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Concept in physics
Virtual photons are a fundamental concept in particle physics and quantum field theory that play a crucial role in describing the interactions between
Virtual_photon
Elementary particle or quantum of light
A photon (from Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτός (phôs, phōtós) 'light') is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic
Photon
Transient quantum fluctuation (physics)
be thought of as resulting from the exchange of virtual photons between the charges. Virtual photons are the exchange particles for the electromagnetic
Virtual_particle
Elementary particle involved with rest mass
muons) and a photon ( ℓℓγ ), via virtual photon decay. This can happen in three ways: Higgs to virtual photon to ℓℓγ in which the virtual photon ( γ* ) has
Higgs_boson
Elementary particle with negative charge
cannot emit or absorb a real photon; doing so would violate conservation of energy and momentum. Instead, virtual photons can transfer momentum between
Electron
Type of collision between subatomic particles
Also, note that in the perturbative approximation it is a high-energy virtual photon emitted from the lepton and absorbed by the target hadron which transfers
Deep_inelastic_scattering
Collision of a particle and its antiparticle
positron to produce a virtual photon, which converts into a muon and anti-muon. If the energy is large enough, a Z could replace the photon. e− + e+ → γ + γ
Annihilation
Photochemical energy transfer mechanism
excited chromophore emits a virtual photon that is instantly absorbed by a receiving chromophore. These virtual photons are undetectable, since their
Förster resonance energy transfer
Förster_resonance_energy_transfer
Process in high-energy hadron–hadron scattering
one hadron and an antiquark of another hadron annihilate, creating a virtual photon or Z boson which then decays into a pair of oppositely-charged leptons
Drell–Yan_process
In quantum physics, type of particle that gives rise to forces between other particles
particular force field: Gluons, excitations of the strong gauge field. Photons, W bosons, and Z bosons, excitations of the electroweak gauge fields. Higgs
Force_carrier
Method in physics used to deal with infinities
initial mass and charge. In quantum field theory a cloud of virtual particles, such as photons, positrons, and others surrounds and interacts with the initial
Renormalization
Simultaneous absorption of two photons by a molecule
ground state), via a virtual energy level, to a higher energy, most commonly an excited electronic state. Absorption of two photons with the same frequency
Two-photon_absorption
Phenomenon in nuclear and particle physics
was because DIS occurs at large Q 2 {\displaystyle Q^{2}} (i.e. very virtual photon with large Q 2 {\displaystyle Q^{2}} ). In fact, because the four-momenta
Nuclear_shadowing
Inelastic scattering of photons by matter
scattering or the Raman effect (/ˈrɑːmən/) is the inelastic scattering of photons by matter, meaning that there is both an exchange of energy and a change
Raman_scattering
Model of hadrons
provided by a virtual photon with virtuality Q2 or by a jet. The scale can be calculated from the energy and the momentum of the virtual photon or jet; the
Parton_(particle_physics)
Range of physical processes in physics
consequences of particle-particle collisions between molecules, atoms, electrons, photons and other particles. Examples include: cosmic ray scattering in the Earth's
Scattering
Effect in quantum electrodynamics
hydrogen atom. The Lamb shift is caused by interactions between the virtual photons created through vacuum energy fluctuations and the electron as it moves
Lamb_shift
Theoretical framework in physics
represented (to first order in perturbation theory) by the propagation of a virtual photon. In a similar manner, the W and Z bosons carry the weak interaction
Quantum_field_theory
Region around a black hole at which light orbits
A photon sphere, or photon ring or photon circle, arises in a neighbourhood of the event horizon of a black hole where gravity is so strong that emitted
Photon_sphere
List with diagrams of common Feynman diagrams
nuclei Deep inelastic scattering Scattering a lepton is deflected by a virtual photon emitted by a quark from the hadron Chiral anomaly Other Anomaly-induced
List_of_Feynman_diagrams
Subatomic particle; lightest meson
who in 1959 used the dispersion relation for Compton scattering of virtual photons on pions to analyze their charge radius. Since the neutral pion is
Pion
In pair production, a photon creates an electron positron pair. In the process of photons scattering in air (e.g. in lightning discharges), the most important
Quantum mechanical scattering of photon and nucleus
Quantum_mechanical_scattering_of_photon_and_nucleus
Type of conserved current
two particles scatter off each other by exchanging a force boson, e.g., a photon for electromagnetic scattering (see the figure). The cross-section for such
Axial_current
Physical quantity
fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons are also responsible for the electrostatic interaction between electric
Energy
Weak force particle interaction
particles that can occur via the exchange of a virtual Z boson can also occur via the exchange of a virtual photon. Unless the interacting particles have energies
Neutral_current
Pictorial representation of the behavior of subatomic particles
indicating the spin of the particle e.g. pointing toward the vertex: (•←). Virtual Photon in the initial and the final states is represented by a wavy line (~•
Feynman_diagram
Electron-positron production from two photons
in which a positron–electron pair is created from the collision of two photons. It is the simplest mechanism by which pure light can be potentially transformed
Breit–Wheeler_process
Equations describing classical electromagnetism
charge and current. These include photon–photon scattering and many other phenomena related to photons or virtual photons, "nonclassical light" and quantum
Maxwell's_equations
Electromagnetic radiation due to deceleration of charged particles
includes synchrotron radiation (i.e., photon emission by a relativistic particle), cyclotron radiation (i.e., photon emission by a non-relativistic particle)
Bremsstrahlung
Attraction of masses and energy
arises from an exchange of virtual photons, where the QFT description of gravity is that there is an exchange of virtual gravitons. This description
Gravity
Dimensionless number that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
moment of the electron. Other methods include the A.C. Josephson effect and photon recoil in atom interferometry. There is general agreement for the value
Fine-structure_constant
Branch of particle physics concerning interactions between two photons
Two-photon physics, also called gamma–gamma physics, is a branch of particle physics that describes the interactions between two photons. Normally, beams
Two-photon_physics
In quantum physics, a very short-lived, unobservable quantum state
various types of photochemistry, and nuclear processes. Two-photon absorption Virtual particle Feshbach resonance Shape resonance "A glossary of terms
Virtual_state
Force resulting from the quantisation of a field
quantum electrodynamic vacuum, it is seen that the plates do affect the virtual photons that constitute the field, and generate a net force – either an attraction
Casimir_effect
differences. The largest difference is expected between the case where one virtual photon with left circular polarization and one with right circular polarization
Electron magnetic circular dichroism
Electron_magnetic_circular_dichroism
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
conversion process, in which a gamma ray photon is not produced as an intermediate particle (rather, a "virtual gamma ray" may be thought to mediate the
Gamma_ray
German physicist
scales, the tunneling photons are allowed to propagate faster than light, in view of their property as virtual particles. The photon propagation probability
Günter_Nimtz
Variation of deep inelastic scattering
scattering of a lepton (l) on a hadron (h), at leading order in perturbative expansion. The virtual photon (γ*) knocks a quark (q) out of the hadron.
Semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering
Semi-inclusive_deep_inelastic_scattering
Function characterizing the interactions between photons and quarks
The photon structure function, in quantum field theory, describes the quark content of the photon. While the photon is a massless boson, through certain
Photon_structure_function
Interference effect of two photons
The Hong–Ou–Mandel effect is a two-photon interference effect in quantum optics that was demonstrated in 1987 by Chung Ki Hong (Korean: 홍정기), Zheyu Jeff
Hong–Ou–Mandel_effect
Type of diverging integral in physics
will only interact with these zero-energy (Rindler) photons in a sense similar to virtual photons in the coulomb interaction. Cutoff (physics) Renormalization
Infrared_divergence
Scattering of photons off charged particles
scattering of a high-frequency photon through an interaction with a charged particle, usually an electron. Specifically, when the photon interacts with a loosely
Compton_scattering
Lowest possible energy of a quantum system or field
can be considered to be "dressed" by emission and reabsorption of "virtual photons" from the vacuum. The vacuum state energy described by Σkλ ħωk/2
Zero-point_energy
Period in the evolution of the early universe
cosmology, the photon epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe in which photons dominated the energy of the universe. The photon epoch started
Photon_epoch
Procedure of coping with redundant degrees of freedom in physical field theories
appears as a contribution to the photon propagator for internal lines from virtual photons of unphysical polarization. The photon propagator, which is the multiplicative
Gauge_fixing
Luminescence induced by sound waves
that vacuum contains virtual particles, the rapidly moving interface between water and gas converts virtual photons into real photons. This is related to
Sonoluminescence
Branch of physics that studies light
electromagnetic processes in general as the result of the exchange of real and virtual photons. Quantum optics gained practical importance with the inventions of
Optics
Concept in quantum mechanics
concept in quantum mechanics that fundamental entities of the universe, like photons and electrons, exhibit particle or wave properties according to the experimental
Wave–particle_duality
Resonant energy transfer between excitons within adjacent QD's (quantum dots)
its excitation to a neighbouring acceptor atom, via an intermediate virtual photon. This same mechanism has also been shown to be responsible for exciton
Förster_coupling
Study of the analytic properties of scattering amplitudes
pole model for all vector meson exclusive photoproduction by real and virtual photons". The European Physical Journal C. 26 (2): 271–284. arXiv:hep-ph/0112242
Regge_theory
Particle whose invariant mass is zero
particle is the photon. The photon (carrier of electromagnetism) is one of two known gauge bosons thought to be massless. The photon is well-known from
Massless_particle
Medical imaging technique
ISBN 978-1-139-45719-4. Hoult DI, Bahkar B (1998). "NMR Signal Reception: Virtual Photons and Coherent Spontaneous Emission". Concepts in Magnetic Resonance
Magnetic_resonance_imaging
Spin of an electron
moment of the electron; it arises from the electron's interaction with virtual photons in quantum electrodynamics. A triumph of the quantum electrodynamics
Electron_magnetic_moment
Puerto Rican physicist
and is its first director. She is a pioneer in the physics potential of photon colliders. Velasco went to high school at Academia Maria Reina in San Juan
Mayda_Velasco
spin-polarized physics. The virtual photon emitted by the electron was also polarized and sought out quarks of spin opposite to that of the photon. The asymmetry of
HERMES_experiment
Elementary particles that are force carriers
interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles. Photons, W and Z bosons, and gluons are gauge bosons. All known gauge
Gauge_boson
Type of very low energy photons
infrared-divergent contribution to the scattering rate related to virtual soft photons that are emitted from one of the external lines and absorbed in another
Soft_photon
Physical phenomenon
(BSM) on photon b, the input photon, and photon c, her part of the entangled photon pair (photons c and d). Photon d, Bob's receiver photon, will contain
Quantum_teleportation
Fluctuation of spacetime on very small scales
electrons, also supports the existence of virtual particles. In 2005, during observations of gamma-ray photons arriving from the blazar Markarian 501, MAGIC
Quantum_foam
Particle with opposite charges
antiparticle of the positron is the electron. Some particles, such as the photon, are their own antiparticle. Otherwise, for each pair of antiparticle partners
Antiparticle
Quantum field theory of electromagnetism
of a photon interacting with an electron in this way is Compton scattering.[citation needed] An infinite number of other intermediate "virtual" processes
Quantum_electrodynamics
Simultaneous absorption of two photons of differing energies by a molecule
first photon, the molecule makes a transition to a virtual state and stays in the virtual state for an extremely short period of time (virtual state lifetime
Non-degenerate two-photon absorption
Non-degenerate_two-photon_absorption
Property of space that quantifies the magnetic influence at a given location
a remarkable pictorial representation as Feynman diagrams in which virtual photons are exchanged. Predictions of QED agree with experiments to an extremely
Magnetic_field
Particle physics experiment
quarks as they propagate through nuclear matter. Since the products—a virtual photon and two leptons—do not interact strongly with the rest of the nuclear
Fermilab_E-906/SeaQuest
Spectroscopic technique based on change of nuclear spin state
assignment Hoult, D. I.; Bhakar, B. (1997). "NMR signal reception: Virtual photons and coherent spontaneous emission". Concepts in Magnetic Resonance
Nuclear_magnetic_resonance
Relation between static and dynamic quantities
produced the virtual photon and the target particle, and S 1 ( ν , Q 2 ) {\displaystyle S_{1}(\nu ,Q^{2})} is the first forward virtual Compton scattering
Sum rules (quantum field theory)
Sum_rules_(quantum_field_theory)
Quasiparticles arising from EM wave coupling
quasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of electromagnetic waves (photon) with an electric or magnetic dipole-carrying excitation (state) of solid
Polariton
Form of 3D computer interaction merging the real world with virtual objects
1145/3453157. Warburton, M. (2023). "Measuring motion-to-photon latency for sensorimotor experiments with virtual reality systems" (PDF). Behavior Research Methods
Augmented_reality
Class of subatomic particle
bosons (spin = 1) that act as force carriers. These are the gauge bosons: γ photon – the force carrier of the electromagnetic field g gluons (eight different
Boson
List of particles in matter including fermions and bosons
interaction is mediated by the W and Z bosons, electromagnetism by the photon, and gravity by the graviton, which is still hypothetical. Composite particles
List_of_particles
Elementary particle that mediates the strong force
difficult to analyze compared to quantum electrodynamics (QED) where the photon carries no electric charge. The term was coined by Murray Gell-Mann in 1962
Gluon
Quantum optical theoretical system
{\displaystyle \Delta \gg g_{c}} signalling qubits interacting with "virtual" photons, measured by the phase shift of the field rather than the reflection
Tavis–Cummings_model
Hypothetical elementary particle that mediates gravity
tensor, a second-order tensor (compared with electromagnetism's spin-1 photon, the source of which is the four-current, a first-order tensor). Additionally
Graviton
Concept in condensed matter physics
wave. In materials, a photon quasiparticle is a photon as affected by its interactions with the material. In particular, the photon quasiparticle has a
Quasiparticle
Quasiparticle of mechanical vibrations
the analogy to the word photon, in that phonons represent wave-particle duality for sound waves in the same way that photons represent wave-particle duality
Phonon
Combining information from two detectors
Ghost imaging (also called "coincidence imaging", "two-photon imaging" or "correlated-photon imaging") is a technique that produces an image of an object
Ghost_imaging
arises due to exchange of virtual gravitons, in the same way as the electromagnetic force arises from exchange of virtual photons. This reproduces general
History of gravitational theory
History_of_gravitational_theory
Formulation to quantize gauge field theories in physics
why Feynman diagrams containing internal longitudinally polarized virtual photons do not contribute to S-matrix calculations. This approach also does
BRST_quantization
Laser cooling technique
Doppler cooling, Doppler cooling being limited by the recoil energy of a photon given to an atom. This scheme can be performed in simple optical molasses
Raman_cooling
Propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light
theory of relativity implies that only particles with zero rest mass (i.e., photons) may travel at the speed of light, and that nothing may travel faster.
Faster-than-light
Energy scale at which vacuum effects become important
impossibility of any but trivial elastic photon–photon scattering. In QED, however, non-elastic photon–photon scattering becomes possible when the combined
Schwinger_limit
American engineer
he became the associate laboratory director for photon sciences and director of the Advanced Photon Source in 2015. On July 1, 2020, he was named the
Stephen_Streiffer
Composite subatomic particle
short-lived pairs of virtual quarks and antiquarks are continually forming and vanishing again inside a hadron. Because the virtual quarks are not stable
Hadron
Theory of forces and subatomic particles
elementary particles, except the photon and gluon, are massive. In particular, the Higgs boson explains why the photon has no mass, while the W and Z bosons
Standard_Model
Spectroscopy technique
rules associated with a two-photon or other multiphoton photoabsorption are different from the selection rules for a single photon transition. The REMPI technique
Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization
Resonance-enhanced_multiphoton_ionization
Measure of temperature relative to absolute zero
black-body photons can no longer escape. Because of ZPE, however, virtual photons are still emitted at T = 0. Such photons are called "virtual" because
Thermodynamic_temperature
Study of subatomic particles and forces
corresponding form of matter called antimatter. Some particles, such as the photon, are their own antiparticle. These elementary particles are excitations
Particle_physics
Hypothetical particle dual to the photon
In theoretical physics, the dual photon is a hypothetical elementary particle that is a dual of the photon under electric–magnetic duality which is predicted
Dual_photon
Device to determine relative phase shift
the calculation of the phase shift caused by the sample. One model of a photon going through the interferometer assigns a probability amplitude to each
Mach–Zehnder_interferometer
Hosted hypervisor for Windows and Linux
devices with a virtual machine. It can simulate disk drives; an ISO image file can be mounted as a virtual optical disc drive, and virtual hard disk drives
VMware_Workstation
Decay of nuclear spin polarization in MRI and NMR
incompatibility (help) Hoult, D.I.; Bahkar, B. (1998). "NMR Signal Reception: Virtual Photons and Coherent Spontaneous Emission". Concepts in Magnetic Resonance
Relaxation_(NMR)
Small localized object
with non-zero rest mass while a massless particle has zero rest mass. The photon and gluon are massless. The hypothetical graviton is expected to be massless
Particle
Physics term for multiple concepts
Muon neutrino Muon antineutrino Tau neutrino Tau antineutrino Bosons Gauge Photon Gluon W and Z bosons Scalar Higgs boson Ghost fields Faddeev–Popov ghosts
Exotic_matter
Quantization procedure in quantum field theory
{\displaystyle q^{\mu }} is the momentum four-vector of the exchanged virtual photon and | H ( p ) > {\displaystyle |H(p)>} is the eigenstate for hadron
Light-front quantization applications
Light-front_quantization_applications
Maximum theoretical efficiency of a solar cell
Queisser calculate Qc to be 1700 photons per second per square centimetre for silicon at 300K. Absorption of a photon creates an electron-hole pair, which
Shockley–Queisser_limit
Smallest unit of a chemical element
difference matching the energy of the interacting photon. The emitted photon and the interacting photon then move off in parallel and with matching phases
Atom
Concept in quantum electronics
carrier multiplication is the phenomenon wherein the absorption of a single photon leads to the excitation of multiple electrons from the valence band to conduction
Multiple_exciton_generation
Type of massless subatomic particle
which served as the original source of inspiration for Nambu, namely, the photon develops a dynamical mass (expressed as magnetic flux exclusion from a superconductor)
Goldstone_boson
Anti-particle to the electron
weak interactions), or by pair production from a sufficiently energetic photon which is interacting with an atom in a material. In 1928, Paul Dirac published
Positron
Chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by light
compound are broken down by absorption of light (photons). It is defined as the interaction of one or more photons with one target molecule that dissociates
Photodissociation
VIRTUAL PHOTON
VIRTUAL PHOTON
Girl/Female
Australian, Jamaican
Virtuous; Strength
Boy/Male
Indian, Modern
Incomparable
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Extensive; King
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi
Lord Vishnu
Boy/Male
Indian
Name of Lord Krishna
Boy/Male
Hindu
Priceless, Precious
Girl/Female
Indian
Virtues
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lively
Boy/Male
Tamil
Feeling, Virtual
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada
Bravery
Boy/Male
British, English, French, German, Latin
Lively
Boy/Male
Indian
Feeling, Virtual
Boy/Male
Sikh
Heroic protector, Protector of the brave
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Protector of the Brave
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Vishnu, Fortune giver
Boy/Male
Tamil
Virtues
Girl/Female
Hindu
Lord Vishnu, Fortune giver
Girl/Female
Latin
Virtue.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : nickname from Middle English, Old French vertu ‘moral worth’; ‘goodness’ (Latin virtus ‘manliness’, ‘valor’, ‘worth’). This may have been bestowed on a good or pious person, it may alternatively have been a sarcastic nickname for a prig, or it may have been borne by someone who had played the part of Virtue in a medieval mystery play.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit
Priceless; Natural; Deep Thinker
VIRTUAL PHOTON
VIRTUAL PHOTON
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the female personal name Pechel, a Middle English continuation of an Old English name, Pæcchild, which is not recorded independently.
Female
Danish
, pearl.
Girl/Female
Greek
Christian.
Boy/Male
Indian
Unborn
Female
Italian
Feminine form of Italian Francesca, FRANCESCA means "French."
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada
World
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
A Pious Woman; Daughter of Amr Al-basriyah was so Named
Boy/Male
French English
Dark skinned.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, English, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Latin, Tamil
Queen; Form of Regina
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Marlie, MARLEE means "rebel of Magdala."Â
VIRTUAL PHOTON
VIRTUAL PHOTON
VIRTUAL PHOTON
VIRTUAL PHOTON
VIRTUAL PHOTON
a.
Contributing to life; necessary to, or supporting, life; as, vital blood.
n.
Hence, the code of ceremonies observed by an organization; as, the ritual of the freemasons.
a.
Of or pertaining to sight; used in sight; serving as the instrument of seeing; as, the visual nerve.
adv.
In a virtual manner; in efficacy or effect only, and not actually; to all intents and purposes; practically.
n.
A particular moral excellence; as, the virtue of temperance, of charity, etc.
a.
Of or pertaining to rites or ritual; as, ritual service or sacrifices; the ritual law.
v. t.
To supply with provisions for subsistence; to provide with food; to store with sustenance; as, to victual an army; to victual a ship.
v. t.
To victual again.
a.
Being in essence or effect, not in fact; as, the virtual presence of a man in his agent or substitute.
imp. & p. p.
of Victual
n.
A vital part; one of the vitals.
a.
Belonging or relating to life, either animal or vegetable; as, vital energies; vital functions; vital actions.
v. t.
To make efficacious; to give virtue of efficacy.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Victual
a.
Having the power of acting or of invisible efficacy without the agency of the material or sensible part; potential; energizing.
n.
A prescribed form of performing divine service in a particular church or communion; as, the Jewish ritual.
n.
Food; -- now used chiefly in the plural. See Victuals.
n.
Active quality or power; capacity or power adequate to the production of a given effect; energy; strength; potency; efficacy; as, the virtue of a medicine.