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Ancestor of the Germanic languages
characters. Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Germanic languages. A defining
Proto-Germanic_language
Progenitor of Old Norse
into the modern North Germanic languages (Faroese, Icelandic, the Continental Scandinavian languages, and their dialects). Proto-Norse phonology probably
Proto-Norse_language
Group of languages
North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages). The West Germanic branch is classically subdivided into three branches: North Sea Germanic, which
West_Germanic_languages
Branch of the Indo-European language family
from Proto-Germanic, spoken in Iron Age Scandinavia, Iron Age Northern Germany and along the North Sea and Baltic coasts. The West Germanic languages include
Germanic_languages
Beliefs of Proto-Germanic speakers
Proto-Germanic paganism was the beliefs of the speakers of Proto-Germanic and includes topics such as the Germanic mythology, legendry, and folk beliefs
Proto-Germanic_folklore
Linguistic reconstruction
of Proto-Germanic grammar, as inherited from Proto-Indo-European grammar. All reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk (*). Proto-Germanic had
Proto-Germanic_grammar
Proto-Germanic sound law
characters. Verner's law describes a historical sound change in the Proto-Germanic language whereby consonants that would have otherwise been the voiceless
Verner's_law
Group of West Germanic languages
debated whether the shared features of North Sea Germanic are inherited from a common proto-language or formed through later contact and influence. Additionally
North_Sea_Germanic
Hypothesis about the history of Germanic languages
it claims that Proto-Germanic may have been either a creole or a contact language that subsumed a non-Indo-European substrate language, or a hybrid of
Germanic_substrate_hypothesis
Sound shift in the Germanic languages
also known as the First Germanic Consonant Shift or First Germanic Sound Shift, is a set of sound laws describing the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop
Grimm's_law
Extinct East Germanic language
and Verner's law. Gothic retained Proto-Germanic *z as /z/, unlike North Germanic languages and West Germanic languages, which turned this sound into /r/
Gothic_language
Extinct Germanic language of the Vandals
from Scandinavia southwards, where their respective languages started to diverge from Proto-Germanic. The linguistic urheimat of Vandalic probably lies
Vandalic_language
Historical category of northern European peoples
later Germanic peoples, and is often supposed to have been the culture in which the Germanic Parent Language, the predecessor of the Proto-Germanic language
Germanic_peoples
Group of extinct Indo-European languages in the Germanic family
The East Germanic languages are a group of extinct Germanic languages that were spoken by East Germanic peoples. East Germanic is one of the primary branches
East_Germanic_languages
branches: East Germanic languages North Germanic languages West Germanic languages They all descend from Proto-Germanic, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European
List_of_Germanic_languages
Type of vowel change
alternation is the English plural foot ~ feet (from Proto-Germanic *fōts, pl. *fōtiz). Germanic umlaut, as covered in this article, does not include
Germanic_umlaut
Group of West Germanic languages
The Anglo-Frisian languages are a proposed sub-branch of the West Germanic languages encompassing the Anglic languages (English, Scots, extinct Fingallian
Anglo-Frisian_languages
Common ancestor of a language family
of languages, occasionally attested but most commonly reconstructed through the comparative method, as with Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic. An
Proto-language
Verb form derived from common earlier Germanic languages
The Germanic language family is one of the language groups that resulted from the breakup of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). It in turn divided into North,
Germanic_verbs
Ancient Germanic letters
from Proto-Germanic, and the source of the term for rune, riimukirjain, meaning 'scratched letter'. The root may also be found in the Baltic languages, where
Runes
Continental Germanic mythology. It was a key element of Germanic paganism. As the Germanic languages developed from Proto-Indo-European language, Germanic mythology
Germanic_mythology
Languages of the Nordic countries
Germanic languages are one of the three branches of the Germanic languages—a sub-family of the Indo-European languages—along with the West Germanic languages
North_Germanic_languages
Topics referred to by the same term
of the Germanic languages List of ancient Germanic peoples and tribes Germanic languages Proto-Germanic language, a reconstructed proto-language of all
Germanic
Philology study of Germanic languages
unattested ancestor language lying behind the various Germanic languages is Proto-Germanic. The eldest of the attested Germanic languages is Gothic, which
Germanic_philology
Grammatical change of vowels in Indo-European languages
inherited directly from the Proto-Indo-European stage of the language. Traces of ablaut are found in all modern Indo-European languages, though its prevalence
Indo-European_ablaut
deities to Germanic, Roman, and Celtic deities Neolithic religion Proto-Indo-European society West 2007, p. 2: "If there was an Indo-European language, it follows
Proto-Indo-European_mythology
Historical sound change
a-mutation is a metaphonic process supposed to have taken place in late Proto-Germanic (c. 200). In a-mutation, a short high vowel (*/u/ or */i/) was lowered
Germanic_a-mutation
Language family native to Eurasia
century AD. Modern Celtic languages include Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Manx. Germanic (from Proto-Germanic), earliest attestations
Indo-European_languages
Runic alphabet letter
of runes. Sowilo (*sōwilō), meaning "sun", is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic language name of the s-rune (ᛊ, ᛋ). The letter is a direct adoption of Old
Sowilō_(rune)
German languages) Also, second Germanic consonant shift; second consonant shift; Grimm's second sound shift; second sound shift. The Proto-Germanic stops
Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages
Glossary_of_sound_laws_in_the_Indo-European_languages
Ancestor of the Indo-European languages
characters. Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. No direct record of Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-European_language
English word
marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of runes. The term man (from Proto-Germanic *mann- 'person') and words derived from it can designate any or even
Man_(word)
English word
English god, which itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic *gudą. Its cognates in other Germanic languages include guþ, gudis (both Gothic), guð (Old Norse)
God_(word)
Proposed subgrouping of Germanic language family
some evidence that North and West Germanic developed as a single language, Proto–Northwest Germanic, after East Germanic had begun to diverge. However, changes
Northwest_Germanic
Natural number
English People. It has cognates in every Germanic language (for example, German elf), whose Proto-Germanic ancestor has been reconstructed as *ainalifa-
11_(number)
First-person singular personal pronoun
The Proto-Germanic root came, in turn, from the Proto Indo-European language (PIE) *eg-. c. 700 CE Old English me and mec are from Proto-Germanic *meke
I_(pronoun)
Germanic deity
early Germanic mythology. In wider Germanic mythology, he is known in Old English as Tīw and in Old High German as Ziu, both stemming from the Proto-Germanic
Týr
Finnic language
before the proto-Finnic era. Often quoted loan examples are kuningas 'king' and ruhtinas 'sovereign prince, high ranking nobleman' from Germanic *kuningaz
Finnish_language
Proto-Germanic sound law
Holtzmann's law is a Proto-Germanic sound law originally noted by Adolf Holtzmann in 1838. The sound law describes the development of Proto-Germanic sequences of
Holtzmann's_law
Proposed grouping of West Germanic dialects
and proto-languages. North Sea Germanic Weser–Rhine Germanic Fulk, R.D. (15 September 2018). A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages. John
Elbe_Germanic
English verb
English gān, from Proto-Germanic *gāną, from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *ǵʰēh₁- 'to go, leave'. Cognates in the Germanic languages include West Frisian
Go_(verb)
generally Proto-Indo-European, as in cow and beef, both ultimately from PIE *gʷōus. The meanings of these words do not always correspond to Germanic cognates
List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English
List_of_Germanic_and_Latinate_equivalents_in_English
Early form of the Frisian language
Old Frisian was a West Germanic language spoken between the late 13th century and the end of the 16th century. It was spoken by Frisians who comprised
Old_Frisian
Germanic goddess
goddess called *Austrō(n) in the Proto-Germanic language has been examined in detail since the foundation of Germanic philology in the 19th century by
Ēostre
Reconstructed culture of Proto-Indo-Europeans
characters. Proto-Indo-European society is the reconstructed culture of Proto-Indo-Europeans, the ancient speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, ancestor
Proto-Indo-European_society
Linguistic group
Proto-Norse language from around 200 AD, a language that around 800 AD became the Old Norse language, which in turn later became the North Germanic languages
North_Germanic_peoples
Topics referred to by the same term
Germanic sound shifts are the phonological developments (sound changes) from the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) to Proto-Germanic, in Proto-Germanic
Germanic_sound_shifts
Divine brothers worshipped by the Germanic Naharvali
Alcis or Alci (Proto-Germanic *alhiz ~ *algiz) were a pair of divine young brothers worshipped by the Naharvali, an ancient Germanic tribe from Central
Alcis_(gods)
Form of law followed by the early Germanic peoples
meaning "oath" is consistent in the various Germanic languages, showing descendants of the Proto-Germanic word *aiþaz. In addition to judicial oaths,
Germanic_law
Controversial Germanic sound law
is a controversial Proto-Germanic sound law formulated by Friedrich Kluge. It purports to explain the origin of the Proto-Germanic long consonants *kk
Kluge's_law
Sound change law in Germanic language evolution
exception of Grimm's law in Proto-Germanic, the ancestor of Germanic languages. The law affects the various series of stops in Proto-Indo-European that underwent
Germanic_spirant_law
System of runes for Proto-Germanic
the Meldorf inscription of 50 AD may qualify as "proto-runic" use of the Latin alphabet by Germanic speakers. The Rhaetic "alphabet of Bolzano" in particular
Elder_Futhark
Type of verb in Germanic languages
the oldest group of verbs in Germanic, originating in Indo-European, the weak verbs arose as an innovation in Proto-Germanic. Originally the weak verbs
Germanic_weak_verb
Runestone in Norway
notable for the content of its inscriptions in Proto-Norse (a northern development of Proto-Germanic). These include a probable female name, the first
Hole_Runestone
3rd-4th century West Germanic sound change
West Germanic gemination was a sound change that took place in all West Germanic languages around the 3rd or 4th century AD. It affected consonants directly
West_Germanic_gemination
Subregion of northern Europe
southernmost province of Sweden) are both thought to go back to the Proto-Germanic compound *Skaðin-awjō, which appears later in Old English as Scedenig
Scandinavia
Ancestor of the Baltic languages
and Proto-Germanic *terwą, meaning 'tar, resin', Proto-Baltic *gāmurii̯as and Proto-Germanic *gōmô, meaning 'palate'. Baltic and Germanic languages also
Proto-Baltic_language
Type of inflection in Germanic languages
the Germanic languages, a strong verb is a verb that marks its past tense by means of changes to the stem vowel. A minority of verbs in any Germanic language
Germanic_strong_verb
North Germanic language
and Old East Norse) that developed from Proto-Norse and later evolved into the modern North Germanic languages, including Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian
Old_Norse
Ancestor of the Celtic languages
Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the reconstructed ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It
Proto-Celtic_language
Ancient northern European tribe
Celtic, from the Proto-Celtic *towtā ("people, tribe)", or as pre-Germanic. Its recorded spellings do not match the later Proto-Germanic form *þeudō- ("nation
Teutons
Weather-god in Proto-Indo-European mythology
characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper
Proto-Indo-European thunder god
Proto-Indo-European_thunder_god
Extinct Indo-European languages in Asia
linguistic innovation in the central part of the Proto-Indo-European home range, and the centum languages along the eastern and the western peripheries did
Tocharian_languages
Name list
the United States. The name likely specifically stems from the Proto-Germanic language elements *grīsaz, "grey", and *hildiz, meaning "battle" (compare
Griselda
Language group
Weser–Rhine Germanic languages (or Rhine–Weser Germanic, German: Rheinweser-germanisch), sometimes also referred to as Istvaeonic languages, are a proposed
Weser–Rhine_Germanic
Words with the same historical origin
recent, dating only to proto-Germanic, not to PIE; many words of Germanic origin occur in French and other Latinate languages, and hence in some cases
Doublet_(linguistics)
Natural number
Gospels' Book of John. It has cognates in every Germanic language (e.g. German zwölf), whose Proto-Germanic ancestor has been reconstructed as *twaliƀi.
12_(number)
Proto-Germanic name of a rune
reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the rune ᛇ, coming from a word for "yew". Two variants of the word are reconstructed for Proto-Germanic, *īhaz (*ē²haz
Eihwaz
Personal pronoun to denote the interlocutor
for all cases and numbers. You comes from the Proto-Germanic demonstrative base *juz-, *iwwiz from Proto-Indo-European *yu- (second-person plural pronoun)
You
Race of beings in Germanic mythology
from the Proto-Germanic masculine noun *etunaz. Philologist Vladimir Orel says that semantic connections between *etunaz and Proto-Germanic *etanan ('to
Jötunn
For historical developments prior to the Old English period, see Proto-Germanic language. Various conventions are used below for describing Old English
Phonological history of Old English
Phonological_history_of_Old_English
that derive from the Proto-Germanic language, which is generally thought to have emerged as a distinct language after 500 BC. Germanic culture had many notable
Germanic_culture
West Germanic language spoken by the Franks from the 5th to 10th centuries
to classify. The language spoken by the Franks was part of the West Germanic language group, which had features from Proto-Germanic in the late Jastorf
Frankish_language
'holiness'. Another Proto-Germanic masculine noun *lauhaz, has given rise to words with a variety of meanings in various Germanic languages, including Anglo-Saxon
Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology
Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology
Germanic pagan goddess
linked the figure to the Germanic Matres and Matronae. The first element of the goddess's name, Badu-, may be cognate to Proto-Germanic *badwa- meaning "battle
Baduhenna
Supernatural being in Germanic folklore
German twerg. The common Proto-Germanic form is generally reconstructed as *dwergaz. A different etymology traces it to Proto-Germanic *dwezgaz, with the r
Dwarf_(folklore)
Ancestor of Latin and other Italic languages
contacts with Celtic tribes and Proto-Germanic speakers. A list of regular phonetic changes from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Italic follows. Because Latin
Proto-Italic_language
German term in historical linguistics
paradigm of a Germanic verb. According to Grimm's law, the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) voiceless stops *p, *t, *k and *kʷ usually became Proto-Germanic *ɸ, *θ
Grammatischer_Wechsel
Reconstructed ancestor language of Persian, Avestan, Kurdish, Pashto and others
Proto-Iranian or Proto-Iranic is the reconstructed proto-language of the Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language family and thus the ancestor
Proto-Iranian_language
Legendary king of Kent
meaning '(non-Christian) god', cognate with Old Norse Áss (deriving from Proto-Germanic *ansuz). The etymology of the name has been studied most thoroughly
Oisc_of_Kent
Reconstructed ancestor of the Anatolian languages
Proto-Anatolian is the proto-language from which the ancient Anatolian languages emerged (i.e. Hittite and its closest relatives). As with almost all other
Proto-Anatolian_language
Brittonic Proto-Germanic Proto-Norse Proto-Italic Proto-Romance Common Romanian Proto-Uralic Proto-Finno-Ugric [ru] Proto-Finnic (Proto-Balto-Finnic) Proto-Karelian
List_of_proto-languages
North Germanic language spoken in Sweden
pronounced [ˈœvdɐlskãː]; Swedish: älvdalska or älvdalsmål) is a North Germanic language spoken by around 3,000 people who live or have grown up in the locality
Övdalian
Child of one's sibling or half-sibling
Indo-European Languages. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226228860 – via Google Books. Ringe, Don (2006). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (PDF)
Niece_and_nephew
Ancestor of the Uralic languages
Proto-Uralic is the unattested reconstructed language ancestral to the modern Uralic language family. The reconstructed language is thought to have been
Proto-Uralic_language
Runic alphabet letter
boxes, or other symbols instead of runes. Fehu is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name for the rune ᚠ (Old Norse: fé; Old English: feoh), found as the
Fehu
Brittonic language
word Welsh is a descendant, via Old English wealh, wielisc, of the Proto-Germanic word *Walhaz, which was derived from the name of the Celtic people known
Welsh_language
Position relative to wind direction: upwind and downwind respectively
medieval times. The word "wind," meaning "air in motion," comes from Proto-Germanic *winda- and has evolved over time, with pronunciation changes influenced
Windward_and_leeward
Traditional religion of Germanic peoples
from Norse sources (see Proto-Germanic folklore). Textual and archaeological sources allow the reconstruction of aspects of Germanic ritual and practice.
Germanic_paganism
Sound caused by lightning
Frisian þuner, Old High German donar, all ultimately descended from Proto-Germanic *þunraz). In Latin the term was tonare "to thunder". The name of the
Thunder
Getarum, short Getica Ptolemy: Geography Tacitus: Germania Proto-Indo-European speakers Proto-Germanic speakers Avarpi Burgundians / Burgundiones / Burgundes
List of early Germanic peoples
List_of_early_Germanic_peoples
Gods in Germanic paganism
corresponding West Germanic word would have been separately derived with the feminine suffixes -inī or -injō. The Proto-Germanic form is typically reconstructed
Æsir
is cognate with Proto Norse: laukaʀ, Old Norse: laukr ('leek, onion, garlic') and their descendents in modern North Germanic languages such as Icelandic:
Leeks_in_Germanic_paganism
Index of animals with the same common name
other Germanic languages, including Old Norse (and subsequently modern Icelandic) hrafn and Old High German (h)Raban, both of which descend from Proto-Germanic
Raven
Runic alphabet letter
Proto-Germanic words starting with a w, followed by o or u, generally lost the w-sound when evolving from Proto-Norse into Old Norse (compare Proto-Germanic:
Ur_(rune)
Proto-Indo-European language sound law
from Proto-Germanic *kwemaną and *kumanaz Gothic saiƕan, Old High German sehan ("to see"), past plural OHG sāgun ("saw"), from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną
Boukólos_rule
2007 book by David W. Anthony
2500 BCE) [Pre-Germanic] Pre-Armenian and Pre-Greek (after 2500 BCE) [Pre-Germanic] Proto-Germanic c. 500 BCE Pre-Balto-Slavic Proto-Indo-Iranian (2000
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language
Phonological process involving the addition of one or more sounds to a word
mensageiro (Reconstructed) Proto-Germanic *sēaną > Old English sāwan, Old Saxon sāian ('to sow') (Reconstructed) Proto-Greek *amrotos > Ancient Greek
Epenthesis
Nordic dish consisting of raw salmon cured in salt, sugar, and dill
comes from the Northern Germanic word gräva/grave ('to dig'; modern sense 'to cure (fish)') which goes back to the Proto-Germanic *grabą, *grabō ('hole
Gravlax
Proto-Indo-European dawn goddess
Polabian god Jutrobog, influenced by the Proto-Germanic deity *Austrōn, or derive from the word jasny ('bright'). Germanic: *Austrōn, goddess of the springtime
*H₂éwsōs
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