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Chemical or mixture used in a rocket engine
Rocket propellant is used as a reaction mass ejected from a rocket engine to produce thrust. The energy required can either come from the propellants
Rocket_propellant
Rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants
A solid-propellant rocket or solid rocket is a rocket with a rocket engine that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer). The earliest rockets were solid-fuel
Solid-propellant_rocket
Rocket engine that uses liquid fuels and oxidizers
liquid-propellant rocket or liquid rocket uses a rocket engine burning liquid propellants. (Alternate approaches use gaseous or solid propellants.) Liquids
Liquid-propellant_rocket
Liquid form of rocket propellants
The highest specific impulse chemical rockets use liquid propellants (liquid-propellant rockets). They can consist of a single chemical (a monopropellant)
Liquid_rocket_propellant
Type of rocket engine fuel
hypergolic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A hypergolic propellant is a rocket propellant whose components spontaneously ignite upon contact with one
Hypergolic_propellant
Rocket engine that uses both liquid / gaseous and solid fuel
A hybrid-propellant rocket is a rocket with a rocket motor that uses rocket propellants in two different phases: one solid and the other either gas or
Hybrid-propellant_rocket
Non-airbreathing engine used to propel a missile or vehicle
of high-temperature gas produced by the combustion of rocket propellant stored inside the rocket. Space vehicles carry their own oxidizer, unlike most
Rocket_engine
Chemical substance used for propulsion
example, the term "propellant" is often used in chemical rocket design to describe a combined fuel/propellant, although the propellants should not be confused
Propellant
Vehicle propelled by ejection of gases
air. A rocket engine produces thrust by reaction to exhaust expelled at high speed. Unlike jet engines, rockets are fuelled entirely by propellant which
Rocket
Sugar-based rocket propellant
Rocket candy, or R-Candy, is a type of rocket propellant for model rockets made with a form of sugar as a fuel, and containing an oxidizer. The propellant
Rocket_candy
Highly refined form of kerosene used as rocket fuel
RP-1 (Rocket Propellant-1 or Refined Petroleum-1) and similar fuels like RG-1 and T-1 are highly refined kerosene formulations used as rocket fuel. Liquid-fueled
RP-1
Mathematical equation describing the motion of a rocket
system: In the following derivation, "the rocket" is taken to mean "the rocket and all of its unexpended propellant". Newton's second law of motion relates
Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation
Solid propellant motor used to augment the thrust of a rocket
A solid rocket booster (SRB) is a solid propellant motor used to provide thrust in spacecraft launches from initial launch through the first ascent. Many
Solid_rocket_booster
Rocket that uses a single propellant with a catalyst
monopropellant rocket (or "monochemical rocket") is a rocket that uses a single chemical as its propellant.[contradictory] Monopropellant rockets are commonly
Monopropellant_rocket
Solid-rocket propellant
perchlorate composite propellant (APCP) is a solid rocket propellant. It differs from many traditional solid rocket propellants such as black powder or
Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant
Ammonium_perchlorate_composite_propellant
Nuclear spacecraft propulsion technology
rocket (NTR) is a type of thermal rocket where the heat from a nuclear reaction replaces the chemical energy of the propellants in a chemical rocket.
Nuclear_thermal_rocket
American chemist and writer (1907–1988)
chronicled the development of liquid rocket propellant technology, through technical explanations of the work the propellant community produced as well as often
John_Drury_Clark
Nano-aluminum powder rocket propellant
Aluminum-Ice Rocket Propellant, or ALICE, is a rocket propellant that consists of a frozen mixture of nano-aluminum powder and water (i.e. aluminum and
ALICE_(propellant)
Type of rocket engine which uses liquid fuel stored at very low temperatures
NASA's success in reaching the Moon by the Saturn V rocket. Rocket engines burning cryogenic propellants remain in use today on high performance upper stages
Cryogenic_rocket_engine
Astronautical use of materials harvested in outer space
for use as rocket propellant made using lunar resources, and proposals include reacting the aluminum with water. For Mars, methane propellant can be manufactured
In_situ_resource_utilization
Rocket engine operation method
closed cycle) is a power cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine. In the staged combustion cycle, propellant flows through multiple combustion chambers, and
Staged_combustion_cycle
Rocket that burns 3 propellants at once or 2 fuels with an oxidizer, sequentially
tripropellant rocket is a rocket that uses three propellants, as opposed to the more common bipropellant rocket or monopropellant rocket designs, which
Tripropellant_rocket
Rocket driven by nuclear fusion power
ion rocket thrusters (343 km/s exhaust velocity) powered by ten D-He3 IEC fusion reactors. The concept would need 300 tonnes of argon propellant for a
Fusion_rocket
Rocket-propelled by exhausted coolant of a gas-cooled nuclear reactor
temperatures to the propellant. Solid core nuclear thermal rockets can develop higher specific impulse than conventional chemical rockets due to the low molecular
Gas_core_reactor_rocket
Type of spacecraft electric propulsion system
monopropellant rockets. Aerojet MR-510 series arcjet engines are currently used on Lockheed Martin A2100 satellites using hydrazine as a propellant, providing
Arcjet_rocket
Type of weapon-cartridge
a rocket-like configuration which integrates the primer and propellant into the bottom of the projectile and accelerates it by venting propellant gas
Caseless_ammunition
Most common type of rocket, used to launch satellites
multistage rocket or step rocket is a launch vehicle that uses two or more rocket stages, each of which contains its own engines and propellant. A tandem
Multistage_rocket
Chemical compound
Similar propellants, often referred to as APCP (ammonium perchlorate composite propellant) are used in larger model rockets. A typical APCP propellant mixture
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
Hydroxyl-terminated_polybutadiene
Type of rocket engine
pressure of the propellant, and A e {\displaystyle A_{e}} is the exit area of the nozzle.[citation needed] The specific impulse (Isp) of a rocket engine is
Cold_gas_thruster
Family of rocket stages which can be used as a space tug
The Centaur is a family of rocket-propelled upper stages that has been in use since 1962. It is currently produced by United Launch Alliance (ULA) in two
Centaur_(rocket_stage)
Electrothermal thruster in development
electrodeless plasma thruster, the microwave arcjet rocket, and the pulsed inductive thruster. The propellant, a neutral gas such as argon or xenon, is injected
Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket
Variable_Specific_Impulse_Magnetoplasma_Rocket
Proposed rocket propulsion mechanism
salt-water rocket (NSWR) is a theoretical type of nuclear thermal rocket designed by Robert Zubrin. In place of traditional chemical propellant, such as
Nuclear_salt-water_rocket
Solid propellant rocket used by the Space Shuttle
The Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) was the first solid-propellant rocket to be used for primary propulsion on a vehicle used for human spaceflight
Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster
Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster
Liquid-fueled rocket engine
Rutherford is a liquid-propellant rocket engine designed by aerospace company Rocket Lab and manufactured in Long Beach, California. The engine is used
Rutherford_(rocket_engine)
American rocket engineer (1914–1952)
the first rocket engine to use a castable, composite rocket propellant, and pioneered the advancement of both liquid-fuel and solid-fuel rockets. Parsons
Jack_Parsons
Phase of hydrogen
Metastable metallic hydrogen may have potential as a highly efficient rocket propellant; the metallic form would be stored, and the energy of its decompression
Metallic_hydrogen
Rocket fuel combination
air in its highly concentrated "red fuming" form, typically used as rocket propellant. UDMH is both toxic and corrosive. Despite these dangers, the pairing
Devil's_venom
Rocket motor
A black powder rocket motor propels a model rocket using black powder. Black powder rocket propellants consist of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate
Black_powder_rocket_motor
Unguided anti-aircraft rocket
mounted on an adapted 88 mm gun mounting. The rocket was driven by a liquid fueled engine. The liquid propellant used was a hypergolic mixture consisting of
Taifun_(rocket)
Hydrocarbon compound (CH4) in natural gas
are commonly grouped together under the term methalox. As a liquid rocket propellant, a methane/liquid oxygen combination offers the advantage over kerosene/liquid
Methane
Form of electric spacecraft propulsion
amount of reaction mass or propellant required, but increases the amount of specific power required compared to chemical rockets. Ion thrusters are therefore
Ion_thruster
Cache of propellant used to refuel spacecraft
earth-storable liquid rocket propellants including RP-1 (kerosene), hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide (NTO), and space-storable cryogenic propellants like liquid
Orbital_propellant_depot
SpaceX family of liquid-fuel rocket engines
boiling points, as is typical for cryogenic rocket engines. Subcooled propellants are denser, increasing propellant mass per volume as well as engine performance
SpaceX_Raptor
Chemical compound
for many rockets in both the United States and USSR by the late 1950s. It is a hypergolic propellant in combination with a hydrazine-based rocket fuel. One
Dinitrogen_tetroxide
Measure of the efficiency of a rocket based on its propellant's mass
rocket mass ratio or simply mass ratio is a measure of the efficiency of a rocket. It describes how much more massive the vehicle is with propellant than
Rocket_mass_ratio
American chemical weapon
(NDPA) as a stabilizer. The rocket propellant cannot be removed from the warhead without cutting open the rocket. The propellant itself presents a hazard
M55_(rocket)
Small recreational rocket
rockets weighing 50 kg (110 lb) with ease. Custom motor builders continue to operate on the periphery of the market today, often creating propellants
Model_rocket
Change in velocity per amount of fuel
engine, such as a rocket or jet engine, generates thrust from propellant. Isp is the effective exhaust velocity used in the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation which
Specific_impulse
Rocket engine
Curie is a liquid-propellant rocket engine designed and manufactured by Rocket Lab. A bipropellant is used for the propulsion of the third stage/kick stage
Curie_(rocket_engine)
Concept in aerospace engineering
the propellant mass mf is the final mass of the vehicle In rockets for a given target orbit, a rocket's mass fraction is the portion of the rocket's pre-launch
Propellant_mass_fraction
Suspension of polymer particles in a liquid plasticizer
creating electric solid propellant. This substance can be ignited and extinguished by electric impulse, providing pulsed rocket propulsion. With achievable
Plastisol
Solid material that can be burnt to release energy
widely used at open air barbecues to cook food on an open fire. Solid rocket propellant consists of a solid oxidizer (such as ammonium nitrate) bound with
Solid_fuel
Single-part rocket propellant
monopropellants is in low-impulse monopropellant rocket motors, such as reaction control thrusters, the usual propellant being hydrazine which is generally decomposed
Monopropellant
Liquid fuel rocket engine
duration hot fire was published by Rocket Lab in August 2025. Archimedes is presented as a highly reusable liquid-propellant engine using methane and liquid
Archimedes_(rocket_engine)
Theoretical spacecraft propulsion system
propulsion do. The rocket would only have to carry the means of capturing solar energy, such as concentrators and mirrors. The heated propellant would be fed
Solar_thermal_rocket
Type of container in a vehicle
of many aircraft. In rocket vehicles, propellant tanks are fairly sophisticated since weight is on a premium. Rocket propellant tanks are pressure vessels
Propellant_tank
Type of spacecraft propulsion using electrical energy to accelerate propellant
accelerate and expel propellant, generating thrust through electric or magnetic fields. Their principal advantage over chemical rockets is much higher specific
Spacecraft electric propulsion
Spacecraft_electric_propulsion
One of the physical forms of elemental oxygen
of dioxygen O2. It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard, an application which is ongoing.
Liquid_oxygen
Solid-fuel rocket motor that can restart
overcomes difficulties shutting down and reigniting solid propellant motors. The pulse rocket motor allows the motor to be burned in segments (or pulses)
Pulsed_rocket_motor
American judge (born 1949)
organizations, which challenged the inclusion of certain types of solid fuel rocket propellant on the list of "explosives" regulated by the ATF. On March 16, 2009
Reggie_Walton
technological maturity of in-space rocket propellant transfer technology by testing a wide variety of potential propellant transfer hardware, of both new
Robotic_Refueling_Mission
Method of spacecraft propulsion
gas thrusters, which are the simplest form of rocket engine available. Their fuel tank holds the propellant, which is then led into the nozzle where it
Resistojet_rocket
Organometallic compound: Fe(II) sandwiched between two cyclopentadienyl rings
of rocket propellants. These copolymers provide rocket propellants with heat stability, serving as a propellant binder and controlling propellant burn
Ferrocene
First South Korean orbital launch vehicle developed domestically
became the seventh country in the world to have a medium-sized liquid-propellant rocket engine over 75 tons. Nuri (KSLV-II) is a three-stage launch vehicle
Nuri_(rocket)
Rocket engine used on the Saturn V rocket
liquid-propellant rocket engine ever developed. Rocketdyne developed the F-1 and the E-1 to meet a 1955 U.S. Air Force requirement for a very large rocket engine
Rocketdyne_F-1
American public spaceflight company
a liquid. The VLM density was reported to be comparable to solid-rocket propellant. The VLM reportedly required no special handling, was non-toxic, water-soluble
Rocket_Lab
Highly corrosive mineral acid
Nitric acid has been used in various forms as the oxidizer in liquid-fueled rockets. These forms include red fuming nitric acid, white fuming nitric acid,
Nitric_acid
Rocket engine operation method
of the most commonly used engine cycles in bipropellant liquid rocket engines. Propellant is burned in a gas generator (analogous to, but distinct from
Gas-generator_cycle
Launch system that only uses one rocket stage
(SSTO) vehicle reaches orbit from the surface of a body using only propellants and fluids and without expending tanks, engines, or other major hardware
Single-stage-to-orbit
warehouse. The Ukrainian General Staff claimed the company made solid rocket propellant used for Russian MLRS systems. Over 750 residents of Oleshky were
Timeline of the Russo-Ukrainian war (1 September 2026 – present)
Timeline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_(1_September_2026_–_present)
Air-to-surface rocket
a faster rocket spurred the rapid development. HVAR had a constant 5-inch diameter for both warhead and rocket motor, increasing propellant from 8.5 to
High_Velocity_Aircraft_Rocket
System for measuring solid rocket propellant performance
Evaluation System, which is a standardized system for measuring solid rocket propellant performance designed and developed by the United States Air Force
BATES
Type of spacecraft propulsion system
A nuclear electric rocket (more properly nuclear electric propulsion) is a type of spacecraft propulsion system where thermal energy from a nuclear reactor
Nuclear_electric_rocket
Type of electric propulsion system
thruster or Hall-current thruster) is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field. Based on the discovery by Edwin Hall
Hall-effect_thruster
Chemical compound
derivative with the chemical formula CH6N2. It is used as a rocket propellant in bipropellant rocket engines because it is hypergolic with various oxidizers
Monomethylhydrazine
Area in the South Pacific Ocean where spacecraft have been routinely deposited
marine pollution could be caused by spillage of the highly toxic rocket propellant hydrazine. Other forms of space debris removal are being considered
Spacecraft_cemetery
Type of electric propulsion
short for Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket, uses radio waves to ionize a propellant into a plasma. A magnetic field then accelerates the
Plasma_propulsion_engine
First rockets
formulas listed in the Wujing Zongyao are not suitable as rocket propellant. Rockets may have been used as early as 1232, when reports appeared describing
History_of_rockets
X-rays. In solid rocket propellants and some translucent smokeless powders, the primary method of heat transfer into the propellant grain from the combustion
Opacifier
Spacecraft propulsion device
a solid propellant RF resonant cavity thruster, an electromagnetic thruster using microwaves Liquid apogee engine – A liquid-propellant rocket used as
Thrusters_(spacecraft)
Device that burns fuel to produce large volumes of relatively cool gas
a rocket propellant to generate large quantities of gas. The gas is typically used to drive a turbine rather than to provide thrust as in a rocket engine
Gas_generator
WWII German codes for fuels and oxidizers
different meanings at different times; for example, T-Stoff meant a rocket propellant in World War II, but a tear gas (xylyl bromide) in World War I. A-Stoff
List_of_stoffs
Chemical compound
uses of potassium nitrate are in fertilizers, tree stump removal, rocket propellants and fireworks. It is one of the major constituents of traditional
Potassium_nitrate
Air-to-air rocket, air-to-surface rocket
manufactured by the Bulova Watch Co., Jackson Heights, Queens, N.Y., with rocket propellant supplied by Hercules Inc., Wilmington, Delaware, metal parts supplied
Folding-Fin_Aerial_Rocket
Former munitions factory near Baraboo, Wisconsin
production lines included smokeless powder, acid, sulfuric acid, rocket propellant, and Ball Powder. During the 33 years it produced ammunition for World
Badger_Army_Ammunition_Plant
Nazi ballistic missile series
(330 lb). The engine, designed by Arthur Rudolph, used a pressure-fed rocket propellant system burning ethanol and liquid oxygen, and produced 2.9 kN (660
Aggregat
Division of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
from 1961 to 1975. It developed, tested and produced solid rocket motors and propellant used in military and National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Lockheed_Propulsion_Company
high-power rocket motor certified was by U.S. Rockets (Jerry Irvine). Circa 1985. The very first APCP propellant model rocket motor made was by Rocket Development
Model rocket motor classification
Model_rocket_motor_classification
First propellant transfer between Starships
of propellants inside the ship, along with tank pressures, and observe how the fluids respond to impulses from small thrusters". These small rocket jets
Starship Propellant Transfer Demonstration
Starship_Propellant_Transfer_Demonstration
(Soviet name for Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid) is a liquid oxidant rocket propellant component that was "used during the Soviet era as one of two components
Mélange (rocket fuel component)
Mélange_(rocket_fuel_component)
Substance added to a material to make it softer and more flexible
plasticizers be used, even in rocket propellants. The solid rocket propellant used to fuel the Space Shuttle solid rocket booster employs HTPB, a synthetic
Plasticizer
Weather phenomenon associated with rocketry
Twilight phenomenon is produced when exhaust particles from missile or rocket propellant left in the vapor trail of a launch vehicle condense, freeze, and
Twilight_phenomenon
Norwegian-Finnish aerospace and defence company
Sounding Rocket Propellant tanks: Aluminium propellant tank for the Vega upper stage AVUM Satellites: In January 2013, Nammo and the Andøya Rocket Range
Nammo
U.S. project to build a nuclear thermal rocket
fueled by highly enriched uranium, with liquid hydrogen used as both a rocket propellant and reactor coolant. Nuclear graphite and beryllium were used as neutron
Project_Rover
Chemical compound
glass and pottery enamels, food preservatives (esp. meats), and solid rocket propellant. It has been mined extensively for these purposes. An early scientific
Sodium_nitrate
Chemical compound
Chlorine pentafluoride was once considered for use as an oxidizer for rockets. As a propellant, it has a higher maximum specific impulse than ClF3, but with the
Chlorine_pentafluoride
Proposed spacecraft propulsion method
from the back acts as a propellant (the reaction mass), the vehicle therefore has a limited fuel supply but an unlimited propellant supply. A normal Bussard
Bussard_ramjet
Solid-fuel first-stage used on the European Vega rocket
variant with a propellant mass of 141,634 kg (312,250 lb), developed for use on both the Ariane 6 launch vehicle and the upgraded Vega C rocket. As of 2024[update]
P80_(rocket_stage)
Rocket engine operation method
engine is a bipropellant rocket engine in which the fuel pumps are electrically powered, and so all of the input propellant is directly burned in the
Electric-pump-fed_engine
Chinese super-heavy rocket in development
hào, LM-9 or Changzheng 9, CZ-9) is a partially reusable super-heavy lift rocket under development by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology to launch
Long_March_9
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