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Sound changes affecting each other
§ Brackets and transcription delimiters. In historical linguistics, a chain shift is a set of sound changes in which the change in pronunciation of one
Chain_shift
Systematic change in the pronunciation of the vowel sounds of a language
or it can be a chain shift. One of the several major vowel shifts that is currently underway in the US is the Northern Cities Vowel Shift. This change pattern
Vowel_shift
Dialect spoken in the Great Lakes region
elsewhere in the Midwest. The Northern cities vowel shift, or simply Northern cities shift, is a chain shift of vowels and the defining accent feature of the
Inland Northern American English
Inland_Northern_American_English
Vowel shift
The low-back-merger shift is a chain shift of vowel sounds found in several accents of North American English, beginning in the last quarter of the 20th
Low-back-merger_shift
Pronunciation change in English between 1350 and 1700
Canaanite Shift Chain shift "The Chaos"—a poem using the irregularity of English spelling and pronunciation Grimm's law High German consonant shift History
Great_Vowel_Shift
Sound shift in the Germanic languages
consists of three parts, forming consecutive phases in the sense of a chain shift. The phases are usually constructed as follows: Proto-Indo-European voiceless
Grimm's_law
Phenomenon in phonology
restructuring, not a small degree of sound change. For example, chain shifts such as the Great Vowel Shift (in which nearly all of the vowels of the English language
Phonological_change
sub-region, age, ethnicity, and other social factors. The Southern Vowel Shift is a chain shift of vowels that is occurring or fully completed in most Southern
Southern accent (United States)
Southern_accent_(United_States)
Process of language change that affects pronunciation or sound system structure
spirant law Canaanite shift Cot-caught merger Dahl's law Grassmann's law Great Vowel Shift (English) Grimm's law High German consonant shift Kluge's law Onbin
Sound_change
Pronunciation differences in the United States and Canada
encouraging the Southern Shift ([a] ← /aɪ/ ← /eɪ/ ← /i/ and drawling) + pin–pen merger Inland South = Back Upglide Chain Shift ([æɔ] ← /aʊ/ ← /ɔ/ ← /ɔɪ/)
North American English regional phonology
North_American_English_regional_phonology
Variable-ratio transmission system commonly used on bicycles
derailleurs typically consist of a moveable chain-guide that is operated remotely by a Bowden cable attached to a shifter mounted on the down tube, handlebar
Derailleur
Vowel shift/sound change in the Canaanite dialects
where the shift occurs, it also gives historical linguists reason to suppose that other shifts may have taken place. Chain shift Great Vowel Shift Woodard
Canaanite_shift
Dialect of English spoken in California
the 1980s, linguists first noted a distinctive chain shift of vowel sounds, the California Vowel Shift, used by young people in southern California and
California_English
Proto-Germanic sound law
Grimm's Law and Verner's Law must have been part of a single bifurcating chain shift. An exact parallel to Verner's law is found in the neighboring Finnic
Verner's_law
Variety of American English
a chain shift of vowels to the raising of the trap, dress, and perhaps kit vowels. This chain shift of vowels is called the "African American Shift".
African-American Vernacular English
African-American_Vernacular_English
Sound change in some English dialects
through a chain shift of vowels to the raising of the trap, dress, and perhaps kit vowels. This chain shift is called the "African American Shift". However
Cot–caught_merger
Sound changes
Danish. Fronting can also take place as part of a chain shift. For example, in the Northern Cities Shift, the raising of /æ/ left room in the low-front area
Fronting_(sound_change)
Random process independent of past history
stationary distribution, and the Markov chain transition. Let T : Ω → Ω {\displaystyle T:\Omega \to \Omega } be the shift operator: T ( X 0 , X 1 , … ) = (
Markov_chain
Topics referred to by the same term
Drag chain may refer to: Cable carrier in moving machinery Drag conveyor, for moving bulk material A type of chain shift in linguistics Part of a dragline
Drag_chain
Consonant sound change
and lenis Apophony Begadkefat Chain shift Consonant mutation Germanic spirant law Grimm's Law High German consonant shift Historical linguistics Rendaku
Lenition
Family of Austroasiatic languages native to the Shillong Plateau
*b- chain shift Proto-Austroasiatic *b- > proto-Khasian *p- Proto-Austroasiatic *ɓ- > proto-Khasian *b- Pre-Khasian *d- > *t-, * ɗ- > *d- chain shift Proto-Austroasiatic
Khasic_languages
Phonological system of New Zealand English
TRAP–DRESS–KIT chain shift æ > e̞ > ɪ > ə The original short front vowels [æ, e̞, ɪ] (TRAP, DRESS, KIT) have undergone a chain shift to [ɛ, e̝, ə]. Acoustic
New_Zealand_English_phonology
Multinational online clothing retailer
Financial Times. Retrieved 11 April 2025. "China Urges Shein to Halt Supply-Chain Shift After Trump Tariffs". Bloomberg News. 8 April 2025. Retrieved 5 May 2025
Shein
West Germanic language
stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a chain shift, meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system. Mid and open vowels were
English_language
Variety of Canadian English
cot–caught merger to [ɒ] and an accompanying chain shift of vowel sounds, which is called the Canadian Shift. A subset of the dialect geographically at
Standard_Canadian_English
Sound system of New York City English
vowel as port as in much of the rest of the United States. Back vowel chain shift before /r/: /ɔr/, as in Tory, bore, or shore merges with a tongue movement
New_York_accent
Aspect of ecosystems
A food chain is a linear network of links in a food web, often beginning with an autotroph (such as grass or algae), also called a producer, and typically
Food_chain
Iranian language spoken in China and Pakistan
vowels have undergone the same chain shift as Tajik, Uzbek, and other Central Asian Pamir languages. The vowel chain shift looks like the following: [a]
Sarikoli_language
linguistics, a sequence of rules in counterfeeding order is called a chain shift. A chain shift can be presented graphically like the following: a→b→c→d where
Feeding_order
Type of shift space studied in ergodic theory
Markov measure, which is an extension of a Markov chain to the topology of the shift. A Markov chain is a pair (P, π) consisting of the transition matrix
Subshift_of_finite_type
System involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer
A supply chain is a complex logistics system that consists of facilities that convert raw materials into finished products and distribute them to end
Supply_chain
Language family
Korean Vowel Shift between the 13th and 15th centuries, a chain shift involving five of these vowels. William Labov found that this proposed shift followed
Koreanic_languages
American rock musician and songwriter (born 1975)
determined DeLonge's pronunciations are a result of the California Shift, a regional chain shift that joins vowels and emphasizes words ending in "R". In the
Tom_DeLonge
version of ShiftX called ShiftX2. ShiftX2 is substantially more accurate than ShiftX and it is able to calculate a much larger collection of side chain chemical
ShiftX
Dialectological map of English in the U.S. and Canada
them—often chain shifts among the vowel phonemes. Major regions include: The Inland North, characterized by the Northern Cities Vowel Shift Canada, characterized
The Atlas of North American English
The_Atlas_of_North_American_English
Structured system of communication
without any seeming regularity. Sometimes a simple change triggers a chain shift in which the entire phonological system is affected. This happened in
Language
Computer memory unit using cascaded flip-flops
A shift register is a type of digital circuit using a cascade of flip-flops where the output of one flip-flop is connected to the input of the next. They
Shift_register
Sound change converting an alveolar consonant to a rhotic consonant
and *ṯnataimi. Compare also Aramaic tinyânâ "the second one", without the shift. Aquitanian *l changed to the tapped r between vowels in Basque. It can
Rhotacism
Sounds spelled with the digraph ⟨th⟩
shifted to a /d/, the allophonic distinction simply being lost. In German, West Germanic *d shifted to /t/ in what may be thought of as a chain shift
Pronunciation_of_English_⟨th⟩
Language family native to Eurasia
plain voiced stops. Germanic and Armenian change all three series in a chain shift, e.g. with bh b p becoming b p f, known as Grimm's law in Germanic. Among
Indo-European_languages
American alternative metal band
Alice in Chains (often abbreviated as AiC) is an American rock band formed in Seattle in 1987. Since 2006, the band's lineup has consisted of vocalist/guitarists
Alice_in_Chains
Design for testing technique for integrated circuits
connected into a long shift register. Clock signal which is used for controlling all the flip-flops in the chain during shift phase and the capture phase
Scan_chain
Sound change that either results in a palatal or palatalized consonant or a front vowel
will be on processes typical of the Bedouin dialect group: the 'uvular chain shift' g < q < ġ and the palatalization of k as it relates to the borrowability
Palatalization_(sound_change)
Eastern Iranian language spoken by the Wakhi people
which is equivalent to Iranian Persian [ɒː] after having undergone a chain shift, is not written with alef "آ / ا /ا ـا" but with the letter waw "او
Wakhi_language
Variety of American English
the DRESS vowel in a chain shift first associated with California and led by young women: the low-back-merger shift. This shift is also documented in
Western_American_English
Judeo-Persian dialect of Central Asia
of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: With Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel Chain Shift". Journal of Jewish Languages. 5 (1): 85. doi:10.1163/22134638-12340078
Bukharian_language
American punk rock band
space/recording studio in Brooklyn called Shea Stadium. Their 7-inch EP Low Back Chain Shift was released in fall 2010, and they promoted it on the road in North
The_So_So_Glos
Indo-European linguistic classification
In the satem languages, it caused a chain shift, and the existing velars (traditionally "palatovelars") were shifted further forward to avoid a merger,
Centum_and_satem_languages
Method of changing gears on a bicycle
radius. During shifting, this segment is pushed sideways by a relay operated mechanism like a railroad switch and picks up the chain that is currently
Electronic gear-shifting system
Electronic_gear-shifting_system
Ancestor of the Germanic languages
realisation before /t/. Grimm's law as applied to pre-proto-Germanic is a chain shift of the original Indo-European plosives. Verner's Law explains a category
Proto-Germanic_language
Indian billionaire businessman (born 1959)
supply chains, and industrial modernisation, particularly in steel. In 2020, he urged Indian industries to leverage global supply chain shifts and position
Sajjan_Jindal
American linguist; father of sociolinguistics (1927–2024)
major divergent chain shifts taking place today: a Southern Shift (in Appalachia and southern coastal regions); a Northern Cities Vowel Shift affecting a
William_Labov
Hypothetical ancient Mesoamerican language
branches have changed these into [k] and [kʼ] respectively. In Mamean a chain shift took place changing *[r] into [t], *[t] into [tʃ], *[tʃ] into [tʂ] and
Proto-Mayan_language
Generalized representations of US people
"fronted features in the young speakers seems to indicate a nascent chain shift in progress, [but] the lack of a true generational age range in the study
Stereotypes_of_Americans
Type of language change
For example, in the English language, there was the Great Vowel Shift, a chain shift of long vowels first described and accounted for in terms of drift
Drift_(linguistics)
Linguistic process
change over time (especially that of the Great Vowel Shift), the terms "pull chain" and "push chain" have also been applied to Jespersen's cycle. Jespersen's
Jespersen's_cycle
Intramolecular organic reaction in which a sigma bond is changed
orbital, and therefore proceed via a suprafacial shift. These reactions are still not common in open-chain compounds because of the highly ordered nature
Sigmatropic_reaction
Australian rock band
shift in their sound. The band explained the move to Berlin influenced a more industrial sound and the use of more synthesisers. EPs The Dharma Chain
The_Dharma_Chain
Type of sequence of prime numbers
Cunningham chain are essentially shifted left in binary with ones filling in the least significant digits. For example, here is a complete length 6 chain which
Cunningham_chain
West Germanic language
[ɛi], [ɔu], and [œy] respectively, making the change an example of a chain shift. The change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view because
Dutch_language
Vowel sound change
sound change by which a diphthong becomes a monophthong, a type of vowel shift. It is also known as ungliding, as diphthongs are also known as gliding
Monophthongization
1-700 CE language variety or dialect
attested as early as the eighth century CE, and it can be explained by a chain shift / kʼ ~ q / → /g/ → /d͡ʒ/. (See Hejazi Arabic) In contrast to Classical
Old_Hijazi_Arabic
Fighting game
using combinations of the directional and attack buttons. Moon Drive: A Chain Shift/Overdrive-based power-up that can be activated by using all of Moon Icons
Melty_Blood:_Type_Lumina
Topics referred to by the same term
or truck transmission Shifter (bicycle part), or gear lever, a bicycle part that selects which gear the chain rests on Shifter (tool), an adjustable wrench/spanner
Shifter
Hypothetical reconstructed proto-language
Old Babylonian Akkadian is then suggested to result from a push-type chain shift, and the change from [t͡s] to [s] "pushes" [s] out of the way to [ʃ]
Proto-Semitic_language
Elision through dissimilation
entire syllable or a part of it through dissimilation (a differentiating shift that affects two neighboring similar sounds). The phenomenon was identified
Haplology
Variant of English language
accent differs. An identifiable feature of New Zealand English is its chain shift where the TRAP vowel has moved up to the place of the traditional DRESS
New_Zealand_English
Common occurrence of "e" as a silent letter in English, like in "like"
writing conventions to mark distinctions that had been reordered by the chain shift of the long vowels. However, the pronunciation of ⟨u⟩ before silent ⟨e⟩
Silent_e
Sound system of Australian English
Received Pronunciation equivalents. However, a recent short-front-vowel chain shift has resulted in younger generations having lower positions than this
Australian_English_phonology
Process of progressive accumulation in food chain
substance in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain. Biological magnification often refers to the process whereby substances
Biomagnification
Archaic form of the Hebrew language
reconstructed as /s/, had been initially /ts/; later on, a push-type chain shift changed *s3 /ts/ to /s/ and pushed s1 /s/ to /ʃ/ in many dialects (e
Biblical_Hebrew
Retail outlets that share a brand and central management
the surrounding neighborhood. Brick-and-mortar chain stores have been declining, as retail has shifted to online shopping, leading to historically high
Chain_store
American restaurant chain
an American restaurant chain, known for breakfast, brunch and lunch, based in Bradenton, Florida. As of August 2024, the chain has more than 630 locations
First Watch (restaurant chain)
First_Watch_(restaurant_chain)
Varieties of English spoken in the Southern United States
pay-it and pee-it. All of this appears to be related to a complicated chain shift of vowels that define the accent. Fronting is common for the back vowels
Southern_American_English
Scottish alternative rock band
The Jesus and Mary Chain are a Scottish alternative rock band formed in East Kilbride in 1983. The band revolves around the songwriting partnership of
The_Jesus_and_Mary_Chain
Lengthening of vowel sounds in place of a deleted consonant
to be pronounced /niːt/. (Later the /iː/ became /aɪ/ by the Great Vowel Shift.) Both the Germanic spirant law and the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law show
Compensatory_lengthening
Sound change in vowels
word boundaries in certain languages. Generally, one vowel will trigger a shift in other vowels within the domain, such that the affected vowels match the
Vowel_harmony
American hotel tycoon and politician (1887–1979)
in eight-hour shifts. He continued to purchase and sell hotels, and eventually established the world's first international hotel chain. When he died in
Conrad_Hilton
Attested sociolinguistic relationship between gender and language change
in New York City, the reversal of the Parisian French chain shift, and entire language shifts, like that from Hungarian to German in Austria. The third
Gender paradox (sociolinguistics)
Gender_paradox_(sociolinguistics)
Phonetic sound change
consonant becomes voiced due to the influence of its phonological environment; shift in the opposite direction is referred to as devoicing or surdization. Most
Consonant voicing and devoicing
Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing
Process by which monophthongs become diphthongs and triphthongs
triggered by a neighboring sound. That was the case with the Great Vowel Shift in English in which all cases of /iː/ and /uː/ changed to diphthongs. Vowel
Vowel_breaking
Austronesian language spoken in Maluku, Indonesia
Preserved as r: *ijuŋ > irl "nose" The loss of *k led to a pull chain shift. Subsequently, *t shifted to k except if the *t was directly preceded by original
Southeast_Babar_language
Variety of the English language
not present in Conservative SAE, and may have resulted from a vocalic chain shift in White SAE. Pronunciation of the FLEECE vowel with the long monophthongal
South_African_English
Pronouncing "l" sounds as vowels
falcon, stalk, talk and walk; /ɔul/ in folk, Polk, and yolk. The Great Vowel Shift altered the pronunciation of the diphthongs, with /ɑu/ becoming the monophthong
L-vocalization
American sociolinguist (born 1942)
extreme backing and lowering of (uh), a step in the Northern Cities Chain Shift, among jocks, in-betweens, and burnouts, as well as the effect of parents'
Penelope_Eckert
Short chains of 2–50 amino acids
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. A polypeptide is a longer, continuous, unbranched peptide chain. Polypeptides that have
Peptide
West Germanic language
relationship between Low German consonants which were unaffected by this chain shift and their equivalents in other West Germanic languages. Contemporary
Low_German
Sound change towards glottal articulation
as a sound change involving the weakening of a consonant by progressive shifts in pronunciation. As with other forms of lenition, debuccalization may be
Debuccalization
Phonological sound change
In the High German consonant shift, voiceless stops /p, t, k/ spirantized to /f, s, x/ at the end of a syllable. The shift of /t/ to /s/ (as in English
Assibilation
Letter written in succession by a group of people
A chain letter is a message that attempts to convince the recipient to make a number of copies and pass them on to a certain number of recipients. The
Chain_letter
Variety of the Pashto language
79–146. Septfonds (1994), p. 269. Miller, Corey (2014-05-12). "The Waziri Chain Shift". Journal of Persianate Studies. 7 (1): 124–136. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341267
Central_Pashto
Series of sketches on Saturday Night Live
stereotypical New York accent as possible, particularly the low back chain shift that changes the vowels in words like "dogs, daughters, lofts and coffee"
Coffee Talk (Saturday Night Live)
Coffee_Talk_(Saturday_Night_Live)
Legal framework in Australian transport legislation
represents a fundamental shift from driver-only liability to supply chain-wide accountability for public safety. The Chain of Responsibility framework
Chain_of_responsibility
Synchronous serial communication interface
individual communication shift registers of each slave to form a single larger combined shift register that shifts data through the chain. This configuration
Serial_Peripheral_Interface
Variety of American English
an entirely new chain shift of the vowels since the 20th century. Some Western New England English speakers do have some of this shift's features, though
New_England_English
Variety or dialect of American English
raising of /ɑr/ and /ɔr/ may constitute a chain shift. The evidence suggests the movement of /ɑr/ began this shift, and this vowel is relatively stable today
Philadelphia_English
West Flemish dialect used in Bruges
In comparison with Standard Dutch, the short front vowels underwent a chain shift, so that the standard /i, y, ɪ, ʏ, ɛ/ became /ɪ, ʏ, ɛ, œ, æ/. The standard
Bruges_dialect
Linguistic model for phonological analysis
McCarthy's sympathy theory and candidate chains theory. A relevant issue is the existence of circular chain shifts, i.e. cases where input /X/ maps to output
Optimality_theory
Stage of the Korean language
Ki-Moon Lee argued for a Korean Vowel Shift between the 13th and 15th centuries, consisting of chain shifts involving five of these vowels: y > u >
Middle_Korean
Ancestor of the Celtic languages
disappearance of the equivalent stop in PIE, we may think of this as a chain shift. The terms P-Celtic and Q-Celtic are useful for grouping Celtic languages
Proto-Celtic_language
CHAIN SHIFT
CHAIN SHIFT
Girl/Female
Australian, Welsh
Chain
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Chain of Flowers
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Flower Chain
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam
Chain
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Chain of Hopes
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
A Kings Chain
Female
Thai/Siamese
Thai name PEN-CHAN means "full moon."
Girl/Female
Indian
Golden Chain
Female
Hebrew
Pet form of Hebrew Channah, CHANI means "favor; grace."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of various places named with Middle English heghen, a weak plural of hegh, from Old English (ge)hæg ‘enclosure’. See also Haynes.English : from the Middle English personal name Hain, Heyne. This is derived from the Germanic personal name Hagano, originally a byname meaning ‘hawthorn’. It is found in England before the Conquest, but was popularized by the Normans. In the Danelaw, it may be derived from Old Norse Hagni, Hǫgni (see Hagan), a Scandinavianized version of the same name.English : nickname for a wretched individual, from Middle English hain(e), heyne ‘wretch’, ‘niggard’.German : topographic name for someone who lived by a patch of enclosed pastureland, Middle High German hage(n) (see Hagen 1), hain, or a habitational name from a place named Hain, from this word.German : from the Germanic personal name Hagin, originally a byname from the same element as in 2 above.Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : metronymic from the Yiddish personal name Khaye ‘life’ + the Slavic possessive suffix -in.
Boy/Male
English
Follower.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Chinn.Chinese : variant of Jin 1.Chinese : Cantonese variant of Qian.Chinese : variant of Qin 1.Chinese : variant of Qin 2.Chinese : variant of Jin 2.Chinese : variant of Jin 3.Korean : there are four Chinese characters for the surname Chin, representing five clans. At least three of the clans have origins in China; most of them migrated to Korea during the Kory{ou} period (ad 918–1392).
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu
Peace
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Tuwbal Qayin, TUBAL-CAIN means "thou shall be brought of Cain." In the bible, this is the name of a son of Lamech, said to be an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Chain
Girl/Female
Indian
Beauteous, Beloved
Surname or Lastname
Scottish
Scottish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Iain, patronymic from Iain, one of the Gaelic forms of John. This name is found in many other spellings, including McCain, Kean, and McKean. In some cases it may also be a variant of Coyne.English : variant spelling of Cane.English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from Caen in Calvados, France, named with the Gaulish elements catu ‘battle’ + magos ‘field’, ‘plain’.French (Caïn) : from the Biblical name Cain (Hebrew Qayin), probably applied as a derogatory nickname for someone who was considered to be treacherous.Spanish (CaÃn) : habitational name from a place called CaÃn in León.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Chaffin.
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Chayim, CHAIM means "life."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Golden Chain
CHAIN SHIFT
CHAIN SHIFT
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lord of the earth
Girl/Female
Norse
Eagle spirit.
Boy/Male
Indian, Parsi
Followers of Ancient Persian Religion
Girl/Female
English American Latin
Feminine of Michael, meaning gift from God.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Girl/Female
Irish American Celtic English French
Oath.
Girl/Female
Australian, Czech, Czechoslovakian
One with Hope
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Name of a Raaga
Boy/Male
Muslim
The most compassionate, The benficent, The gracious
Boy/Male
English
From the hare's meadow.
CHAIN SHIFT
CHAIN SHIFT
CHAIN SHIFT
CHAIN SHIFT
CHAIN SHIFT
n.
A genus of Silurian fossil corals; the chain corals. See Chain coral, under Chain.
n.
A chair mounted on rockers, in which one may rock.
v. t.
To carry publicly in a chair in triumph.
n.
A series of things linked together; or a series of things connected and following each other in succession; as, a chain of mountains; a chain of events or ideas.
n.
A chain for slinging the lower yards, in time of action, to prevent their falling, if the ropes by which they are hung are shot away.
imp. p. p.
of Chain
v. t.
To place in a chair.
n.
That which confines, fetters, or secures, as a chain; a bond; as, the chains of habit.
v. t.
To fasten, bind, or connect with a chain; to fasten or bind securely, as with a chain; as, to chain a bulldog.
v. t.
To protect by drawing a chain across, as a harbor.
v. t.
To measure with the chain.
n.
The presiding officer of an assembly; a chairman; as, to address the chair.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Chain
v. t.
To bind with a chain; to hold in chains.