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Nuclear spacecraft propulsion technology
A nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) is a type of thermal rocket where the heat from a nuclear reaction replaces the chemical energy of the propellants in a
Nuclear_thermal_rocket
Rocket engine
A thermal rocket is a rocket engine that uses a propellant that is externally heated before being passed through a nozzle to produce thrust, as opposed
Thermal_rocket
Type of spacecraft propulsion system
A nuclear electric rocket (more properly nuclear electric propulsion) is a type of spacecraft propulsion system where thermal energy from a nuclear reactor
Nuclear_electric_rocket
Theoretical spacecraft propulsion system
A solar thermal rocket is a theoretical spacecraft propulsion system that would make use of solar power to directly heat reaction mass, and therefore would
Solar_thermal_rocket
Type of nuclear propulsion method with an ultra high specific-inpulse
within the abilities of current technologies. In traditional nuclear thermal rocket and related designs, the nuclear energy is generated in some form of
Fission-fragment_rocket
Nuclear power to propel a vehicle
the space sector with nuclear thermal and nuclear electric engines which could be more efficient than conventional rocket engines. The idea of using nuclear
Nuclear_propulsion
Proposed rocket propulsion mechanism
The nuclear salt-water rocket (NSWR) is a theoretical type of nuclear thermal rocket designed by Robert Zubrin. In place of traditional chemical propellant
Nuclear_salt-water_rocket
Non-airbreathing engine used to propel a missile or vehicle
on one rocket flight is 44, set by NASA in 2016 on a Black Brant. Here, "rocket" is used as an abbreviation for "rocket engine". Thermal rockets use an
Rocket_engine
Type of rocket engine
a type of rocket engine which uses the expansion of a (typically inert) pressurized gas to generate thrust. As opposed to traditional rocket engines, a
Cold_gas_thruster
U.S. Space Nuclear Thermal Propulsion
Technologies, aiming to carry out the first in-orbit test of a nuclear thermal rocket by 2027. Fueled by low-enriched uranium, its reusability and performance
Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations
Demonstration_Rocket_for_Agile_Cislunar_Operations
US Nuclear thermal rocket engine project (1956–1973)
The Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA; /ˈnɜːrvə/) was an American nuclear thermal rocket engine development program that ran for roughly
NERVA
Mechanism where confined high-speed particles confer energy to a vehicle
is either pulsed or continuous. A continuous beam lends itself to thermal rockets, photonic thrusters, and light sails. In contrast, a pulsed beam lends
Beam-powered_propulsion
A radioisotope rocket or radioisotope thermal rocket is a type of thermal rocket engine that uses the heat generated by the decay of radioactive elements
Radioisotope_rocket
Rocket-propelled by exhausted coolant of a gas-cooled nuclear reactor
propellant. Solid core nuclear thermal rockets can develop higher specific impulse than conventional chemical rockets due to the low molecular weight
Gas_core_reactor_rocket
Rocket driven by nuclear fusion power
A fusion rocket is a theoretical design for a rocket driven by fusion propulsion, which could provide efficient and sustained acceleration in space without
Fusion_rocket
Rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants
solid-propellant rocket or solid rocket is a rocket with a rocket engine that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer). The earliest rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered
Solid-propellant_rocket
Hypothetical spacecraft propulsion through continuous nuclear explosions for thrust
Antimatter rocket Spacecraft electric propulsion Ion thruster Nuclear electric rocket Nuclear power in space Nuclear propulsion Nuclear thermal rocket Nuclear
Nuclear_pulse_propulsion
Type of electric propulsion
were converted to thrust. Ad Astra Rocket Company is developing the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR). Canadian company Nautel is
Plasma_propulsion_engine
Electrothermal thruster in development
The Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR) is an electrothermal thruster under development for possible use in spacecraft propulsion.
Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket
Variable_Specific_Impulse_Magnetoplasma_Rocket
Type of nuclear thermal rocket
A pulsed nuclear thermal rocket is a type of nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) concept developed at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain, and presented
Pulsed_nuclear_thermal_rocket
Proposed spacecraft propulsion method
field. The Bussard ramjet can thus be seen as a ramjet variant of a fusion rocket.[citation needed] The Bussard ramjet was proposed in 1960 by the physicist
Bussard_ramjet
Rocket that uses a single propellant with a catalyst
monopropellant rocket (or "monochemical rocket") is a rocket that uses a single chemical as its propellant.[contradictory] Monopropellant rockets are commonly
Monopropellant_rocket
Chemical or mixture used in a rocket engine
Rocket propellant is used as a reaction mass ejected from a rocket engine to produce thrust. The energy required can either come from the propellants themselves
Rocket_propellant
Launch system that only uses one rocket stage
flown; orbital launches from Earth have been performed by multi-stage rockets, either fully or partially expendable. The main projected advantage of
Single-stage-to-orbit
Thermal rocket that uses superheated water held in a pressure vessel
A steam rocket (also known as a hot water rocket) is a thermal rocket that uses water held in a pressure vessel at a high temperature, such that its saturated
Steam_rocket
Form of electric spacecraft propulsion
spacecraft must rely on other methods such as conventional chemical rockets or non-rocket launch technologies to reach their initial orbit. Robert H. Goddard
Ion_thruster
Spacecraft propulsion system
engineering model is undergoing various vibration tests, thruster dynamic and thermal environment tests in 2017. AEPS is expected to accumulate about 5,000 h
Advanced Electric Propulsion System
Advanced_Electric_Propulsion_System
Type of propulsion for spacecraft
Plasma Thrusters (PPT's) are not to be confused with the Pulsed Plasma Rocket (PPR) developed by Howe Industries, as the PPT is an electric propulsion
Pulsed_plasma_thruster
Hypothetical type of spacecraft
nuclear propulsion. Specifically, it would be a type of gas core reactor rocket that uses a quartz wall to separate the nuclear fuel from the coolant and
Nuclear_lightbulb
Spacecraft propulsion device
secondary rocket engine or other high thrust device is used to control the attitude of the rocket, while the primary thrust engine (generally also a rocket engine)
Thrusters_(spacecraft)
Rocket engine that uses liquid fuels and oxidizers
A liquid-propellant rocket or liquid rocket uses a rocket engine burning liquid propellants. (Alternate approaches use gaseous or solid propellants.)
Liquid-propellant_rocket
Form of beam-powered propulsion
chemical energy of the propellant. The laser thermal rocket (heat exchanger (HX) thruster) is a thermal rocket in which the propellant is heated by energy
Laser_propulsion
Rocket that burns 3 propellants at once or 2 fuels with an oxidizer, sequentially
tripropellant rocket is a rocket that uses three propellants, as opposed to the more common bipropellant rocket or monopropellant rocket designs, which
Tripropellant_rocket
American super heavy-lift expendable rocket
vehicles, which could include UA120 solid rocket boosters, the Saturn C-5N using a NERVA nuclear thermal rocket third stage, and the Saturn-Shuttle. Further
Saturn_V
Liquid form of rocket propellants
The highest specific impulse chemical rockets use liquid propellants (liquid-propellant rockets). They can consist of a single chemical (a monopropellant)
Liquid_rocket_propellant
Type of electric propulsion system
2514/1.38092. hdl:2027.42/77214. "U.N. Kills Any Plans to Use Mercury as a Rocket Propellant". spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved 26 June 2026. Kerslake, William
Hall-effect_thruster
Physical and science fiction concept
gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical
Anti-gravity
Space exploration using nuclear energy
systems have been developed and undergone ground testing. Nuclear thermal rockets typically used large reactors with liquid hydrogen as both coolant
Nuclear_power_in_space
Soviet nuclear thermal rocket engine
RD-0410 (РД-0410, GRAU index: 11B91) was a Soviet nuclear thermal rocket engine developed by the Chemical Automatics Design Bureau in Voronezh from 1965
RD-0410
Type of heating system
in 2010, a pebble-style rocket mass heater uses pebbles and rocks to facilitate its thermal mass. Compared to cob style rocket mass heaters, pebble style
Rocket_mass_heater
Type of spacecraft propulsion using electrical energy to accelerate propellant
through electric or magnetic fields. Their principal advantage over chemical rockets is much higher specific impulse, meaning greater propellant efficiency
Spacecraft electric propulsion
Spacecraft_electric_propulsion
Vehicle propelled by ejection of gases
propellant(s), such as steam rockets, solar thermal rockets, nuclear thermal rocket engines or simple pressurized rockets such as water rocket or cold gas thrusters
Rocket
Type of rocket engine which uses liquid fuel stored at very low temperatures
A cryogenic rocket engine is a rocket engine that uses a cryogenic fuel and oxidizer; that is, both its fuel and oxidizer are gases which have been liquefied
Cryogenic_rocket_engine
Rocket engine operation method
cycle, preburner cycle, or closed cycle) is a power cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine. In the staged combustion cycle, propellant flows through multiple
Staged_combustion_cycle
Space navigation technique
from gravity assist alone, a rocket burn near the periapsis (closest planetary approach) uses the least fuel. A given rocket burn always provides the same
Gravity_assist
Space propulsion system
systems were first demonstrated in space by the NASA Lewis Space Electric Rocket Test (SERT) I and II. These thrusters used mercury as the reaction mass
Gridded_ion_thruster
Form of electrically powered spacecraft propulsion
current xenon-based ion thrusters, and about 25 times better than liquid rockets. MPD technology also has the potential for thrust levels of up to 200 newtons
Magnetoplasmadynamic_thruster
Type of rocket engine fuel
hypergolic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A hypergolic propellant is a rocket propellant whose components spontaneously ignite upon contact with one another
Hypergolic_propellant
Rocket engine that uses both liquid / gaseous and solid fuel
A hybrid-propellant rocket is a rocket with a rocket motor that uses rocket propellants in two different phases: one solid and the other either gas or
Hybrid-propellant_rocket
Proposed nuclear pulse propulsion through antimatter-catalyzed nuclear chain reactions
antihydrogen. Tuning of the performance of a space vehicle is also possible. Rocket efficiency is strongly related to the mass of the working mass used, which
Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
Antimatter-catalyzed_nuclear_pulse_propulsion
Possible future technology
rocket Nuclear thermal rocket Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket Radioisotope rocket O'Neill cylinder Orbital ring Ouroboros habitat Photon rocket Photonic railway
List of hypothetical technologies
List_of_hypothetical_technologies
Crewed or uncrewed travel between stars or planets
to below 10% of the entire rocket's wet mass (mass of rocket with fuel). In a nuclear thermal rocket or solar thermal rocket a working fluid, usually hydrogen
Interplanetary_spaceflight
Proposed spacelaunch method
A mass driver or electromagnetic catapult is a proposed method of non-rocket spacelaunch which would use a linear motor to accelerate and catapult payloads
Mass_driver
Type of spacecraft electric propulsion system
An arcjet rocket or arcjet thruster is a form of electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, in which an electrical discharge (arc) is created in a flow
Arcjet_rocket
Method used to accelerate spacecraft
Fission-fragment rockets Fission sails Fusion rockets Nuclear thermal rockets (NTR) Nuclear pulse propulsion Nuclear salt-water rockets Radioisotope rockets Propellantless
Spacecraft_propulsion
Space propulsion system, a gridded electrostatic ion thruster
Electric Propulsion System – Spacecraft propulsion system Nuclear electric rocket George R Schmidt; Michael J Patterson; Scott W Benson. "The NASA Evolutionary
NEXT_(ion_thruster)
Device claimed to be a propellantless spacecraft thruster
subsequent studies suggested this thrust was a measurement error caused by thermal gradients. In 2018 and 2021, Martin Tajmar's group at the Dresden University
EmDrive
Rocket engine operation method
Origin BE-3U and BE-7 Avio M10 Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO) nuclear thermal engine Gas-generator cycle Combustion tap-off
Expander_cycle
Space propulsion method using Sun radiation
of low-cost operations combined with high speeds (relative to chemical rockets) and long operating lifetimes. Since they have few moving parts and use
Solar_sail
Spacecraft propulsion technology
Ion-propelled aircraft Propulsive fluid accumulator – Self-filling orbital rocket fuel depot Romano, Francesco (January 2022). RF Helicon Plasma Thruster
Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
Atmosphere-breathing_electric_propulsion
Rocket engine that uses photons to propel a spacecraft
In a traditional nuclear photonic rocket, an onboard nuclear reactor would generate such high temperatures that the blackbody radiation from the reactor
Nuclear_photonic_rocket
Space propulsion system, electrostatic gridded ion thruster
Patterson, M. J.: "Ion Propulsion Development Projects in U. S.: Space Electric Rocket Test 1 to Deep Space 1." Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 17, No. 3
NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness
NASA_Solar_Technology_Application_Readiness
Topics referred to by the same term
Neurotensin receptor 1, a protein encoded by the NTSR1, or NTR, gene Nuclear thermal rocket, a proposed spacecraft propulsion technology Non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated
NTR
Propulsion system creating motion without propellant
science fiction trope as much as a technical claim, tying their appeal to the rocket equation and to the desire for a space engine that avoids the mass penalties
Reactionless_drive
Rockets using antimatter as their power source
magnetically assisted rockets. Two types of shielding are needed: radiation protection and thermal protection (different from Heat shield or thermal insulation)
Antimatter propulsion spacecraft
Antimatter_propulsion_spacecraft
Type of solar sail
gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical
Diffractive_solar_sail
Solid-fuel rocket motor that can restart
very simple jet engine which used ignited "pulses" of gas or atomized fuel for propulsion. Nuclear pulse propulsion Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket v t e
Pulsed_rocket_motor
Prototype spacecraft propulsion engine
nine months with conventional chemical rockets.[failed verification] Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR) J Ling; M D West; T Lafleur;
Helicon_double-layer_thruster
Rocket engine operation method
is one of the most commonly used engine cycles in bipropellant liquid rocket engines. Propellant is burned in a gas generator (analogous to, but distinct
Gas-generator_cycle
Load bearing cable connecting objects in space
is theorized to be significantly less expensive than spaceflight using rocket engines. Tether satellites might be used for various purposes, including
Space_tether
Conceptual rocket engine
Direct Fusion Drive (DFD) is a conceptual, low radioactivity, nuclear-fusion rocket engine, designed to produce both thrust and electric power, suitable for
Direct_Fusion_Drive
Proposed NASA super heavy-lift launcher
concept of nuclear thermal rockets serving as the in-space rocket stage influenced the 1990s Project Timberwind. NERVA "NUCLEAR ROCKETS: To Mars and Beyond
Saturn_C-5N
Topics referred to by the same term
(openSUSE), image software KIWI, a testbed prototype of the nuclear thermal rocket Kiwi Farms, an Internet forum Kiwi IRC, an Internet Relay Chat software
Kiwi
Class of liquid rocket propellants
class of liquid rocket propellants that were intended in the early 2010s to be able to replace hydrazine as the standard storable rocket propellent in some
Nitrous_oxide_fuel_blend
U.S. project to build a nuclear thermal rocket
Project Rover was a United States project to develop a nuclear-thermal rocket that ran from 1955 to 1973 at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL)
Project_Rover
Ion thruster subtype
(or electrospray thruster) is a type of low thrust electric propulsion rocket engine that uses electrostatic acceleration of charged liquid droplets for
Colloid_thruster
Method of spacecraft propulsion
craft has been inserted into orbit. Most satellites use monopropellant rocket motors or cold gas thrusters for such orbital adjustments. Both methods
Resistojet_rocket
Type of spacecraft plasma propulsion system
gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical
Pulsed_inductive_thruster
Proposed spacecraft propulsion device
atmospheric entry missions. Braking would require a conventional chemical rocket. The proposed craft has three parts: the E-sail module with solar panels
Electric_sail
US project, 1987–1991, to develop nuclear thermal rocket engines
nuclear thermal rockets. Initial funding by the Strategic Defense Initiative from 1987 through 1991 totaled $139 million (then-year). The proposed rocket was
Project_Timberwind
gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical
Vacuum_arc_thruster
gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical
Electrodeless_plasma_thruster
Type of electric spacecraft propulsion system
gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical
Field-emission electric propulsion
Field-emission_electric_propulsion
Polish mathematician and physicist (1909–1984)
nuclear propulsion of rockets, which was pursued by Project Rover, and proposed, as an alternative to Rover's nuclear thermal rocket, to harness small nuclear
Stanisław_Ulam
Topics referred to by the same term
in Fantasyland at six Disney theme parks Dumbo, a design of nuclear thermal rocket by the United States Grimpoteuthis (also the dumbo octopus), a genus
Dumbo_(disambiguation)
Propulsion concepts and technologies
Krafft Arnold Ehricke's solar thermal concepts, Richard Garwin's radiation pressure sail proposals, and photon rocket research by Kurl Stanukovitch of
Field_propulsion
Type of space propulsion using microwaves
that converts microwave energy (a type of electromagnetic radiation) into thermal (or heat) energy. These thrusters are predominantly used in spacecraft
Microwave electrothermal thruster
Microwave_electrothermal_thruster
1993 novel by Arthur C. Clarke
and depicts the mission for deflecting the asteroid by using fusion thermal rockets. The main events of the novel start in the year 2109. Descriptions
The Hammer of God (Clarke novel)
The_Hammer_of_God_(Clarke_novel)
Intel microprocessor released in 2021
About Upgrading to an 11th Gen 'Rocket Lake' CPU". NDTV Gadgets 360. March 29, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021. "Thermal Velocity Boost (TVB) - Intel".
Rocket_Lake
NASA nuclear electric propulsion project 2003–2006
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO) – U.S. Space Nuclear Thermal PropulsionPages displaying short descriptions
Project_Prometheus
Russian Engineering and Scientific Research Institute
8555555656°N 37.6030555656°E / 55.8555555656; 37.6030555656 Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology (MITT; Russian: Акционерное общество «Корпорация Московский
Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology
Moscow_Institute_of_Thermal_Technology
gas thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical
High Power Electric Propulsion
High_Power_Electric_Propulsion
Topics referred to by the same term
Cislunar Operations (DRACO), a cancelled US DOD program for a nuclear-thermal rocket Draco Pistol, Romanian semi-automatic pistols Draco, a civilian version
Draco
Rocket engine power cycle
is a power cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine. The cycle takes a small portion of hot exhaust gas from the rocket engine's combustion chamber and routes
Combustion_tap-off_cycle
Type of reciprocating heat engine
Internal combustion engine (ICE) Nuclear power Solar thermal rocket (an externally heated rocket) Naptha engine, a variant of the steam engine, using
External_combustion_engine
Rocket engine operation method
The pressure-fed engine is a class of rocket engine designs. A separate gas supply, usually helium, pressurizes the propellant tanks to force fuel and
Pressure-fed_engine
Thermoelectric generator Space-related Magnetic sail Solar sail Solar thermal rocket Space-based solar power By country Albania Armenia Australia Austria
Solar-pumped_laser
Monopropellant
acid. It was researched during the 1960s by teams working at the Naval Air Rocket Test Station as an alternative to the more commonly used hydrazine monopropellant
Cavea-B
State in the operation of a nuclear reactor
reactor designs (such as TRIGA research reactors and the pulsed nuclear thermal rocket), and some nuclear power accidents, such as the 1961 US SL-1 accident
Criticality_(status)
American aeronautical nuclear engineer
Atomic Energy Commission to coordinate efforts to create a nuclear thermal rocket. Harold Benjamin Finger was born in Brooklyn, New York City, on February
Harold_Finger
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THERMAL ROCKET
THERMAL ROCKET
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