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Telecommunications performance metric
electromagnetics, an antenna's gain is a key performance parameter which combines the antenna's directivity and radiation efficiency. The term power gain has been
Gain_(antenna)
Radio antenna which has greater performance in specific alignments
direction is measured by a parameter called antenna gain. A high-gain antenna (HGA) is a directional antenna with a focused, narrow beam width, permitting
Directional_antenna
Device that transmits and receives radio waves
preferentially in a particular direction (directional, or high-gain, or "beam" antennas). An antenna may include components not connected to the transmitter
Antenna_(radio)
Measure of antenna performance
Antenna gain-to-noise-temperature (G/T) is a figure of merit in the characterization of antenna performance, where G is the antenna gain in decibels at
Antenna gain-to-noise-temperature
Antenna_gain-to-noise-temperature
Antenna consisting of two rod-shaped conductors
omnidirectional antenna if installed vertically, or (more commonly) a weakly directional antenna if horizontal. Although they may be used as standalone low-gain antennas
Dipole_antenna
Type of antenna
that conveniently sized reflectors can be used. Parabolic antennas are used as high-gain antennas for point-to-point communications, in applications such
Parabolic_antenna
Future NASA mission to Titan
had recently measured the signal patterns emitted by Dragonfly's high-gain antenna (HGA) in an APL test chamber designed to simulate space environment.
Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)
Set of multiple antennas which work together
the larger the number of individual antenna elements used, the higher the gain and the narrower the beam. Some antenna arrays (such as military phased array
Antenna_array
Antenna used with a television to receive television programs
A television antenna, also called a television aerial (in British English), is an antenna specifically designed for use with a television receiver (TV)
Television_antenna
Vertical omnidirectional transmitting antenna
The J-pole antenna, more properly known as the J antenna, is a vertical omnidirectional transmitting antenna used in the shortwave frequency bands. It
J-pole_antenna
Type of radio antenna
A Yagi–Uda antenna, or Yagi antenna, is a directional antenna consisting of two or more parallel resonant antenna elements in an end-fire array; these
Yagi–Uda_antenna
American radio equipment manufacturer
acquiring the Cushcraft and Hy-Gain brands from MFJ. MFJ owned five subsidiary companies: Ameritron HF Amplifiers Hy-Gain Antennas and Rotators Mirage VHF/UHF
MFJ_Enterprises
Multi-element, directional antenna useable over a wide band of frequencies
have far higher gain, as all of those elements are improving the gain of a single driven element. In its use as a television antenna, it was common to
Log-periodic_antenna
Optical axis of a directional antenna
engineering, the antenna boresight is the axis of maximum gain (maximum radiated power) of a directional antenna. For most antennas the boresight is the
Antenna_boresight
Antenna testing techniques
meet specifications or simply to characterize them. Typical antenna parameters include gain, bandwidth, radiation pattern, beamwidth, polarization, and
Antenna_measurement
Ability of a circuit to increase the power or amplitude of a signal
lossless antenna). Power gain, in decibels (dB), is defined as follows: gain-db = 10 log 10 ( P out P in ) dB , {\displaystyle {\text{gain-db}}=10\log
Gain_(electronics)
Physical transmission device
radiation. An array antenna is a high gain antenna consisting of an array of smaller antenna elements. A leaky wave antenna uses a leaking transmission line
Microwave_antenna
Directional variation in strength of radio waves
antenna is used as a reference to calculate antenna gain. The simplest antennas, monopole and dipole antennas, consist of one or two straight metal rods
Radiation_pattern
Type of RF antenna
bandwidth. Spiral antennas are inherently circularly polarized with low gain; antenna arrays can be used to increase the gain. Spiral antennas are reduced in
Spiral_antenna
Surface on an antenna in electromagnetics
In electromagnetics and antenna theory, the aperture of an antenna is defined as "A surface, near or on an antenna, on which it is convenient to make assumptions
Aperture_(antenna)
Antenna constructions for different applications
simple antennas that function as a single antenna; most compact but highly directional / "high gain" / beam antennas are some type of an array antenna Aperture
Antenna_types
Antenna with conducting wires in a helix
A helical antenna is an antenna consisting of one or more conducting wires wound in the form of a helix. A helical antenna made of one helical wire, the
Helical_antenna
NASA orbiter mission to Venus (1989–1994)
7-meter high-gain antenna left over from the Voyager Program and a medium-gain antenna spare from the Mariner 9 mission. A low-gain antenna attached to
Magellan_(spacecraft)
Funnel-shaped waveguide radio device
structures such as parabolic antennas, as standard calibration antennas to measure the gain of other antennas, and as directive antennas for such devices as radar
Horn_antenna
First spacecraft to visit Jupiter and the outer Solar System (1972–2003)
with a 2.74 m (9.0 ft) diameter parabolic high-gain antenna and was spin-stabilized about the antenna axis. Electrical power was supplied by four radioisotope
Pioneer_10
Class of directive antennas
waves, increasing antenna gain and reducing radiation in unwanted directions. The larger the number of elements used, the higher the gain; the narrower the
Reflective_array_antenna
Set of two dipole antennas
A turnstile antenna, or crossed-dipole antenna, is a radio antenna consisting of a set of two identical dipole antennas mounted at right angles to each
Turnstile_antenna
American space program to study Jupiter (1989–2003)
care was taken to avoid thermal damage. In particular, the X-band high gain antenna (HGA) was not deployed, but was kept folded up like an umbrella and pointed
Galileo_project
Ongoing NASA interstellar program
(12 ft) high-gain antennas. The high-gain antenna has a beamwidth of 0.5° for X-band, and 2.3° for S-band. (The low-gain antenna has a 7 dB gain and 60° beamwidth
Voyager_program
NASA spacecraft (2006–present)
high-gain antenna's secondary reflector. The forward low-gain antenna is stacked atop the feed of the medium-gain antenna. The aft low-gain antenna is mounted
New_Horizons
Type of radio antenna
Multiband antenna It is easier to design a multiband quad antenna than a multiband Yagi antenna. Higher gain The 2-element quad has almost the same gain as a
Quad_antenna
Radio antenna that sends signals in every direction
low-gain omnidirectional antennas are the whip antenna, "Rubber Ducky" antenna, ground plane antenna, vertically oriented dipole antenna, discone antenna
Omnidirectional_antenna
NASA space probe launched in 1977
of the Solar System. It has a 3.7-meter (12 ft) diameter high-gain Cassegrain antenna to send and receive radio waves via the three Deep Space Network
Voyager_1
NASA mission to explore Mars via two rovers
communications. The low-gain antenna is omnidirectional, and transmits data at a low rate to Deep Space Network antennas on Earth. The high-gain antenna is directional
Mars_Exploration_Rover
Definition of directional radio frequency power
given direction. It is equal to the input power to the antenna multiplied by the gain of the antenna. It is used in electronics and telecommunications, particularly
Effective_radiated_power
Network of radio communication facilities run by NASA
information these probes collect. All DSN antennas are steerable, high-gain, parabolic reflector antennas. The antennas and data delivery systems make it possible
NASA_Deep_Space_Network
Type of radio antenna
than the antenna itself, the combination of whip and radio functions more as an asymmetrical dipole antenna than as a monopole antenna. The gain will be
Whip_antenna
Type of antenna used for various communication
transmitting antennas, antennas on missiles and aircraft, sector antennas for cellular base stations, and particularly marine radar antennas. A slot antenna's main
Slot_antenna
Type of directional antenna
Corner reflector antennas have moderate gain of 10–15 dB, high front-to-back ratio of 20–30 dB, and wide bandwidth. Corner reflector antennas are widely used
Corner_reflector_antenna
Aborted Moon landing mission in the Apollo program
until the system automatically corrected by switching the high-gain S-band antenna, used for translunar communications, from narrow-beam to wide-beam
Apollo_13
Indian orbiter mission to Mars (2013–2022)
transponders. The antenna array consists of a low-gain antenna, a medium-gain antenna and a high-gain antenna. The high-gain antenna system is based on
Mars_Orbiter_Mission
Class of radio antenna
antenna. The monopole antenna is related mathematically to the dipole. The vertical monopole is an omnidirectional antenna with a low gain of 2 - 5 dBi, and
Monopole_antenna
Type of radio antenna consisting of a loop or coil
A loop antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a loop or coil of wire, tubing, or other electrical conductor, that for transmitting is usually fed by
Loop_antenna
NASA flyby mission to Venus (1967–1968)
Mariner 4, Mariner 5 needed to face away from the Sun to keep its high-gain antenna pointed at Earth because of its trajectory. As a result, the solar panels
Mariner_5
Rhombus-shaped antenna
of antenna are its simplicity, high forward gain, wide bandwidth, and the ability to operate over a wide range of frequencies. A rhombic antenna consists
Rhombic_antenna
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 1 m to 1 mm
the troposphere. A sensitive receiver beyond the horizon with a high gain antenna focused on that area of the troposphere can pick up the signal. This
Microwave
Type of antenna with a low profile
Multiple patch antennas on the same substrate (see image) called microstrip antennas, can be used to make high gain array antennas, and phased arrays
Patch_antenna
NASA space probe launched in 1977
sensor, and a Canopus star tracker) to maintain pointing of the high-gain antenna toward Earth. Collectively these instruments are part of the Attitude
Voyager_2
Failed NASA orbiter mission to Mars (1992–1993)
of six low-gain antennas, and a single medium-gain antenna were also included, to be used during the cruise phase while the high-gain antenna remained stowed
Mars_Observer
NASA space mission to Jupiter and Europa
system includes additional antennas such as low-gain antennas (LGAs), medium-gain antennas (MGAs), and fan-beam antennas (FBAs), which are used for different
Europa_Clipper
Measure of how much of an antenna's signal is transmitted in one direction
large dish antenna. The directivity, D {\displaystyle D} , of an antenna is defined for all incident angles of an antenna. The term "directive gain" is deprecated
Directivity
Topics referred to by the same term
amplitude of a signal Gain (antenna), a key performance parameter which combines the antenna's directivity and radiation efficiency Gain (laser), the amplification
Gain
Wi-Fi used for network connectivity
High gain antenna may be of many designs, but all allow transmitting a narrow signal beam over greater distance than a non-directional antenna, often
Long-range_Wi-Fi
Natural process of contact bonding between objects in a hard vacuum
cites a documented example from 1991 with the Galileo spacecraft high-gain antenna. One source of difficulty is that vacuum welding does not exclude relative
Vacuum_cementing
European mission to study Jupiter and its moons since 2023
000 mph). Juice has a fixed 2.5 meter diameter high-gain antenna and a steerable medium-gain antenna; both X- and K-band will be used. Downlink rates of
Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer
Mission to Saturn (1997–2017)
(ASI) provided the Cassini orbiter's high-gain radio antenna, with the incorporation of a low-gain antenna (to ensure telecommunications with the Earth
Cassini–Huygens
Antenna fabricated using photolithographic techniques
In telecommunication, a microstrip antenna (also known as a printed antenna) usually is an antenna fabricated using photolithographic techniques on a
Microstrip_antenna
First NASA mission to orbit Jupiter (1989–2003)
electric dipole antenna was mounted at the tip of the magnetometer boom. The search coil magnetic antennas were mounted on the high-gain antenna feed. Nearly
Galileo_(spacecraft)
Spacecraft orientation
scanning of the Venus surface making a large turn to direct its high gain antenna to the Earth for data transmission. Attitude control (spacecraft) Flight
Slew_(spacecraft)
Welding process in which joining occurs without melting or heating the interface
cites a documented example from 1991 with the Galileo spacecraft high-gain antenna. One source of difficulty is that cold welding does not exclude relative
Cold_welding
Range 3-30 GHz of the electromagnetic spectrum
high gain directional antennas from a half meter to five meters in diameter. Directive antennas at SHF frequencies are mostly aperture antennas, such
Super_high_frequency
1996 and 1997. Galileo had a problem with its high-gain antenna, and the DSN arrayed up to five antennas from three tracking facilities (Goldstone, Canberra
List of antennas in NASA's Deep Space Network
List_of_antennas_in_NASA's_Deep_Space_Network
Array of antennas creating a steerable beam
different direction. Since the size of an antenna array must extend many wavelengths to achieve the high gain needed for narrow beamwidth, phased arrays
Phased_array
NASA sample-return mission to Comet 81P/Wild 2 (1999–2011)
using a 0.6-meter (2 ft 0 in) parabolic high-gain antenna, medium-gain antenna (MGA) and low-gain antennas (LGA) depending on mission phase, and a 15-watt
Stardust_(spacecraft)
Coaxial cable connector
Commission. September 28, 2000.[permanent dead link] "HGA7S Support | High Gain Antenna For SMA Connectors". Linksys.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-16
SMA_connector
Type of radio antenna
The rubber ducky antenna (or rubber duck aerial) is an electrically short monopole antenna, invented by Richard B. Johnson, that functions somewhat like
Rubber_ducky_antenna
NASA Mars rover deployed in 2004
depended on an omnidirectional low-gain antenna communicating at a low data rate and a steerable high-gain antenna, both in direct contact with the Deep
Opportunity_(rover)
European mission to study Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (2004–2016)
high-gain parabolic dish antenna, a 0.8 m (2.6 ft) fixed-position medium-gain antenna, and two omnidirectional low-gain antennas. The high-gain antenna also
Rosetta_(spacecraft)
Miniature satellite in 10 cm cube modules
separation, both MarCO spacecraft deployed two radio antennas and two solar panels. The high-gain, X band antenna is a flat panel to direct radio waves. MarCO
CubeSat
from a source antenna to produce a high-gain beam. Transmitarrays consist of an array of unit cells placed above a source (feeding) antenna. Phase shifts
Transmitarray_antenna
Series of two uncrewed Soviet spacecraft
meters high with two solar panel wings, a 2.33 meter high-gain net antenna, and a long antenna arm, and had a mass of about 650 kg. It carried a 10 kg science
Mars_1M
Twin NASA flyby missions to Mars (1969–1970)
The center regained the signal via the backup low-gain antenna and regained use of the high gain antenna again shortly after Mariner 6's close encounter
Mariner_6_and_7
Antenna system type
each antenna are parallel and collinear; that is, they are located along a common axis. Collinear arrays are high gain omnidirectional antennas. Both
Collinear_antenna_array
Component of the Apollo spacecraft
omnidirectional S-band antennas on the CM were used when the attitude of the CSM kept the high-gain antenna from being pointed at Earth. These antennas were also used
Apollo command and service module
Apollo_command_and_service_module
Characteristic of a radio antenna
voltage measured at the output terminals of an antenna is not the actual field intensity due to actual antenna gain, aperture characteristics, and loading effects
Antenna_factor
Hexagonal antenna
Yagi–Uda antenna in that it uses parasitic principles from a driver and reflector for achieving gain in one direction. As with the Yagi-Uda antenna, when
Hexbeam
NASA/DLR solar probes launched in 1974–76
and 20 watts. Three antennas are mounted on top of each probe. A high-gain antenna (23 dB) of 11° beam width, a medium-gain antenna (3 dB for transmission
Helios_(spacecraft)
Active antennas that are designed to resist radio jamming
active antenna arrays composed of multiple antenna elements, typically arranged in a compact configuration. Unlike traditional omnidirectional antennas, which
Controlled reception pattern antenna
Controlled_reception_pattern_antenna
Lunar space probe launched in 1965 as part of NASA's Ranger program
Communications were through the quasiomnidirectional low-gain antenna and the parabolic high-gain antenna. Transmitters aboard the spacecraft included a 60 W
Ranger_9
Antenna with a fractal shape
A fractal antenna is an antenna that uses a fractal, self-similar design to maximize the effective length, or increase the perimeter (on inside sections
Fractal_antenna
British satellite communications company
levels of terminals, Aero-L (Low Gain Antenna) primarily for packet data including ACARS and ADS, Aero-H (High Gain Antenna) for medium quality voice and
Inmarsat
1965 NASA spacecraft to explore the Moon
Communications were through the quasiomnidirectional low-gain antenna and the parabolic high-gain antenna. Transmitters aboard the spacecraft included a 60-watt
Ranger_8
When integrated into an antenna assembly, the reflector serves to modify the radiation pattern of the antenna, increasing gain in a given direction. Common
Reflector_(antenna)
Use of multiple antennas in radio
antenna array, each having a different spatial signature—gain phase pattern at the receiver’s antennas. These distinct array signatures allow the receiver
MIMO
Soviet-Russian type of geostationary satellite
satellites carry a single 24 MHz, 200 watts transponder, feeding a 28 dB gain antenna transmitting on right-hand circular polarization to produce in Siberia
Ekran
Failed NASA Mars lander (1999)
a medium-gain, horn-shaped antenna and redundant solid state power amplifiers. For contingency measures, a low-gain omnidirectional antenna was also included
Mars_Polar_Lander
First successful NASA mission to Mars (1964–1967)
0 in) elliptical high-gain parabolic antenna was mounted at the top of the frame as well. An omnidirectional low-gain antenna was mounted on a 223.5 cm
Mariner_4
New Zealand hacker, programmer and computer security professional
bench set up for demonstration. Interfacing with the pumps with a high-gain antenna, he obtained complete control of the pumps without any prior knowledge
Barnaby_Jack
First spacecraft to visit Saturn (1973–1995)
transceivers: one connected to the high-gain antenna and the other to the omnidirectional and medium-gain antennas. Each transceiver had a power output of
Pioneer_11
Japanese orbiter mission to Venus (2010–2024)
high-gain antenna. The high-gain antenna was flat to prevent heat from building up in it. Akatsuki also had a pair of medium-gain horn antennas mounted
Akatsuki_(spacecraft)
Satellite signal concentrated in power for a specific area
signal that is specially concentrated in power (i.e. sent by a high-gain antenna) so that it will cover only a limited geographic area on Earth. Spot
Spot_beam
NASA spacecraft active since 2005
Two smaller low-gain antennas are also present for lower-rate communication during emergencies and special events. These antennas do not have focusing
Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter
Japanese probe to asteroid and sample return (2003–2010)
data was obtained through the low-gain antenna. On 4 March, telemetry data was obtained through the medium-gain antenna. On 6 March, Hayabusa's position
Hayabusa
Changing the direction of the main lobe of a radiation pattern
complemented by Reflectarray (RA) and Transmitarray (TA) antennas. These designs serve as high-gain, planar alternatives with advantages in cost, efficiency
Beam_steering
Series of five uncrewed lunar orbiter missions
from the base of the spacecraft were a high gain antenna on a 1.32 m (4 ft 4 in) boom and a low-gain antenna on a 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) boom. Above the equipment
Lunar_Orbiter_program
Redundancy method to improve communications reliability
space and can provide a higher gain versus a single omnidirectional radiator. Polarization diversity combines pairs of antennas with orthogonal polarizations
Antenna_diversity
Antenna built with a metal can
cantenna (a portmanteau blending the words can and antenna) is a homemade directional waveguide antenna, made out of an open-ended metal can. Cantennas are
Cantenna
Electromagnetic spectrum 300–3000 MHz
antennas. The short wavelengths also allow high gain antennas to be conveniently small. High gain antennas for point-to-point communication links and UHF
Ultra_high_frequency
Type of radio antenna
The Beverage antenna, a very early type of wave antenna or traveling wave antenna, is a long-wire receiving antenna mainly used in the low frequency and
Beverage_antenna
Formula in telecommunications engineering of antenna performance
with the usage of directivity or gain when describing antenna performance. In their place is the descriptor of antenna aperture area as one of two important
Friis_transmission_equation
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GAIN ANTENNA
GAIN ANTENNA
GAIN ANTENNA
GAIN ANTENNA
GAIN ANTENNA
GAIN ANTENNA
GAIN ANTENNA
GAIN ANTENNA
GAIN ANTENNA
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