theorem in vector calculus that relates the behavior of a vector field along the edge of a surface to the behavior
Stokes'_theorem
Instantaneous rate of change (mathematics)
the object's jerk. A vector-valued function 𝐲 of a real variable sends real numbers to vectors in some vector space ℝn. A vector-valued function can
Derivative
Mathematical model for sequential decision making under uncertainty
state vector, a ( t ) {\displaystyle a(t)} is the system control vector we try to find. f ( ⋅ ) {\displaystyle f(\cdot )} shows how the state vector changes
Markov_decision_process
Technique for the generative modeling of a continuous probability distribution
forward process is a deterministic flow along a time-dependent vector field, and the backward process is also a deterministic flow along the same vector field
Diffusion_model
Derivative of a function with multiple variables
which all variables are allowed to vary). Partial derivatives are used in vector calculus and differential geometry. The partial derivative of a function
Partial_derivative
Type of data compression
vector quantization of small fixed-size blocks of pixels into small fixed-size blocks of coding bits, sometimes with additional extra pre-processing and
Texture_compression
Geometric algorithm
GNNs". Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 35: 18527–18541. Singer, Amit; Wu, H.-T. (2012). "Vector diffusion maps and the connection Laplacian"
Diffusion_map
Supercomputer manufactured by Cray Research
port to the main memory instead of only one read/write port) and improved chaining support. Each CPU had a theoretical peak performance of 200 MFLOPS. The
Cray_X-MP
Set of methods in molecular biology
smaller DNA fragments. Subsequently, these fragments are then combined with vector DNA to generate recombinant DNA molecules. The recombinant DNA is then introduced
Molecular_cloning
image processing OpenCV — library of programming functions mainly for real-time computer vision Point Cloud Library – library for point cloud processing Tesseract
Lists of open-source artificial intelligence software
Lists_of_open-source_artificial_intelligence_software
Computer program that returns control to a non-multitasking OS without exiting
ISRs. This procedure of installing ISRs is called chaining or hooking an interrupt or an interrupt vector. TSRs can be loaded at any time; either during
Terminate-and-stay-resident program
Terminate-and-stay-resident_program
Volcanic region hotter than the surrounding mantle
independent of tectonic plate boundaries, and so hotspots may create a chain of volcanoes as the plates move above them. There are two hypotheses that
Hotspot_(geology)
Type of machine learning model
chaining?". IBM. 23 April 2024. Wei, Jason; Wang, Xuezhi; Schuurmans, Dale; Bosma, Maarten; Ichter, Brian; Xia, Fei; et al. (10 January 2023). "Chain-of-Thought
Large_language_model
RISC processor architecture
Program Counter, Vector Pointer, FLAGS, INFO, BRKE, 4 Breakpoint. The XAP5 instructions are 16, 32 and 48-bit. The XAP5 compile chain is based on GNU GCC
XAP_processor
Type of neural network which utilizes recursion
function. If c1 and c2 are n-dimensional vector representations of nodes, their parent will also be an n-dimensional vector, defined as: p1,2=tanh(W[c1;c2])
Recursive_neural_network
Model of logic based on matrix algebra
Vector logic is an algebraic model of elementary logic based on matrix algebra. Vector logic assumes that the truth values map on vectors, and that the
Vector_logic
Optimization algorithm for artificial neural networks
a loss function. Denote: x: input (vector of features) y: target output For classification, output will be a vector of class probabilities (e.g., (0.1
Backpropagation
Group of standard library class templates
std::vector<T> implements an array with fast random access and an ability to automatically resize when appending elements. std::inplace_vector<T> implements
Sequence_container_(C++)
Overview of and topical guide to natural language processing
as an overview of and topical guide to natural-language processing: Natural-language processing can be described as all of the following: A field of science
Outline of natural language processing
Outline_of_natural_language_processing
Computer hardware technology
Chain of trust in layers of software (see below). The technology supports both a static chain of trust and a dynamic chain of trust. The static chain
Trusted_Execution_Technology
Random variable with multiple component dimensions
probability and statistics, a multivariate random variable or random vector is a list or vector of mathematical variables each of whose value is unknown, either
Multivariate_random_variable
Language that describes user interfaces
an XML markup user interface language which supports the creation and chaining of atomic MVC triad components used in constructing HMVC GUI applications
User interface markup language
User_interface_markup_language
Algorithm that estimates unknowns from a series of measurements over time
data processing on central processing units (CPUs), but in its original form it is inefficient on parallel architectures such as graphics processing units
Kalman_filter
Formulas in differential geometry
defined as follows: T is the unit vector tangent to the curve, pointing in the direction of motion. N is the normal unit vector, the derivative of T with respect
Frenet–Serret_formulas
Python library for machine learning
classification, regression and clustering algorithms including support-vector machines, random forests, gradient boosting, k-means and DBSCAN, and is
Scikit-learn
Digital image output of computer display
screenshots are raster images, but some vector-based GUI environments like Cairo are capable of generating vector screenshots. Screenshot kits were available
Screenshot
emissions at each processing stage, leading to incorrect total environmental impacts (here, x j {\displaystyle x_{j}} represents a column vector of the size
Environmentally extended input–output analysis
Environmentally_extended_input–output_analysis
Length increase of a message when it is encrypted
cipher modes of operation, like Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), require the use of an Initialization Vector (IV) that is unique for each message. The IV
Ciphertext_expansion
suite from KDE consists of programs for word processing, spreadsheets, presentation, databases, vector graphics, and digital painting Collabora Online
List of free and open-source software packages
List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
CCM mode (counter with cipher block chaining message authentication code; counter with CBC-MAC) is a mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers
CCM_mode
Vector satisfying some of the criteria of an eigenvector
eigenvector of an n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrix A {\displaystyle A} is a vector which satisfies certain criteria which are more relaxed than those for an
Generalized_eigenvector
Type of artificial intelligence system
encoder-decoder architecture, where an encoder summarized images into feature vectors, which were fed to a decoder to generate the associated description. Early
Vision-language_model
Digital circuit that produces sums from inputs
Design of Energy-Efficient Digital Circuits. Analog Circuits and Signal Processing. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16136-5. ISBN 978-3-319-16135-8. ISSN 1872-082X
Adder_(electronics)
Device or program that encodes/decodes audio data in some bitstream format
Predictive DPCM ADPCM LPC ACELP CELP LAR LSP WLPC Motion Compensation Estimation Vector Psychoacoustic Audio Concepts Bit rate ABR CBR VBR Companding Convolution
Audio_codec
Array of numbers
are probability vectors, that is, whose entries are non-negative and sum up to one. Stochastic matrices are used to define Markov chains with finitely many
Matrix_(mathematics)
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CHAINING VECTOR-PROCESSING
CHAINING VECTOR-PROCESSING
CHAINING VECTOR-PROCESSING
CHAINING VECTOR-PROCESSING
CHAINING VECTOR-PROCESSING
CHAINING VECTOR-PROCESSING
CHAINING VECTOR-PROCESSING
CHAINING VECTOR-PROCESSING
CHAINING VECTOR-PROCESSING
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