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Consonant sound change
delimiters. In linguistics, lenition is a sound change that alters consonants, making them "weaker" in some way. The word lenition means 'softening' or 'weakening'
Lenition
Word initial consonantal sound changes in Irish
consonant mutations: lenition (Irish: séimhiú [ˈʃeːvʲuː]) and eclipsis (urú [ˈʊɾˠuː]) (the alternative names, aspiration for lenition and nasalisation for
Irish_initial_mutations
Celtic language indigenous to the island of Ireland
(lenition marking the genitive case of a masculine noun) Seán "John" – a Sheáin! "John!" (lenition as part of the vocative case, the vocative lenition
Irish_language
Phonetic phenomenon in Uralic languages
delimiters. Consonant gradation is a type of consonant mutation (mostly lenition but also assimilation) found in some Uralic languages, more specifically
Consonant_gradation
contexts falling intonation in most types of sentences, including questions lenition and extreme sandhi phenomena Due to the geographic concentration of Gaelic
Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography
Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography
Accent and dialect of English in the Liverpool City Region
and syllabic consonants. Affrication of /t/ as [ts] word-initially and lenition to [θ̠] intervocalically and word-finally. The latter type of allophony
Scouse
Overview of the history of the French language
grammar. Examples include sandhi phenomena (liaison, resyllabification, lenition), the loss of unstressed syllables and the vowel system (such as raising
History_of_French
Branch of the Romance languages
/ˈvɛːnet/ (Romance vowel changes) > /ˈvjɛnet/ (diphthongization) > /ˈvjɛned/ (lenition) > /ˈvjɛnd/ (Gallo-Romance final vowel loss) > /ˈvjɛnt/ (final devoicing)
Gallo-Romance_languages
Latin-script digraph
native Javanese script. In Irish and Scottish Gaelic, ⟨th⟩ represents the lenition of ⟨t⟩. In most cases word-initially, it is pronounced /h/. For example:
Th_(digraph)
Continuous sequence of sounds in spoken language
form or isolation form). Types of connected speech principles Coalescence Lenition Elision Assimilation Simplification Liaison Juncture Morphophonology Phonology
Connected_speech
Consonantal change
degree or duration of stricture. It is the opposite of the more common lenition. For example, a fricative or an approximant may become a stop (i.e. [v]
Fortition
Sound change that either results in a palatal or palatalized consonant or a front vowel
fricative. The change in the manner of articulation is a form of lenition. However, the lenition is frequently accompanied by a change in place of articulation
Palatalization_(sound_change)
Aspect of verbs in the Irish language
imperfect, preterite, and conditional, a consonant-initial stem undergoes lenition (and dialectally is preceded by do), while a vowel-initial stem is prefixed
Irish_conjugation
British Crown Dependency in the Irish Sea
in Manx as Mannin, or in full, Ellan Vannin (i.e. "island of Man", with lenition of the first consonant). Mannin was originally a dative form, the nominative
Isle_of_Man
Eighth letter of the Latin alphabet
⟨h⟩ placed after a consonant is known as a "séimhiú" and indicates the lenition of that consonant; ⟨h⟩ began to replace the original form of a séimhiú
H
Spelling and punctuation of the Irish language
when not prefixed to a word initial vowel or after a consonant to show lenition, primarily occurs word initially in loanwords, e.g. hata "hat". ⟨k⟩ is
Irish_orthography
Sound change towards glottal articulation
meaning 'cheek' or 'mouth'. Debuccalization is usually seen as a subtype of lenition, which is often defined as a sound change involving the weakening of a
Debuccalization
Diacritical mark
where the dot denotes lenition, and is called a ponc séimhithe or buailte "dot of lenition": ḃ ċ ḋ ḟ ġ ṁ ṗ ṡ ṫ. Alternatively, lenition may be represented
Dot_(diacritic)
Latin letter S with dot above
was used only for ẛ and ṡ, while a following h was used for c, p, and t; lenition of other letters was not indicated. Later the two systems spread to the
Ṡ
Subgroup of the Iranian languages
Common to most Eastern Iranian languages is a particularly widespread lenition of the voiced stops *b, *d, *g. Between vowels, these have been lenited
Eastern_Iranian_languages
Celtic language
The overdot was used to indicate lenition of ⟨ḟ, ṡ⟩, while the following ⟨h⟩ was used for ⟨ch, ph, th⟩. The lenition of other letters was not generally
Scottish_Gaelic
Systematic organization of spoken sounds of the Danish language
laryngeal phonation that is used phonemically. It also exhibits extensive lenition of plosives, which is noticeably more common than in the neighboring languages
Danish_phonology
Celtic language spoken in France
⟨cʼh⟩ between vowels. [ɣ] also appears as the lenition of ⟨g, cʼh⟩ and mixed mutation of ⟨g⟩. ^ The lenition of ⟨d⟩ and the spirantization of ⟨t⟩ are both
Breton_language
Goidelic language
versions of /b/, /g/, and /m) by analogy with the lenited ch, th, ph. Lenition of these respective stops went unmarked. Diacritics derived fround the
Middle_Irish
Sound change happening in linguistics
the word used by modern phoneticians, and linguists prefer to speak of lenition here. Historically, the Celtic initial mutations originated from progressive
Consonant_mutation
Omission of sounds in words or phrases
consonantal tongue gesture. In this view, elision is the final stage in lenition or consonant weakening, the last phase of a cline or continuum describable
Elision
Medieval Welsh legendary tale
ny: negative particle (+lenition); bydei: habitual past 3rd singular of bot; byw: to live; namyn: except; tra: while (+lenition); bei: imperfect sunbjunctive
Math_fab_Mathonwy_(branch)
Constructed science-fiction language
Both trigger lenition (indicated by the "+" signs rather than the hyphens that usually mark prefix boundaries). In nouns which undergo lenition, the plural
Naʼvi_language
Oldest widely attested Gaelic language
with other old Indo-European languages, are: Initial mutations, including lenition, nasalisation and aspiration/gemination. A complex system of verbal allomorphy
Old_Irish
Modifier mark added to a letter
both pronounced /la/. In Gaelic type, a dot over a consonant indicates lenition of the consonant in question. In other writing systems, diacritics may
Diacritic
System of phonetic notation
vibrants and laterals are separated out so that the rows reflect the common lenition pathway of stop → fricative → approximant, as well as the fact that several
International Phonetic Alphabet
International_Phonetic_Alphabet
The history of the Romanian language started in Roman provinces north of the Jireček Line in Classical antiquity. There are three main hypotheses around
History of the Romanian language
History_of_the_Romanian_language
Situational pronunciation of /r/ in non-rhotic varieties of English
Sound change and alternation Metathesis Quantitative metathesis Lenition Consonant gradation Consonant voicing and devoicing Assibilation Spirantization
Linking_and_intrusive_R
Classical Age dialect of Middle Aramaic
Hatran Aramaic (Aramaic of Hatra, Ashurian or East Mesopotamian) designates a Middle Aramaic dialect, that was used in the region of Hatra and Assur in
Hatran_Aramaic
Grammar of the Scottish Gaelic language
dog" Lenition and slenderisation (also referred to as palatalisation or "i-infection") play a crucial role in Scottish Gaelic grammar. Lenition (sometimes
Scottish_Gaelic_grammar
Variety of Spanish language
these are innovations, especially lenitions and mergers, and some of Andalusian Spanish's most distinct lenitions and mergers occur in the syllable coda
Andalusian_Spanish
Series of sound changes affecting some West Germanic languages
is reversed in many Upper and Central German dialects by a process of lenition, beginning around 1300 in parts of Bavarian. Examples from Schweikle 1996
High_German_consonant_shift
Phonological system of the Japanese language
normally fully voiced (or prevoiced), but may become non-plosives through lenition. The phonemes /b, d, ɡ/ have weakened non-plosive pronunciations that can
Japanese_phonology
Grammatical case for noun addressed
basic pattern as Irish. The vocative case causes lenition of the initial consonant of nouns. Lenition changes the initial sound of the word (or name).
Vocative_case
Romance language
of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages, including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida). The diphthongization
Spanish_language
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨b⟩ in IPA
67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278 Goblirsch, Kurt (2018), Gemination, Lenition, and Vowel Lengthening: On the History of Quantity in Germanic, Cambridge
Voiced_bilabial_plosive
Direct descendants of Vulgar Latin
series of consonants in Romance languages. Stop consonants shifted by lenition in Vulgar Latin in some areas. The voiced labial consonants /b/ and /w/
Romance_languages
Language family of Northern Eurasia
Samoyedic. The inverse relationship between consonant gradation and medial lenition of stops (the pattern also continuing within the three families where gradation
Uralic_languages
Iníon Mhic "son's daughter"). In both cases the following name undergoes lenition, except for when Nic is followed by ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩. Thus the daughter of Seán
Irish_name
Grammar of the Irish language
forms: an and na. An may cause lenition, eclipsis, or neither. Na may cause eclipsis, but the only instance of lenition with na is with the genitive singular
Irish_grammar
Modification or development of a language
phonetic reduction of speech forms. See vowel reduction, cluster reduction, lenition, and elision. After some time, a change may become widely accepted (it
Language_change
Process of language change that affects pronunciation or sound system structure
non-contiguous segments, as Greek amélgō "I milk" > Modern Greek armégō. Lenition: "Weakening" of a consonant from one that takes more effort to pronounce
Sound_change
Ancient Semitic language of the Mediterranean, specifically current day Lebanon
There is no consensus on whether Phoenician-Punic ever underwent the lenition of stop consonants that happened in most other Northwest Semitic languages
Phoenician_language
been postulated for the Roman colonization period. Two specific types of lenition, the voicing of voiceless consonants and the elision of voiced consonants
Influences on the Spanish language
Influences_on_the_Spanish_language
Celtic language of the High Middle Ages
orthography; this is especially true of the nasal mutation. 1. Lenition / soft mutation Lenition turns voiceless stop consonants into voiced ones and voiced
Middle_Welsh
Romance language
of these features are also present in Romanian. Little or no phonemic lenition of consonants between vowels, e.g. vīta > vita 'life' (cf. Romanian viață
Italian_language
Characteristic of the Finnish language
widespread in Finnish grammar. These alternations are a form of synchronic lenition. They occur also in other Finnic and Uralic languages; see consonant gradation
Finnish_consonant_gradation
Group of dialects of Bengali
simplification accompanied by vowel insertion Consonant metathesis and lenition Substitutions involving palatal and affricate consonants Realization of
Southern_Bengali_dialects
Pre-6th century Goidelic Celtic language of Ireland and Britain
the lenition. However, in the Old Irish phrase in maicc ("of the son"), the m is still lenited, so the pronunciation would be /ɪn β̃ak/. The lenition was
Primitive_Irish
Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨z⟩ in IPA
University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0 Honeybone, P (2001), "Lenition inhibition in Liverpool English", English Language and Linguistics, 5 (2):
Voiced_alveolar_fricative
Subgroup in the Oceanic family of languages
branches into a single Kimbe branch, for which he reconstructs Proto-Kimbe. Lenition in Lamasong, Madak, Barok, Nalik, and Kara may have diffused via influence
Meso-Melanesian_languages
Dialect of the city of Basel, Switzerland
more lenis sounds in word-initial position—for example, Dag ('day'). This lenition is now often absent due to influence from other dialects, for example,
Basel_German
Indigenous languages of Australia
few cases where fricatives do occur, they developed recently through the lenition (weakening) of stops, and are therefore non-sibilants like [ð] rather than
Australian Aboriginal languages
Australian_Aboriginal_languages
Medieval Romance dialects of Al-Andalus
ambiguity of the Arabic script: Palatalization of Latin /nn, ll/ to /ɲ, ʎ/ Lenition of intervocalic Latin /p t k s/ to /b d ɡ z/ Much of the controversy over
Andalusi_Romance
Extinct Eastern Iranic language spoken from 100 BC to 1,100 AD
the end of the 11th century. Khotanese was characterized by pervasive lenition, developments of retroflexes and voiceless aspirated consonants. Changes
Saka_language
Sound changes
introduced new sounds, while internal processes like assimilation and lenition streamlined the system, eventually creating the contemporary consonant
Phonological history of English consonants
Phonological_history_of_English_consonants
Language family
occurred only in limited environments, and are believed to have arisen from lenition of /p/, /s/ and /k/, respectively. These fricatives have disappeared in
Koreanic_languages
Group of languages of the 5th century BCE – 12th century CE
(and just orthographically represented as a retroflex nasal) is debated. Lenition of intervocalic stops over time, through various attested stages. First
Prakrit
Phonetic changes in the Old Irish language
period. Before a vowel, /n-/ was attached to the beginning of the syllable. Lenition of all single consonants between vowels. That applied across word boundaries
Phonological history of Old Irish
Phonological_history_of_Old_Irish
Phonology of the Sardinian language
Nuorese. Lenition occurs in intervocalic position. Lenition also occurs if a consonant is preceded and/ or succeeds the consonant r. Lenition occurs even
Sardinian_phonology
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨p⟩ in IPA
67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278 Goblirsch, Kurt (2018), Gemination, Lenition, and Vowel Lengthening: On the History of Quantity in Germanic, Cambridge
Voiceless_bilabial_plosive
Austroasiatic language
syllable's initial consonant was intervocalic and as a result suffered lenition, becoming a voiced fricative. These fricatives were not present in Proto-Viet–Muong
Vietnamese_language
Indo-Aryan Language
ISSN 0025-1003. Jain & Cardona 2007, p. 571. Tumbahang, Mohan (2022). "A Case of Lenition-Fortition and Honorific Asymmetry in Limbu Native's Nepali Speech". Dristikon
Nepali_language
Celtic language family branch
‹ The template Infobox language family is being considered for merging. › ‹ The template Infobox language family is being considered for merging. › The
Brittonic_languages
Sound change converting an alveolar consonant to a rhotic consonant
Sound change and alternation Metathesis Quantitative metathesis Lenition Consonant gradation Consonant voicing and devoicing Assibilation Spirantization
Rhotacism
Samoyedic languages spoken in Russia
modern languages include: Tundra Nenets: Delabialization of /wʲ/ → /j/ Lenition of initial /k/ → /x/ Simplification of /ʔk/ → /k/ Forest Nenets: Initial
Nenets_languages
Ancestor of the Uralic languages
in Mordvinic and *ɣ in Ugric. If a consonant, it probably derives from lenition of *k at a pre-Uralic stage; it is only found in words ending in a non-open
Proto-Uralic_language
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For
Historical_Chinese_phonology
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
*d, *j, *g, by deleting the homorganic nasals. This change followed the lenition of medial *-b- and *-d- into -v- (-f- in DDK and Bahau) and -r- in Kayan
Kayan–Murik_languages
Romance language
as in other Western Romance languages, except Spanish and Sardinian. Lenition of voiced stops [b] → [β], [d] → [ð], [ɡ] → [ɣ] as in Galician and Spanish
Catalan_language
Evolution of the Portuguese language
lagosta [lɐˈɡoʃtɐ] (EP) ~ [laˈɡostɐ] (BP) ~ [laˈɡoʃtɐ] (AP) (lobster) Lenition—consonant clusters, especially long (geminate) consonants, were simplified:
History_of_Portuguese
Diacritical mark used in Hebrew
Na). The rafe is similar in function to the buailte (dot above, denoting lenition) in the old-style Irish alphabet. In standard Yiddish orthography, the
Rafe
line, which is generally accepted as the main isogloss for consonantal lenition in Romance languages and which runs across north-central Italy just to
Classification of Romance languages
Classification_of_Romance_languages
Language of Sicily and its satellite islands
written forms such as -hi-, -x(h)-, -çi-, or erroneously -sci-. Consonantal lenition — A further range of consonantal sound shifts occurred between the Vulgar
Sicilian_language
Irish folk band
plural and induces lenition on the following consonant. The masculine singular (without lenition) is Ó, and feminine (with lenition) is Ní, e.g. Ciarán
Clannad
Abbreviation consisting of initial letters of a phrase
(rather than preNATO). In languages such as Scottish Gaelic and Irish, where lenition (initial consonant mutation) is commonplace, acronyms must also be modified
Acronym
Phonetic sound change
consonants between voiced vowels were 'colored' by an allophonic voicing (lenition) rule /f/ → [v]. As the language became more analytic and less inflectional
Consonant voicing and devoicing
Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing
Variety of Peninsular Spanish
Henriksen, Nicholas; Harper, Sarah K. (December 2016). "Investigating lenition patterns in south-central Peninsular Spanish /spstsk/ clusters". Journal
Castilian_Spanish
Phonetic changes in the French language
raising of [ɛ] to [e] in unstressed syllables, loss of intertonic [e]; first lenition of intervocalic obstruents, causing voicing of the second [t]; the first
Phonological history of French
Phonological_history_of_French
Alternate phonetic realization of a morpheme
their syntactic position. For example, in Irish, an adjective undergoes lenition after a feminine singular noun: unmutated mór [mˠoːɾˠ] 'big', mutated in
Alternation_(linguistics)
Production of a sound while the velum is lowered
Sound change and alternation Metathesis Quantitative metathesis Lenition Consonant gradation Consonant voicing and devoicing Assibilation Spirantization
Nasalization
respectively—and also occurred in intervocalic positions also underwent lenition: [β], [ð], and [ɣ], but appeared in Spanish also through learned words
History of the Spanish language
History_of_the_Spanish_language
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɡ⟩ in IPA
67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278 Goblirsch, Kurt (2018), Gemination, Lenition, and Vowel Lengthening: On the History of Quantity in Germanic, Cambridge
Voiced_velar_plosive
German varieties, but many of them have no two-way contrast due to general lenition. /ɛ(ː), œ(ː), ɔ(ː)/ are true-mid [ɛ̝(ː), œ̝(ː), ɔ̝(ː)]. /ə/ occurs only
Bernese_German_phonology
Grammar of the fictional Naʼvi language from the movie Avatar
agglutinative language. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Na'vi/Phonology Lenition is a phonological change that is the result of the application of certain
Naʼvi_grammar
Variety of Spanish language
continuum between [s] and [h], representing an intermediate degree of lenition. /x/ is realized as glottal [h]. Intervocalic /d/ often disappears; the
Salvadoran_Spanish
Term for rounded, tree-less summit
are sounded as an English letter v. In the genitive case, in addition to lenition, the last consonant must be slender, preceded and followed by an i or an
Mull_(geographical_term)
Grammar of the Old Irish language
triggered by the preceding preposition. There are three types of mutation: Lenition, a weakening of the initial consonant. This generally turns plosives into
Old_Irish_grammar
Ancestor of the Finnic languages
gradation, like the voiced fricatives. Consonant gradation was a process of lenition that affected the obstruents. Short plosives became voiced fricatives,
Proto-Finnic_language
Grammatical case
where cnoc means "hill", but is changed to chnoic, which also incorporates lenition. In Mandarin Chinese, the genitive case is made by use of the particle
Genitive_case
Consonant roots in Semitic languages
write") in Hebrew and Arabic: The Hebrew fricatives stemming from begadkefat lenition are transcribed here as "ḵ", "ṯ" and "ḇ", to retain their connection with
Semitic_root
Phonological sound change
to /tsioː/, which can still be seen in Italian: attenzione. In French, lenition then gave /sj/ (like attention modern /a.tɑ̃.sjɔ̃/)., which was further
Assibilation
Austronesian languages of Taiwan
Proto-Austronesian *R in various Formosan languages (Blust 2009:582). Lenition patterns include (Blust 2009:604-605): *b, *d in Proto-Austronesian b >
Formosan_languages
Family of Romance languages
"month"). Stressed /a/ in an open syllable often fronts to ä /æ/ or è /ɛ/. Lenition affects single consonants between vowels. /d/ and /ɡ/ drop; /b/ becomes
Gallo-Italic_languages
Finnic language
is the equivalent of /ŋk/ under weakening consonant gradation (type of lenition) and thus occurs only medially, e.g. Helsinki – Helsingin kaupunki (city
Finnish_language
LENITION
LENITION
LENITION
LENITION
Boy/Male
Hindu
Start of a good work
Surname or Lastname
Americanized form of North German, Norwegian, and Danish Brodersen, or Jewish Broderson.English
Americanized form of North German, Norwegian, and Danish Brodersen, or Jewish Broderson.English : perhaps a variant of Brotherton.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Bright Feature; Light
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Solid; Dense; Harsh
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and Irish
English, Scottish, and Irish : descriptive nickname for someone of swarthy complexion or hair, or else someone with a pale complexion or hair (see Black).
Girl/Female
Indian
Just, Equitable
Girl/Female
Australian, Greek
Chaste; Pure
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Peak Sun
Girl/Female
French Spanish
A pet name.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Parmeshwar ka Vardaan
LENITION
LENITION
LENITION
LENITION
LENITION