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following are examples to supplement the article Turing machine. The following table is Turing's very first example (Turing 1937): "1. A machine can be constructed
Turing_machine_examples
Computation model defining an abstract machine
For examples see Turing machine examples. Less frequently the use of 4-tuples are encountered: these represent a further atomization of the Turing instructions
Turing_machine
Type of Turing machine
simulation. The following example is taken from Turing (1937). For more about this example, see Turing machine examples. Turing used seven symbols { A,
Universal_Turing_machine
Mathematical model of computation
probabilities for the transitions, probabilistic Turing machines can be defined as deterministic Turing machines having an additional "write" instruction where
Probabilistic_Turing_machine
Theoretical model of computation
computation with a deterministic computer. Alan Turing first developed the concept of Turing machine in 1936, imagining it as a simple computer that reads
Nondeterministic Turing machine
Nondeterministic_Turing_machine
Turing machine that halts for any input
relationship between partial Turing machines and total Turing machines: Can every partial function computable by a partial Turing machine be extended (that is
Decider_(Turing_machine)
Model of quantum computation
A quantum Turing machine (QTM) or universal quantum computer is an abstract machine used to model the effects of a quantum computer. It provides a simple
Quantum_Turing_machine
Ability of a computing system to simulate Turing machines
cellular automaton) is said to be Turing-complete or computationally universal if it can be used to simulate any Turing machine (devised by English mathematician
Turing_completeness
Type of recurrent neural network
A neural Turing machine (NTM) is a recurrent neural network model of a Turing machine. The approach was published by Alex Graves et al. in 2014. NTMs combine
Neural_Turing_machine
Abstract calculator
"Post–Turing program" and "Post–Turing machine" were used by Martin Davis in 1973–1974 (Davis 1973, p. 69ff). Later in 1980, Davis used the name "Turing–Post
Post–Turing_machine
Hypothetical computing devices
A Turing machine is a hypothetical computing device, first conceived by Alan Turing in 1936. Turing machines manipulate symbols on a potentially infinite
Turing_machine_equivalents
Topics referred to by the same term
A Turing machine is an abstract mathematical computational device named after Alan Turing; see the box for variants of this meaning. Turing machine may
Turing machine (disambiguation)
Turing_machine_(disambiguation)
Hypothetical computing device
A multi-tape Turing machine is a variant of the Turing machine that uses several tapes. Each tape has its own head for reading and writing. Initially
Multitape_Turing_machine
Type of abstract computing machine
a register machine is a generic class of abstract machines, analogous to a Turing machine and thus Turing complete. Unlike a Turing machine that uses a
Register_machine
A symmetric Turing machine is a Turing machine that has a configuration graph that is undirected (that is, configuration i yields configuration j if and
Symmetric_Turing_machine
Test of a machine's ability to imitate human intelligence
The Turing test, originally called the imitation game by Alan Turing in 1949, is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent
Turing_test
Abstract computation model
Turing machine (or to be more precise, the definition of acceptance for such a machine) alternates between these modes. An alternating Turing machine
Alternating_Turing_machine
Hypothetical computational model
Zeno machines (abbreviated ZM, and also called accelerated Turing machine, ATM) are a hypothetical computational model related to Turing machines that
Zeno_machine
A multitrack Turing machine is a specific type of multi-tape Turing machine. In a standard n-tape Turing machine, n heads move independently along n tracks
Multi-track_Turing_machine
Mathematical model of abstract computation
2-state 5-symbol Turing machine, and conjectured that a particular 2-state 3-symbol Turing machine (hereinafter (2,3) Turing machine) might be universal
Wolfram's 2-state 3-symbol Turing machine
Wolfram's_2-state_3-symbol_Turing_machine
Models of computation
super-Turing computation is a set of hypothetical models of computation that can provide outputs that are not Turing-computable. For example, a machine that
Hypercomputation
Finite-state machine
eliminating isomorphic automata. Read-only right-moving Turing machines are a particular type of Turing machine that only moves right; these are almost exactly
Deterministic finite automaton
Deterministic_finite_automaton
Intentionally obscure programming language
A Turing tarpit (or Turing tar-pit) is any programming language or computer interface that allows for flexibility in function but is difficult to learn
Turing_tarpit
English computer scientist (1912–1954)
as a never-before-published memoir by Turing's older brother John F. Turing. Turing, Sara (2012). Alan M. Turing. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02058-0
Alan_Turing
Model of computation in computer science
machines and nondeterministic Turing machines. An unambiguous Turing machine is defined as a nondeterministic Turing machine with the property that for every
Unambiguous_Turing_machine
Problem in computer science
Turing machine starting from a given state ever print a given symbol?") and to the printing problem considered in Turing's 1936 paper ("does a Turing
Halting_problem
Mathematical model of computation
order. The finite-state machine has less computational power than some other models of computation such as the Turing machine. The computational power
Finite-state_machine
Turing machine or two-way deterministic finite-state automaton (2DFA) is class of models of computability that behave like a standard Turing machine and
Read-only_Turing_machine
Abstract model of computation
produces a Post–Turing machine. The Post–Turing machine is Turing equivalent, so we have shown that the RAM with indirection is Turing equivalent. We give
Random-access_machine
Formal language in mathematics and computer science
exists a Turing machine that decides the formal language. In theoretical computer science, such always-halting Turing machines are called total Turing machines
Recursive_language
Attempts to formalize the concept of algorithms
of Turing-equivalent machines in the definition of specific algorithms, and why the definition of "algorithm" itself often refers back to "the Turing machine"
Algorithm_characterizations
Thesis on the nature of computability
numbers is called Turing computable if some Turing machine computes the corresponding function on encoded natural numbers. Turing proposed that effectively
Church–Turing_thesis
Proof by Alan Turing
Turing's proof is a proof by Alan Turing, first published in November 1936 with the title "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem"
Turing's_proof
Concept from evolutionary biology
The Turing pattern is a concept introduced by English mathematician Alan Turing in a 1952 paper titled "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis", which describes
Turing_pattern
Mathematical function that can be computed by a program
including Turing machines General recursive functions Lambda calculus Post machines (Post–Turing machines and tag machines). Register machines Although
Computable_function
Study of computable functions and Turing degrees
(Turing) computable, or recursive function if there is a Turing machine that, on input n, halts and returns output f(n). The use of Turing machines here
Computability_theory
Abstract machine used to study decision problems
oracle Turing machines, as discussed below. The one presented here is from van Melkebeek (2003, p. 43). An oracle machine, like a Turing machine, includes:
Oracle_machine
workshop, the first AI program, Logic Theorist, was presented by future Turing Awardee Allen Newell and future Nobel Laureate Herbert A. Simon, with help
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
Turing machine on a two-dimensional grid
two-dimensional analogues of conventional Turing machines, so are occasionally referred to as simply "two-dimensional Turing machines". The remainder of this article
Turmite
Operation in computability theory
In computability theory, the Turing jump or Turing jump operator, named for Alan Turing, is an operation that assigns to each decision problem X a successively
Turing_jump
Complexity class used to classify decision problems
deterministic Turing machine, or alternatively the set of problems that can be solved in polynomial time by a nondeterministic Turing machine. NP is the
NP_(complexity)
Academic subfield of computer science
Description was given by Turing Award winner Stephen Cook. Aside from a Turing machine, other equivalent (see Church–Turing thesis) models of computation
Theory_of_computation
Intelligence of machines
8–17), Moravec (1988, p. 3) Turing's original publication of the Turing test in "Computing machinery and intelligence": Turing (1950) Historical influence
Artificial_intelligence
1950 scientific paper by Alan Turing
Turing test to the general public. Turing's paper considers the question "Can machines think?" Turing says that since the words "think" and "machine"
Computing Machinery and Intelligence
Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence
Inherent difficulty of computational problems
deterministic Turing machine, but many complexity classes are based on non-deterministic Turing machines, Boolean circuits, quantum Turing machines, monotone
Computational complexity theory
Computational_complexity_theory
Concept in theoretical computer science
can be encoded in the form "does ⟨this Turing machine⟩ halt". For example, there is a 27-state Turing machine that checks Goldbach's conjecture for each
Busy_beaver
Ability to solve a problem by an effective procedure
computability notions weaker than Turing machines are studied in automata theory, while computability notions stronger than Turing machines are studied in the field
Computability
Book by Charles Petzold
The Annotated Turing: A Guided Tour Through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine is a book by Charles Petzold, published
The_Annotated_Turing
particular tasks. Turing's unorganized machines were in fact very early examples of randomly connected, binary neural networks, and Turing claimed that these
Unorganized_machine
Any type of calculation
calculations carried out on a Turing Machine The majority of mathematical statements and calculations given in maths textbooks Some examples of mathematical statements
Computation
Programmable machine that processes data
be Turing-complete, which is to say, they have algorithm execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine. Early computing machines had
Computer
Game and demonstration of logic gates
Turing Tumble is a game and demonstration of logic gates via mechanical computing. Named after Alan Turing, the game could, in the abstract, duplicate
Turing_Tumble
Computer architecture where code and data share a common bus
that the fundamental conception is owing to Turing—in so far as not anticipated by Babbage.... Both Turing and von Neumann, of course, also made substantial
Von_Neumann_architecture
Measure of unsolvability
In computer science and mathematical logic the Turing degree (named after Alan Turing) or degree of unsolvability of a set of natural numbers measures
Turing_degree
Theoretical computer used for defining a model of computation
theory, such as with finite state machines, Mealy machines, push-down automata, and Turing machines. Abstract machines are typically categorized into two
Abstract_machine
Thought experiment on artificial intelligence
understanding the argument, including symbol processing, Turing machines, Turing completeness, and the Turing test. Searle's arguments are not usually considered
Chinese_room
Numbers that arise in the theory of Turing machines
Alan Turing's proof of the undecidability of the halting problem, and are very useful in reasoning about Turing machines as well. Say we had a Turing machine
Description_number
Test to determine whether a user is human
in contrast to the standard Turing test that is administered by a human, CAPTCHAs are sometimes described as reverse Turing tests. Two widely used CAPTCHA
CAPTCHA
Subset of artificial intelligence
Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery, and Intelligence", in Epstein, Robert; Peters, Grace (eds.), The Turing Test Sourcebook: Philosophical
Machine_learning
1965:291) Turing 1937 in (Davis 1967:118) Turing 1937 in (Davis 1967:116) Turing 1937 in (Davis 1967:117) Turing 1937 in (Davis 1967:138) Turing 1937 in
History of the Church–Turing thesis
History_of_the_Church–Turing_thesis
Sequence of operations for a task
size of inputs increase. Any algorithm can be computed by any Turing complete model. Turing completeness only requires four instruction types—conditional
Algorithm
Esoteric, minimalist programming language
1964 to describe a family of Turing machines. Note: A Brainfuck variant with a finite tape and finite cell values is not Turing-complete. It has only finitely
Brainfuck
Type of computer
machines extend push-down automata with additional load/store operations or multiple stacks and hence are Turing-complete. Most or all stack machine instructions
Stack_machine
Hierarchy of classes of formal grammars
or Turing-recognizable languages. Note that this is different from the recursive languages, which can be decided by an always-halting Turing machine. When
Chomsky_hierarchy
basic machine B is an extremely simple computational model equivalent to the Turing machine. It is "the first formulation of a Turing-machine theory
Wang_B-machine
High-level computer programming language
Turing and Turing+, a systems programming variant. In September 2001, "Object Oriented Turing" was renamed "Turing" and the original Turing was renamed
Turing_(programming_language)
Real number that can be computed within arbitrary precision
between 0 and 1: A computable number [is] one for which there is a Turing machine which, given n on its initial tape, terminates with the nth digit of
Computable_number
Powered mechanical device
computers. Models used to study modern computers are termed State machine and Turing machine. The biological molecule myosin reacts to ATP and ADP to alternately
Machine
Algorithmic complexity class
the set of all decision problems that are solvable by a deterministic Turing machine in exponential time, i.e., in O(2p(n)) time, where p(n) is a polynomial
EXPTIME
Chatbot that arguably passed the Turing test
100th birthday of the test's author, Alan Turing, Goostman won a competition promoted as the largest-ever Turing test contest, in which it successfully convinced
Eugene_Goostman
Set of problems in computational complexity theory
Turing machine so that it is possible for the machine to store the entire input (it can be shown that in terms of computability the two-tape Turing machine
Complexity_class
Abstract machine used in a formal logic and theoretical computer science
power of Turing machines. Due to their unary processing style, counter machines are typically exponentially slower than comparable Turing machines. The counter
Counter_machine
Impossible task in computing
calculability" based on his λ-calculus, and by Alan Turing the next year with his concept of Turing machines. Turing immediately recognized that these are equivalent
Entscheidungsproblem
the Universal Turing machine is to the Turing machine. The RASP is an example of the von Neumann architecture whereas the RAM is an example of the Harvard
Random-access stored-program machine
Random-access_stored-program_machine
Concept in computability theory
computability theory, a Turing reduction from a decision problem A {\displaystyle A} to a decision problem B {\displaystyle B} is an oracle machine that decides
Turing_reduction
Codebreaking device created at Bletchley Park (United Kingdom)
Machine Laboratory. A simulator for both Turing and US Navy Bombes Breaking German Navy Ciphers - The U534 Enigma M4 messages: Cracked with a Turing Bombe
Bombe
Software that emulates an entire computer
Amazon Machine Image Desktop virtualization Linux containers Native development kit Paravirtualization Storage hypervisor Universal Turing machine Virtual
Virtual_machine
Class of problems in computer science
only deterministic Turing machines. A language L is in PP if and only if there exists a polynomial p and deterministic Turing machine M, such that M runs
PP_(complexity)
Measure of algorithmic complexity
the Turing-machine model and the arithmetic model: In the arithmetic model, every real number requires a single memory cell, whereas in the Turing model
Strongly-polynomial_time
Deterministic model of computation
1, the set of m-tag systems is Turing-complete; i.e., for each m > 1, it is the case that for any given Turing machine T, there is an m-tag system that
Tag_system
Speeding up Turing machines by increasing tape symbol complexity
for Turing machines states that given any real c > 0 and any k-tape Turing machine solving a problem in time f(n), there is another k-tape machine that
Linear_speedup_theorem
Book by Roger Penrose
quantum processes have been discovered. Alan Turing, creator of the Turing test Quantum mind "Minds, Machines and Gödel". Archived from the original on 19
Shadows_of_the_Mind
Class of computational complexity
PSPACE is the set of all decision problems that can be solved by a Turing machine using a polynomial amount of space. If we denote by S P A C E ( f (
PSPACE
Two-dimensional Turing machine with emergent behavior
Langton's ant is a two-dimensional Turing machine with a very simple set of rules but complex emergent behavior. It was invented by Chris Langton in 1986
Langton's_ant
Type of AI with wide-ranging abilities
meant to confirm human-level AGI have been considered. The Turing test was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
Artificial general intelligence
Artificial_general_intelligence
Given more time, a Turing machine can solve more problems
computation on Turing machines. Informally, these theorems say that given more time, a Turing machine can solve more problems. For example, there are problems
Time_hierarchy_theorem
Natural language processing computer program
(1996), "The Turing Test: AI's Biggest Blind Alley?", in Millican, Peter; Clark, Andy (eds.), Machines and Thought: The Legacy of Alan Turing, vol. 1, Oxford
ELIZA
Theorem in computability theory
Given a set A {\displaystyle A} , the Turing jump A ′ {\displaystyle A'} is the set of indices of oracle Turing machines that halt on input 0 {\displaystyle
Post's_theorem
Boolean satisfiability is NP-complete and therefore that NP-complete problems exist
problem in NP can be reduced in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine to the Boolean satisfiability problem. The theorem is named after Stephen
Cook–Levin_theorem
reducing the complexity of Turing computable tasks and are still restricted to tasks within the scope of Turing machines. [citation needed] [clarification
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence
Yes-or-no question that cannot ever be solved by a computer
finishes running or will run forever. Alan Turing proved in 1936 that a general algorithm running on a Turing machine that solves the halting problem for all
Undecidable_problem
Decryption of the cipher of the Enigma machine
keyboard, Alan Turing reviewed decrypted messages and determined that the word eins ("one") appeared in 90% of messages.[citation needed] Turing automated
Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma
Test of artificial intelligence
A reverse Turing test is a Turing test in which failure suggests that the test-taker is human, while success suggests the test-taker is automated. Conventionally
Reverse_Turing_test
One of several equivalent definitions of a computable function
the functions that can be computed by Turing machines (this is one of the theorems that supports the Church–Turing thesis). The μ-recursive functions are
General_recursive_function
German cipher machine during World War II
of three surviving examples of an Enigma machine with a printer, one of fewer than ten surviving ten-rotor code machines, an example blown up by a retreating
Enigma_machine
Study of abstract machines and automata
different names by different research communities. The earlier concept of Turing machine was also included in the discipline along with new forms of infinite-state
Automata_theory
Unsolved problem in computer science
deterministic polynomial-time Turing machine. Meaning, P = { L : L = L ( M ) for some deterministic polynomial-time Turing machine M } {\displaystyle {\mathsf
P_versus_NP_problem
Branch of machine learning
1109/TSMC.1972.4309133. Turing, Alan (1992) [1948]. "Intelligent Machinery". In Ince, D.C. (ed.). Collected Works of AM Turing: Mechanical Intelligence
Deep_learning
Two-dimensional cellular automaton
Conway. Theoretically, the Game of Life has the power of a universal Turing machine: anything that can be computed algorithmically can be computed within
Conway's_Game_of_Life
19th century proposed mechanical computer
and so the language as conceived would have been Turing-complete as later defined by Alan Turing. Three different types of punch cards were used: one
Analytical_engine
TURING MACHINE-EXAMPLES
TURING MACHINE-EXAMPLES
Female
Native American
Native American Hopi name KACHINA means "sacred dancer; spirit."
Girl/Female
Indian
Lively, Entertainer, From a stream or a Spring, The Spring season, The Spring season
Female
Hawaiian
Hawaiian name MAHINA means "moon; moonlight."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Machen.Spanish (MachÃn) : probably a nickname from machÃn ‘boor’, ‘lout’, often applied to a blacksmith’s apprentice.French : nickname from Old French machin ‘scheming’.
Female
Scottish
Feminine form of Scottish Lachlan, LACHINA means "lake-land."
Male
Hindi/Indian
(सचिन) Hindi myth name borne by Indra, SACHIN means "pure."
Female
French
French feminine form of Latin Martinus, MARTINE means "of/like Mars."Â
Female
Yiddish
(×™Ö·×—Ö°× Ö¶×¢) Yiddish form of Hebrew Yochana, YACHNE means "God is gracious."Â
Male
English
Pet form of English Sacheverell, SACHIE means "roe-buck leap."
Female
German
German form of Scottish Malvina, MALWINE means "smooth-brow."
Boy/Male
American, Australian
Weighing Machine
Male
Scottish
Pet form of Scottish Gaelic Lachlann, LACHIE means "lake-land."
Female
English
Feminine form of English Max, MAXINE means either "the greatest rival" or "the stream of Mack."Â
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Maureen, MAURINE means "obstinacy, rebelliousness" or "their rebellion."
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Yakiyn, YACHIN means "he establishes" or "whom God strengthens."Â
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian
Machine
Male
French
French form of Latin Macarius, MACAIRE means "blessed."
Female
French
Feminine form of French Marin, MARINE means "of the sea."
Girl/Female
Australian, Japanese
Child of Machi
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Bengali, British, Christian, English, Indian
Springtime; Spring Season; Rapid Movement
TURING MACHINE-EXAMPLES
TURING MACHINE-EXAMPLES
Boy/Male
Indian
Planner, Designer, One who designs
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Old English gÅdnes ‘goodness’.English translation of the French Canadian surname Labonte.
Biblical
help of God
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Born from Holly Fire
Boy/Male
Gaelic Irish
Red haired.
Boy/Male
Indian
Killer, Blood shedder
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Flame of Knowledge
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : of uncertain origin; probably a variant of Sherrard or of Syrett. However, According to Black, in Scotland Sherratt and its variants are forms of Sherwood.
Female
African
bring me home.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Guide
TURING MACHINE-EXAMPLES
TURING MACHINE-EXAMPLES
TURING MACHINE-EXAMPLES
TURING MACHINE-EXAMPLES
TURING MACHINE-EXAMPLES
prep.
In the time of; as long as the action or existence of; as, during life; during the space of a year.
n.
The act or process of one who, or that which, bores; as, the boring of cannon; the boring of piles and ship timbers by certain marine mollusks.
v. t.
To subject to the action of machinery; to effect by aid of machinery; to print with a printing machine.
pl.
of Tachina
n.
The working parts of a machine, engine, or instrument; as, the machinery of a watch.
n.
One who or operates a machine; a machinist.
n.
A combination of persons acting together for a common purpose, with the agencies which they use; as, the social machine.
n.
A machine for curing hay in rainy weather.
a.
Of or pertaining to machines.
a.
Of or pertaining to cows; pertaining to, derived from, or caused by, vaccinia; as, vaccine virus; the vaccine disease.
n.
A tiring-room.
n.
The pieces, or chips, detached in the process of turning from the material turned.
n.
Machines, in general, or collectively.
imp. & p. p.
of Machine
n.
A series of tubes; tubes, collectively; a length or piece of a tube; material for tubes; as, leather tubing.
n.
Alt. of Goring cloth
n.
A hole made by boring.
v. t.
To wind marline around; as, to marline a rope.