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In physics, engineering and materials science, a bi-isotropic material is an isotropic medium where the electric and magnetic flux densities are linearly
Bi-isotropic_material
Uniformity in all orientations
the direction of an isotropic vector is an isotropic line. Isotropic coordinates Isotropic coordinates are coordinates on an isotropic chart for Lorentzian
Isotropy
Material with Vickers hardness exceeding 40 gigapascals
material has high shear modulus, high bulk modulus, and does not deform plastically. Ideally superhard materials should have a defect-free, isotropic
Superhard_material
Tendency of matter to change volume in response to a change in temperature
that expand at the same rate in every direction are called isotropic. For isotropic materials, the area and volumetric thermal expansion coefficient are
Thermal_expansion
Method to characterize materials
Hooke's law which can only be applied to isotropic materials according to the different standards. Material damping or internal friction is characterized
Impulse_excitation_technique
Physical model for chirality
optics and materials science, Condon model is a mathematical formula for the frequency dependence of the chirality parameter of bi-isotropic or bi-anisotropic
Condon_model
Telecommunications performance metric
by the antenna were isotropically radiated". Usually this ratio is expressed in decibels with respect to an isotropic radiator (dBi). An alternative definition
Gain_(antenna)
Mechanism by which materials form into and are attracted to magnets
of an alloy. These have the advantage that their properties are nearly isotropic (not aligned along a crystal axis); this results in low coercivity, low
Ferromagnetism
Electric charge generated in certain solids due to mechanical stress
this property, which is why there are no isotropic piezoelectric materials. The strain-charge for a material of the 4mm (C4v) crystal class (such as a
Piezoelectricity
Antenna constructions for different applications
"2.15 dBi" means that in the direction of maximum radiation, signal strength is 100.215 = 1.64× the signal from a directionless "isotropic" antenna
Antenna_types
Materials whose temperature variance leads to voltage change
The most commonly used thermoelectric material is based on bismuth telluride (Bi 2Te 3). Thermoelectric materials are used in thermoelectric systems for
Thermoelectric_materials
Principle in kinetic systems
symmetry breaking. There exist nonreciprocal media (for example, some bi-isotropic materials) without T and PT invariance. If different macroscopic processes
Detailed_balance
Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook operator Bhāskara's wheel Bi-hemispherical reflectance Bi-isotropic material Bi-scalar tensor vector gravity Biaxial nematic Bibcode
Index_of_physics_articles_(B)
Material world and its phenomena
visible universe follows the Cosmological principle, appearing uniformly isotropic and homogeneous in all directions. On smaller scales, observable matter
Nature
structures), are referred to as bi-anisotropic. Four material parameters are intrinsic to magnetoelectric coupling of bi-isotropic media. They are the electric
Electromagnetic_metamaterial
Change in optical properties of a material due to stress
induce optical anisotropy, which can cause an otherwise optically isotropic material to exhibit birefringence. Although the symmetric photoelastic tensor
Photoelasticity
Materials inspired by natural structures
Biomimetic materials are materials developed using inspiration from nature. This may be useful in the design of composite materials. Natural structures
Biomimetic_material
Applied to electromagnetism
chiral structure on the subwavelength scale. For example, an isotropic chiral material can comprise a random dispersion of handed molecules or inclusions
Chiral_media
on the coefficient of thermal expansion of the substrate material, a potential penalty of bi-metallic effect (bending forces?) between substrate and nickel
Beryllium-aluminium_alloy
Lakhtakia, Akhlesh (1997). "On the non-existence of linear non-reciprocal bi-isotropic (NRBI) media". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General. 30 (7):
Werner_S._Weiglhofer
perpendicular to the other two. It is isotropic, has a structural type of DO3 and a crystal lattice of BiF3. Suessite is an isotropic mineral, Isotropism is defined
Suessite
Radio communication link
by an isotropic antenna emitting the same total power. In this case the antenna gain (Gi) is often specified in dBi, or decibels over isotropic. Other
Air_interface
Bismuth tantalum oxide mineral
density and refractive index. Its ideal chemical formula is BiTaO4, though the more general formula Bi(Ta,Nb)O4 reflects the fact that niobium can substitute
Bismutotantalite
Complex structures in matter physics
two-dimensional metal) on a plane; we suppose that the interaction between discs is isotropic and locally tends to arrange the disks in the densest way as possible
Geometrical_frustration
that a material with simultaneously negative electric and magnetic polarization responses would yield a negative refractive index (an isotropic refractive
Flat_lens
Accounting of signal gains and losses in communications
equation Isotropic radiator Multipath propagation Optical power budget Radiation pattern RF planning This article incorporates public domain material from
Link_budget
Direction dependence of magnetization in a crystal
Curie temperature, so the crystal becomes effectively isotropic. Some materials also have an isotropic point at which K1 = 0. Magnetite (Fe3O4), a mineral
Magnetocrystalline_anisotropy
Canadian materials scientist
CH3NH3PbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskites: cuboctahedral halide cages with isotropic cation reorientation". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 68 (3): 412–422
Mary_Anne_White
Radio antenna which has greater performance in specific alignments
confuse dBi and dBd; the two differ by 2.15 dB, with the dBi figure being higher, since a dipole has 2.15 dB of gain with respect to an isotropic antenna
Directional_antenna
Standalone rendering system
mapping (an innovative KT feature) Edge outlining Depth of field Fog Isotropic volume scattering Faked caustics Faked translucency Dispersion Anti-aliasing
Kerkythea
Logarithmic unit expressing the ratio of physical quantities
0 dBd = 2.15 dBi dBiC dB(isotropic circular) – the gain of an antenna compared to the gain of a theoretical circularly polarized isotropic antenna. There
Decibel
Structural engineering
in so doing, the proposed model was no longer rotationally invariant (isotropic). Harvey and Gavin (2014) proposed an alternative generalization of the
Bouc–Wen_model_of_hysteresis
random materials." Books Lindell, Ismo V.; Sihvola, Ari; Tretyakov, Sergei; Viitanen, Ari J. (1994). Electromagnetic Waves in Chiral and Bi-Isotropic Media
Ari_Sihvola
Theorem in classical electromagnetism
with an isotropic homogeneous impedance, i.e. a constant scalar μ/ε ratio, with the possible exception of regions of perfectly conducting material. More
Reciprocity (electromagnetism)
Reciprocity_(electromagnetism)
3D printing technique
structure in cast metals is typically characterized by roughly uniform, isotropic grains, alloys manufactured using SLM exhibit substantial elongation of
Selective_laser_melting
Quantum effect in some non-metals
relativistic particles in quantum mechanics, proposed by Paul Dirac. Isotropic Dirac cones in graphene were first predicted by P. R. Wallace in 1947
Dirac_cone
Process by which heat is transferred within an object
conduction is the diffusion of thermal energy (heat) within one material or between materials in contact. The higher temperature object has molecules with
Thermal_conduction
Finnish physicist (1874–1952)
IEEE. Electromagnetic Waves in Chiral and Bi-isotropic Media, a 1994 monograph on chiral and bi-isotropic media by Ismo Lindell and his colleagues, is
Karl_F._Lindman
Loops of electric current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field
current density J to electric field E in terms of a material's conductivity σ, and assuming isotropic homogeneous conductivity, the equation can be written
Eddy_current
Variant of the centimetre–gram–second unit system
is assumed here for simplicity that the medium is homogeneous, linear, isotropic, and nondispersive, so that the permittivity is a simple constant. where
Gaussian_units
Antenna testing techniques
maximum direction divided by the intensity radiated by a hypothetical isotropic antenna radiating the same total power as that antenna. For example, a
Antenna_measurement
Ceramic materials that are optically transparent
phase, which due to its cubic crystal structure and unit cell, is an isotropic material which can be produced as transparent ceramic nanomaterial. Thus, fine-grained
Transparent_ceramics
Strongest type of permanent magnet from an alloy of neodymium, iron and boron
full-density sintered Nd2Fe14B magnets. GM commercialized its inventions of isotropic Neo powder, bonded neo magnets, and the related production processes by
Neodymium_magnet
Chemical element with atomic number 66 (Dy)
magnetic properties of heat treated Dy-doped NdFeB particles bonded in isotropic and anisotropic arrangements". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (Submitted
Dysprosium
Surface on an antenna in electromagnetics
antenna. Such antenna gain figures are expressed in decibels using the notation dBd rather than dBi, where the gain is relative to an isotropic antenna.
Aperture_(antenna)
Nonlinear optical process
et al. (2006). "Second Harmonic Generation from a Nanopatterned Isotropic Nonlinear Material". Nano Letters. 6 (5): 1027–30. Bibcode:2006NanoL...6.1027F.
Second-harmonic_generation
Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms
at low temperatures. The ballistic thermal conductance of graphene is isotropic. Graphite, a 3D counterpart to graphene, exhibits a basal plane thermal
Graphene
{\displaystyle \alpha } , N {\displaystyle N} are material constants. We can immediately obtain Biot's linear isotropic poroelasticity in terms of ϕ {\displaystyle
Poromechanics
Emission of secondary X-rays from a material excited by high-energy X-rays
fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by being bombarded with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays. When a material is illuminated with high-energy
X-ray_fluorescence
Certain type of chemical structures
characterized by the same diffusion coefficient number. This property is called isotropicity which gives cubosomes the ability to be used in biological tissues which
Cubosome
transitions, during which the material undergoes contraction when tensioned (or expansion when pressured). When subjected to isotropic stresses, these metamaterials
Mechanical_metamaterial
Russian-Finnish scientist
Scattering Theory with Applications" "Electromagnetic waves in chiral and bi-isotropic media" "Aalto People". people.aalto.fi. Retrieved 2018-04-04. "Home page
Sergei_Tretyakov_(scientist)
to scattering problems. These structures typically consist of isotropic optical materials, but the BPM has also been extended to be applicable to simulate
Beam_propagation_method
Oldenbourg, R; Mehta, S; Miansari, M; Verma, A (2014). "pH dependent isotropic to nematic phase transitions in graphene oxide dispersions reveal droplet
Potential applications of graphene
Potential_applications_of_graphene
Measure of a civilization's evolution
facilitate detection. Only Type II or III civilizations can communicate using isotropic transmissions that allow omnidirectional reception. In a 1 MHz band (which
Kardashev_scale
Soviet over-the-horizon early-warning radar system
Woodpecker transmitters was estimated to be as high as 10 MW equivalent isotropically radiated power. Even prior to 1976, a similar woodpecker-style interference
Duga_radar
Iranian-American scientist (born 1955)
Electromagnetics Research (PIER) Monograph Series, Vol. 9 on Bianisotropic and Bi-Isotropic Media and Applications, Alain Priou (ed.), December 1994, ch. 15, pp
Nader_Engheta
Radio propagation model
GB = Base station antenna gain. Unit: decibel with respect to isotropic antenna (dBi). λ {\displaystyle \lambda } = Wavelength. Unit: meter (m). GM =
Point-to-point_Lee_model
Device that transmits and receives radio waves
decibels, these units are called decibels-isotropic (dBi) G dBi = 10 log I I iso {\displaystyle G_{\text{dBi}}=10\log {I \over I_{\text{iso}}}\,} A second
Antenna_(radio)
Property in optics
polarizations with waveplates. Many crystals are naturally birefringent, but isotropic materials such as plastics and glass can also often be made birefringent by
Refractive_index
Computer program for antenna modeling
illustrating the relative gain for every angle. The gain relative to an isotropic antenna (dBi), front-to-back ratio, standing wave ratio and the general reception
Numerical Electromagnetics Code
Numerical_Electromagnetics_Code
Family of wireless network protocols
power on a more isotropic antenna. For example, an 8 dBi antenna used with a 100 mW driver has a similar horizontal range to a 6 dBi antenna being driven
Wi-Fi
Unstable wave
of the large vortices are, by this method, transferred to much smaller isotropic vortices. Experiments have been conducted to deduce the evolution of turbulence
Breaking_wave
absorbance ( A {\displaystyle A} ) of a beam of radiation by a homogeneous isotropic medium is directly proportional to the absorption path length ( l {\displaystyle
Glossary_of_chemistry_terms
Antenna consisting of two rod-shaped conductors
to an isotropic radiator, making the gain seem higher. In consideration of the known gain of a half-wave dipole, 0 dBd is defined as 2.15 dBi; all gains
Dipole_antenna
Quantitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources
Gamma-ray sources emit photons isotropically Some photons will undergo a Compton scattering process in e.g. the shielding material or the housing of the source
Gamma_spectroscopy
Solar cell that can produce electrical energy from each side of the cell
in 1981 it was named Isofotón (because its cells singularly used all isotropic photons) and established in Málaga, Luque's hometown. Its initial capital
Bifacial_solar_cells
Mathematical model of ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics
{2J_{1}}{kT_{c}}}\right)\sinh \left({\frac {2J_{2}}{kT_{c}}}\right)=1.} In the isotropic case when the horizontal and vertical interaction energies are equal J
Ising_model
Chemical compound
catalyst in fluorination by XeF 2. Xenon difluoride is also used as an isotropic gaseous etchant for silicon, particularly in the production of microelectromechanical
Xenon_difluoride
Branch of soil physics and applied mechanics that describes the behavior of soils
single-grained; flocculated, deflocculated; stratified, layered, laminated; isotropic and anisotropic. loading conditions: Effective stress path - drained,
Soil_mechanics
Structure formed by double-stranded molecules
sequence - a random sequence will have no preferred bend direction, i.e., isotropic bending. Preferred DNA bend direction is determined by the stability of
Nucleic_acid_double_helix
Comparison of a wide range of physical powers
Units (SI) SI prefix c 5 G {\displaystyle {\frac {c^{5}}{G}}} Ge, Xue; Zhao, Bi-Xuan; Bian, Wei-Hao; Frederick, Green Richard (March 2019). "The Blueshift
Orders_of_magnitude_(power)
Scenario for the dynamical evolution of the Solar System
orbits can be perturbed by nearby stars forming the outer Oort cloud with isotropic inclinations. Objects scattered by Jupiter and Saturn are typically ejected
Nice_model
Type of antenna
an approximate maximum gain of 140,000 times or about 52 dBi (decibels above the isotropic level). The largest parabolic dish antenna in the world is
Parabolic_antenna
Medical imaging methodology
found in literature or assumed to be similar to water (1 g/cm³). For isotropic materials, the relationship between the shear modulus and Young's modulus can
Shear_wave_elastography
Type of autonomous agent
"Photochemical micromotor of eccentric core in isotropic hollow shell exhibiting multimodal motion behavior". Applied Materials Today. 26 101371. doi:10.1016/j.apmt
Self-propelled_particles
Radio propagation model
GB = Base station antenna gain. Unit: decibel with respect to isotropic antenna (dBi) λ {\displaystyle \lambda } = Wavelength. Unit: meter (m). GM =
Area-to-area_Lee_model
Chemical element with atomic number 60 (Nd)
sintered magnets because the binder reduces the fraction of magnetic material and, in isotropic grades, the magnetic grains are not aligned. Their performance
Neodymium
December 19, 2015. Herculano-Houzel, Suzana; Lent, Roberto (March 9, 2005). "Isotropic Fractionator: A Simple, Rapid Method for the Quantification of Total Cell
List of Vanderbilt University people
List_of_Vanderbilt_University_people
Metal-organic compound
mediated by superexchange interactions and can be described by the following isotropic Heisenberg Hamiltonian: H ^ H B = − ∑ i < j J i , j S i ⋅ S j , {\displaystyle
Single-molecule_magnet
Class of chemical compounds
Daojiang; Bi, Jian; Zou, Guohong (September 2020). "K4Sb(SO4)3Cl: The first apatite-type sulfate ultraviolet nonlinear optical material with sharply
Sulfate_chloride
Comparison of a large range of energies
the "Fireshell" one, in which cases the beaming isn't assumpted and the isotropic energy is a real value of energy due to the rotational energy of the stellar
Orders_of_magnitude_(energy)
History of physical crystallography to 1895
In 1819 David Brewster found that all crystals could be classified as isotropic, uniaxial or biaxial. Augustin-Jean Fresnel was a significant researcher
Physical crystallography before X-rays
Physical_crystallography_before_X-rays
Definitions of terms used in amateur radio
Unit of RF power as compared to a dipole antenna. dBi Unit of RF power as compared to an isotropic antenna. Earth Station A station located either on
Glossary_of_amateur_radio
Intrinsic quantum property of particles
However, in 1927 Ronald G. J. Fraser [de] showed that sodium atoms are isotropic with no orbital angular momentum and suggested that the observed magnetic
Spin_(physics)
Anion
5 kcal/mol (52 kJ/mol). At higher temperatures, the movement can become isotropic (not limited to rotation on one axis) with a potential barrier of 14.5 kcal/mol
Tetrafluoroberyllate
parallelograms, or higher-dimensional analogue Unstructured grid Geodesic grid — isotropic grid on a sphere Mesh generation Image-based meshing — automatic procedure
List of numerical analysis topics
List_of_numerical_analysis_topics
Coordination complex
Emergence of a Self-Assembled Layered Structure From Three-Dimensional Isotropic Ionic Crystal of a Cluster Compound (4-HNC5H4OH)2Mo6Cl14 Driven By Absorption
Transition metal chloride complex
Transition_metal_chloride_complex
Radar system used in air traffic control
conditions. Any increase of the IRF and/or radiated EIRP (Effective Isotropically Radiated Power) is counter productive, because interrogations, increases
Secondary_surveillance_radar
Method for structure analysis of biological materials
subtracted. The random positions and orientations of particles result in an isotropic intensity distribution which, for monodisperse non-interacting particles
Biological small-angle scattering
Biological_small-angle_scattering
Overview of the events of 2020 in science
natural laws and the standard model of cosmology which is based on an isotropic Universe. Scientists report to be able to identify the genomic pathogen
April–June_2020_in_science
German chemist and medical physicist (born 1951)
speed of 10 volumes per second for a whole brain 3D-dataset with 3 mm isotropic resolution. The method has been distributed to many research groups worldwide
Jürgen_Hennig
Class of chemical compounds
KBe2BO3F2 for the Next-Generation Deep-Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optical Materials". Angewandte Chemie. 130 (29): 9106–9110. Bibcode:2018AngCh.130.9106P
Borate_fluoride
Class of chemical compounds
S2CID 92085359. Wang, Qian; Wang, Lei; Zhao, Xiaoyu; Huang, Ling; Gao, Daojiang; Bi, Jian; Wang, Xin; Zou, Guohong (2019). "Centrosymmetric K 2 SO 4 ·(SbF 3 )
Sulfate_fluoride
American physicist (1922–2020)
using a cloud chamber. The results showed that the scattering is not isotropic in the center of mass system and that it is not symmetric about 90 degrees
Evans_Hayward
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