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A variable structure system, or VSS, is a discontinuous nonlinear system of the form x ˙ = φ ( x , t ) {\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {x} }}=\varphi (\mathbf
Variable_structure_system
Variable structure control (VSC) is a form of discontinuous nonlinear control. The method alters the dynamics of a nonlinear system by application of
Variable_structure_control
User-definable variable associated with each running process in many operating systems
environment variable to discover a suitable location to store temporary files, or the HOME or USERPROFILE variable to find the directory structure owned by
Environment_variable
Binary feedback controller
control signal, systems that include bang–bang controllers are variable structure systems, and bang–bang controllers are thus variable structure controllers
Bang–bang_control
Method in nonlinear control theory
theory, any variable structure system, like a system under SMC, may be viewed as a special case of a hybrid dynamical system as the system both flows through
Sliding_mode_control
Dynamical system that exhibits continuous and discrete dynamic behavior
automaton Sliding mode control Variable structure system Variable structure control Joint spectral radius Cyber-physical system Behavior trees (artificial
Hybrid_system
Aggregate of patterned social arrangements in society
structures are embedded. Thus, social structures significantly influence larger systems, such as economic systems, legal systems, political systems,
Social_structure
Topics referred to by the same term
Union FC VSS Košice, a Slovak football club Variable structure system, a class of discontinuous nonlinear systems Vehicle speed sensor, in automobiles Verifiable
VSS
Cyclic water pump powered by hydropower
Synthesis for Design of Switched Systems Using a Variable Structure System Formulation". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control. 125 (4):
Hydraulic_ram
Set with operations obeying given axioms
In mathematics, an algebraic structure or algebraic system consists of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set or domain), a collection
Algebraic_structure
Russian control theorist, electrical engineer (1937–2022)
for being one of the originators of Sliding Mode Control and Variable Structure Systems, which have become fundamental concepts in the field of nonlinear
Vadim_Utkin
Computer science concept
ambitious type systems, a variety of constructs, such as variables, expressions, functions, and modules, may be assigned types. Type systems formalize and
Type_system
DC-to-DC power converter with an output voltage greater than its input voltage
Synthesis for Design of Switched Systems Using a Variable Structure System Formulation". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control. 125 (4):
Boost_converter
applications collectively. array data structure A data structure consisting of a collection of elements (values or variables), each identified by at least one
Glossary_of_computer_science
Thermodynamically open system which is not in equilibrium
as a dissipative system. Dissipative systems stand in contrast to conservative systems. A dissipative structure is a dissipative system that has a dynamical
Dissipative_system
Several equations of degree 1 to be solved simultaneously
mathematics, a system of linear equations (or linear system) is a collection of two or more linear equations involving the same variables. For example,
System_of_linear_equations
Mathematical variable needed to describe the state of a thermodynamical system
A state variable is one of the set of mathematical variables that are used to describe the "state" of a system, e.g. of a dynamical system or a thermodynamical
State_variable
Turkish electrical engineer and academic (born 1948)
Mechatronics at the same university. Kaynak has contributed to variable structure systems theory, sliding mode control, and the fusion of intelligent control
Okyay_Kaynak
Very large molecule
A macromolecule is a "molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived
Macromolecule
Symbol representing a mathematical object
that the variable represents or denotes the object, and that any valid candidate for the object is the value of the variable. The values a variable can take
Variable_(mathematics)
Named container for a particular type of data
In some high-level programming languages, a variable is an abstract storage or indirection location paired with an associated symbolic name, which contains
Variable (high-level programming language)
Variable_(high-level_programming_language)
Computer network management and monitoring protocol
data in the form of variables on the managed systems organized in a management information base (MIB), which describes the system status and configuration
Simple Network Management Protocol
Simple_Network_Management_Protocol
Linux standard for directory structure
October 2025. "File System Standard" (PDF). Linux Foundation. 5.11.1. Purpose. Retrieved 5 October 2025. "Chapter 2. File System Structure and Maintenance"
Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard
Star whose brightness fluctuates, as seen from Earth
A variable star is a star whose brightness as seen from Earth (its apparent magnitude) changes systematically with time. This variation may be caused by
Variable_star
Airplane wings capable of changing position to alter their geometry
designers to closely tailor the aerodynamics and structure of aircraft, removing the need for variable sweep angle to achieve the required performance;
Variable-sweep_wing
Branch of mathematics
mathematics that deals with abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems. It is a generalization of
Algebra
System of two stars orbiting each other
termed a "hot companion". The luminous blue variable Eta Carinae has been determined to be a binary star system. The secondary appears to have a higher temperature
Binary_star
Lossless data compression software
The following Python code implements functions to encode and decode a variable-length integer. def encode(num): if num >= 2**63: raise ValueError("num
XZ_Utils
Representation of linear dynamical systems
variables. It is commonly used to represent the signal structure of a dynamic network: the directed dynamical dependencies among measured variables and
Dynamical_structure_function
Automotive transmission technology
A continuously variable transmission (CVT) is an automatic transmission that can change through a continuous range of gear ratios, typically resulting
Continuously variable transmission
Continuously_variable_transmission
Study of non-linear complex systems
causation) by updating all variables in small time increments with positive and negative feedbacks and time delays structuring the interactions and control
System_dynamics
Type of logical system
of formal system. First-order logic uses quantified variables over non-logical objects, and allows the use of sentences that contain variables. Rather than
First-order_logic
Mathematical model of a system in control engineering
engineering and system identification, a state-space representation is a mathematical model of a physical system that uses state variables to track how inputs
State-space_representation
Hardware description and hardware verification language
be declared to the left of the variable name. SystemVerilog permits any number of such "packed" dimensions. A variable of packed array type maps 1:1 onto
SystemVerilog
Limiting set in dynamical systems
complicated set with a fractal structure known as a strange attractor (see strange attractor below). If the variable is a scalar, the attractor is a
Attractor
Computer programming identifier naming convention
identifier naming convention in computer programming in which the name of a variable or function indicates its intention or kind, or in some dialects, its type
Hungarian_notation
Object which stores memory addresses in a computer program
assignment statements and pointer variables to be among computer science's "most valuable treasures." — Donald Knuth, Structured Programming, with go to Statements
Pointer (computer programming)
Pointer_(computer_programming)
Subset of variables that contains all the useful information
blanket of a random variable is a set of variables that renders the variable conditionally independent of all other variables in the system. This concept is
Markov_blanket
Data structure for Boolean functions
importance to care about variable ordering when applying this data structure in practice. The problem of finding the best variable ordering is NP-hard. For
Binary_decision_diagram
Body of matter in a state of internal equilibrium
thermodynamic system at a given time is described by its state, which can be specified by the values of a set of thermodynamic state variables. A thermodynamic
Thermodynamic_system
Concept in mathematics or computer science
science, a variable may be said to be either free or bound. Some older books use the terms real variable and apparent variable for free variable and bound
Free variables and bound variables
Free_variables_and_bound_variables
System that manages the behavior of other systems
control a process or operation. The control system compares the value or status of the process variable (PV) being controlled with the desired value
Control_system
Binary star system in the constellation Cetus
or ο Cet. The system consists of a variable red giant (Mira A) along with a white dwarf companion (Mira B). Mira A is a pulsating variable star and was
Mira
Planetary system consisting of the Sun and objects orbiting it
objects but uses mixed "Solar System" and "solar system" structures in their naming guidelines document. The Solar System formed at least 4.568 billion
Solar_System
Relation of types of systems with corresponding dynamics
the effort variable and entropy flow rate as the flow variable. Many applications of dynamical models convert all energy domains in the system into an electrical
Analogical_models
Form of causal modeling that fit networks of constructs to data
observed variables whose values appear in a data set. The causal connections are represented using equations, but the postulated structuring can also
Structural_equation_modeling
of the CDR to the antigen and aid in maintaining the overall structure of the four variable domains on the antibody. To increase its stability, the framework
Framework_region
Shared-disk file system for Linux computer clusters
In computing, the Global File System 2 (GFS2) is a shared-disk file system for Linux computer clusters. GFS2 allows all members of a cluster to have direct
GFS2
Part of an animal that coordinates actions and senses
the nervous system has a common structure that originated early in the Ediacaran period, over 550 million years ago. The nervous system contains two
Nervous_system
Type of variable star that pulsates radially
A Cepheid variable (/ˈsɛfi.ɪd, ˈsiːfi-/) is a type of variable star that pulsates radially, varying in both diameter and temperature. It changes in brightness
Cepheid_variable
when in host's blood stream to escape the complement system. BESs are polymorphic in size and structure but reveal a surprisingly conserved architecture in
Variant_surface_glycoprotein
mathematics that deals with abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems. It is a generalization of
Outline_of_algebra
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
mining provide demand-response services and support the integration of variable renewable energy under certain market and grid conditions. The concept
Proof_of_work
Predictive chemical model
terms include quantitative structure–property relationships (QSPR) when a chemical property is modeled as the response variable. "Different properties or
Quantitative structure–activity relationship
Quantitative_structure–activity_relationship
Variable that stores data about other variables or program structure
In logic, a metavariable (also metalinguistic variable or syntactical variable) is a symbol or symbol string which belongs to a metalanguage and stands
Metavariable
Computer science constructs
usage is distinguished, a future is a read-only placeholder view of a variable, while a promise is a writable, single assignment container which sets
Futures_and_promises
Star in the constellation Virgo
from the Sun. It is triple star system, containing an inner spectroscopic binary and rotating ellipsoidal variable; a system whose two stars are so close
Spica
Notation for expressing numbers
A numeral system is a writing system for expressing numbers without words; that is, a mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set, using
Numeral_system
Type system used in computer programming and mathematics
extended to make the let-bound variables explicit, and by restricting the type system to allow only let-bound variable to have polymorphic types, while
Hindley–Milner_type_system
Type of star that is luminous, blue, and variable in brightness
Luminous blue variables (LBVs) are rare, massive, evolved stars that show unpredictable and sometimes dramatic variations in their spectra and brightness
Luminous_blue_variable
Study of oscillations in stars
derive a system of four differential equations whose solutions give the frequency and structure of a star's modes of oscillation. The stellar structure is usually
Asteroseismology
Programming language
set variables as bit vectors. The set operators can then be implemented efficiently as bitwise machine code operations. A record is a structure comprising
Pascal_(programming_language)
Computer used for engine control in aerospace engineering
definition of FADEC.[citation needed] FADEC works by receiving multiple input variables of the current flight condition including air density, power lever request
FADEC
System to identify resources on a network
conventionally stored in a structured text file, the zone file, but other database systems are common. The Domain Name System originally used the User Datagram
Domain_Name_System
A vacuum variable capacitor is a variable capacitor which uses a high vacuum as the dielectric instead of air or other insulating material. This allows
Vacuum_variable_capacitor
System where changes of output are not proportional to changes of input
scientists since most systems are inherently nonlinear in nature. Nonlinear dynamical systems, describing changes in variables over time, may appear chaotic
Nonlinear_system
Variable in a record
In data hierarchy, a field (data field) is a variable in a record. A record, also known as a data structure, allows logically related data to be identified
Field_(computer_science)
Programming language
types. In addition, every structure, table, view or data element defined in the ABAP Dictionary can be used to type a variable. Also, object classes and
ABAP
Relatively new silvicultural system
Variable retention is a relatively new silvicultural system that retains forest structural elements for at least one rotation in order to preserve environmental
Variable retention (silviculture)
Variable_retention_(silviculture)
Composite data type
storage systems became more advanced with the use of hard drives and magnetic tape, variable-length records became the standard. A variable-length record
Record_(computer_science)
Rewriting system and type of formal grammar
the system P is a set of production rules or productions defining the way variables can be replaced with combinations of constants and other variables. A
L-system
Type of variable active electronic filter
successive derivatives are treated as the core state variables of the system. In state variable filters parameters like gain, cutoff frequency and Q can
State_variable_filter
Type of alert system on aircraft
An engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS) is an integrated system used in modern aircraft to provide aircraft flight crew with instrumentation
Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system
Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system
Application of democratic principles to places of work
workplace, such as voting systems, consensus, debates, democratic structuring, due process, adversarial process, and systems of appeal. It can be implemented
Workplace_democracy
Type of binary star system with a white dwarf and main-sequence star
of cataclysmic variable, binary star system with a white dwarf and a cool main-sequence secondary star. In most cataclysmic variables, matter from the
Intermediate_polar
Mechanical structure of an aircraft
The mechanical structure of an aircraft is known as the airframe. This structure is typically considered to include the fuselage, undercarriage, empennage
Airframe
Aerodynamic device
B. Cole and Richard H. Weiland of Boeing in the mid-1960s, the "VCK" (Variable Camber Krueger) flaps deployed from the lower leading edge of the wing
Krueger_flap
UNIX environment variable
TMPDIR is the canonical environment variable in Unix and POSIX that should be used to specify a temporary directory for scratch space. Most Unix programs
TMPDIR
Aircraft configuration in which a small wing is placed in front of the main wing
Airplane, Maryland Historical Press. Wilkinson, R (2001). Aircraft Structures and Systems (2nd ed.). MechAero Publishing. Selberg, Bruce P; Cronin, Donald
Canard_(aeronautics)
Quantifiable conditions of a thermodynamic system at a specific time
state of a system is its condition at a specific time; that is, fully identified by values of a suitable set of parameters known as state variables, state
Thermodynamic_state
Expression of a function as the composition of two functions
variables that affect the weather variable (e.g., low pressure system over Canada, butterfly flapping in Japan, etc.) and the Bridge traffic variable
Functional_decomposition
Quantifies strength of electromagnetic interaction
Indeed, some theories that predict a variable fine-structure constant also predict that the value of the fine-structure constant should become practically
Fine-structure_constant
System of East Asian character encodings
character encoding system used primarily for Japanese, Korean, and simplified Chinese (characters). The most commonly used EUC codes are variable-length encodings
Extended_Unix_Code
GNU replacement for the Bourne shell
Bash offers variables and arrays as data structures, and though there are numerous kinds of each of these available, the data structures are relatively
Bash_(Unix_shell)
Aircraft gas turbine function
pneumatic power systems to be replaced by electric power systems. In a bleedless aircraft such as the Boeing 787, each engine has two variable-frequency electrical
Bleed_air
General-purpose programming language
procedural language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, with a static type system. It was designed to be compiled
C_(programming_language)
Telecontrol standard
fixed length frames are used for commands & variable lengths are used for sending data. The details of variable length frame is given below Single indication
IEC_60870-5
Mathematical-logic system
as λ-calculus) is a formal system for expressing computation based on function abstraction and application using variable binding and substitution. Untyped
Lambda_calculus
Statistical relationship
detect less structured relationships between variables. The concept has been generalized to other forms of association between two variables, such as mutual
Correlation
Air intake used on supersonic jet engines
known aircraft to use this is the North American A-5 Vigilante with fully-variable wedge-type air intakes on the sides of the fuselage. In the case of Concorde
Intake_ramp
Abrupt changes in structure and function of systems
the structure and function of ecosystems, the climate, financial systems or other complex systems. A regime is a characteristic behaviour of a system which
Regime_shift
Ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material
crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material. Ordered structures occur from
Crystal_structure
Alternative vehicle power source
run the electrical systems of the aircraft; others can produce 28 V DC. APUs can provide power through single- or three-phase systems. A jet fuel starter
Auxiliary_power_unit
Bosnian academic (1936–2025)
Peruničić-Draženović, Branislava (1969). "The invariance conditions in variable structure systems". Automatica. 5 (3): 287–295. doi:10.1016/0005-1098(69)90071-5
Branislava_Peruničić
Operating system for IBM S/360 and later mainframes
were system-dependent. Multiprogramming with a Fixed number of Tasks (MFT) was intended to serve as a stop-gap until Multiprogramming with a Variable number
OS/360_and_successors
File system where data is stored as collections of records
the details vary depending on the particular system. In general the formats can be fixed-length or variable length, with different physical organizations
Record-oriented_file_system
Rules to verify computer program correctness
right-hand side of the assignment now holds for the variable. Formally, let P be an assertion in which the variable x is free. Then: { P [ E / x ] } x := E { P
Hoare_logic
Technique in statistics
the explanatory variable (the variable correlated with the endogenous variable) but has no independent effect on the dependent variable and is not correlated
Instrumental_variables
Type of infinite structure
of quantifier elimination. A structure M {\displaystyle M} is o-minimal if and only if every formula with one free variable and parameters in M {\displaystyle
O-minimal_theory
Small number of stars that orbit each other
A star system or stellar system is a small number of stars that orbit each other, bound by gravitational attraction. It may sometimes be used to refer
Star_system
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VARIABLE STRUCTURE-SYSTEM
VARIABLE STRUCTURE-SYSTEM
VARIABLE STRUCTURE-SYSTEM
VARIABLE STRUCTURE-SYSTEM
VARIABLE STRUCTURE-SYSTEM
VARIABLE STRUCTURE-SYSTEM
VARIABLE STRUCTURE-SYSTEM
VARIABLE STRUCTURE-SYSTEM
VARIABLE STRUCTURE-SYSTEM
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