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Process of synapse elimination
Synaptic pruning is the process of synapse elimination or weakening. Though it occurs throughout the lifespan of a mammal, the most active period of synaptic
Synaptic_pruning
Formation of neuronal junctions in the nervous system
individual's critical period, during which there is a certain degree of synaptic pruning due to competition for neural growth factors by neurons and synapses
Synaptogenesis
Trimming artificial neural networks to reduce computational overhead
biological process of synaptic pruning which takes place in mammalian brains during development. A basic algorithm for pruning is as follows: Evaluate
Pruning (artificial neural network)
Pruning_(artificial_neural_network)
Category of memory stabilizing processes
role in converting transient synaptic modifications into long-lasting memory traces. Synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning also play a role in structural
Memory_consolidation
Human transition from puberty to adult
the brain follows an inverted-U pattern. Through a process called synaptic pruning, unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the
Adolescence
When the human brain ceases to make new neurons and stops developing in humans
through neurogenesis, cell migration, synaptogenesis, myelination, and synaptic pruning. Many foundational structures of the brain, including the forebrain
Timeline of human brain development
Timeline_of_human_brain_development
Scientific misconception
in frontal regions peaks in pre-adolescence and then thins through synaptic pruning, with the prefrontal cortex among the last areas to mature. This research
Brain_matures_at_25_myth
Hypothesis that decreased glutamatergic signalling is involved in schizophrenia
receptors, downregulation of this inhibitory receptor may increase global synaptic pruning activity. While difference in expression or distribution is observed[citation
Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia
Glutamate_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia
Theory in developmental cognitive neuroscience
regulate behavior and engage in inhibitory control. As a result of synaptic pruning and myelination of the prefrontal cortex, improvements in executive
Dual_systems_model
Class of CNS depressant drugs
anti-anxiety activity. GABAA receptors participate in the regulation of synaptic pruning by prompting microglial spine engulfment. Benzodiazepines have been
Benzodiazepine
Topics referred to by the same term
how pruning is used in vine training systems Synaptic pruning, the reformation of neural structure by pruning "excess" neurons or neural clusters This disambiguation
Pruning_(disambiguation)
phenomenon is a result of neuroplasticity, including Hebbian learning and synaptic pruning. Through these mechanisms, neural pathways that are more consistently
Perceptual_narrowing
Neuroscientist
identify the role of microglia and complement proteins in the "pruning" or removal of synaptic cells during brain development, and has also determined that
Beth_Stevens
Inability to feel pleasure
combination of the occurrence of critical neuronal development and synaptic pruning of brain regions important for social behavior and environmental changes
Anhedonia
Myth regarding human brain usage
most cells were unused, then this technique would have revealed that. Synaptic pruning: Brain cells that are not used have a tendency to degenerate. Hence
Ten-percent-of-the-brain_myth
Mechanisms that form the human nervous system
generation of synapses between axons and their postsynaptic partners. The synaptic pruning that occurs in adolescence. The lifelong changes in synapses which
Development of the nervous system in humans
Development_of_the_nervous_system_in_humans
Small protrusion on a dendrite that receives input from a single axon
formed in excess, and experience and activity may lead to the pruning of extraneous synaptic connections. In lab animals of all ages, environmental enrichment
Dendritic_spine
Part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells
proteins of the classical complement pathway have an important role in synaptic pruning in the brain during early development. Janeway Jr CA, Travers P, Walport
Complement_system
Armed attack at an educational institution
pruning of unused connections in thinking and processing. While this is occurring within the brain, retained connections are strengthened. Synaptic pruning
School_shooting
Sort of synapse
plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, as well as neuronal cell death and synaptic pruning. The principle drug treatments on the market deal with antagonizing
Excitatory_synapse
Maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism
neurons competing for connections). Microglia inherently play a role in synaptic pruning during adolescence. As resident immune cells of the central nervous
Critical_period
Glial cell located throughout the brain and spinal cord
has also been shown that microglia are involved in the process of synaptic pruning during brain development. Post-inflammation, microglia undergo several
Microglia
Theory of brain function
specialization of neural connections across developmental stages, see Synaptic pruning). This developmental trajectory has been described as a shift from
Predictive_coding
Impact on human intelligence
affect organizational processes of the brain such as neurogenesis, synaptic pruning, cell migration and cellular differentiation. This thus results in
Causes_of_intelligence
Group of neural structures responsible for motivation and desire
as a result of high rates of neural maturation processes including synaptic pruning, which can result in altered reward sensitivity. Expression of these
Reward_system
In neurophysiology, a reduction of neuronal synapse efficacy
the possibility that there is deregulation of GSK3β resulting in 'synaptic pruning'. If there is excess removal of synapses, this illustrates early signs
Long-term_depression
Perceptual phenomenon
the pruning hypothesis, which states that synesthesia is common in early childhood but diminishes throughout development through synaptic pruning. The
Ordinal linguistic personification
Ordinal_linguistic_personification
Modifying synaptic strength via cell adhesion molecules
scaffold proteins, while pruning less active ones. For example, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play a large role in synaptic maintenance and stabilization
Synaptic_stabilization
2017 book by Matthew Walker
non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), and the impact sleep has on "synaptic pruning" and the creation of memories during a human's lifespan are also covered
Why_We_Sleep
Region of the cerebral cortex involved in voluntary movement
bilateral projections are common in infancy; progressive myelination, synaptic pruning and strengthening of cortico‑motoneuronal connections accompany the
Motor_cortex
Interactions in the immune system
tissue. Microglia and the complement system are also associated with synaptic pruning as their secretions of cytokines, growth factors and other complements
Neuroimmune_system
Emotional response caused by severe distressing events
neurophysiological changes like slowed myelination, abnormalities in synaptic pruning, shrinking of the hippocampus, cognitive and affective impairment.
Psychological_trauma
American neurobiologist (1954–2017)
Stevens, Beth (2012). "The complement system: an unexpected role in synaptic pruning during development and disease". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 35
Ben_Barres
Rare disorder in which a person's lexicon is perceived as taste
neuro-developmental process of maturation. It is possible that incomplete synaptic pruning during childhood development could lead to the continued maintenance
Lexical–gustatory_synesthesia
Degradation of functioning of the brain
of high SES demonstrated a steeper linear decline, suggesting that synaptic pruning is more efficient in the latter group. This trend was especially evident
Aging_brain
Biological study Of bipolar disorder
reflect abnormal development of amygdala, possibly involving impaired synaptic pruning, although this may reflect medication or compensatory effects; that
Biology_of_bipolar_disorder
Disorder resulting in compulsive behaviors
Exposure to substances during this early period of their life can disrupt synaptic pruning and myelination. This can produce long-term alterations in executive
Addiction
Intracellular communication process
Christian (2016-09-27). "LTD-like molecular pathways in developmental synaptic pruning". Nature Neuroscience. 19 (10): 1299–1310. doi:10.1038/nn.4389. ISSN 1546-1726
Calcium_signaling
Topic of study
development of childhood peaks followed by adolescent declines (e.g. synaptic pruning). Consistent with adult findings, average cerebral volume is approximately
Brain_size
Capacity of neurons to regulate their own excitability relative to network activity
forming, pruning, or altering synaptic size, in order to maintain stability within the network's activity. While it seems similar to synaptic scaling,
Homeostatic_plasticity
Protein-coding gene in humans
Purkinje cells. In addition, several studies implicate progranulin in synaptic pruning, a microglial process that occurs during development of the neural
Granulin
American neuroscientist
circuits of living animals. Lichtman hypothesizes that axons undergo synaptic pruning and strengthening in response to experiences, and these experiences
Jeff_W._Lichtman
Risk factors related to schizophrenia
the C4A gene in schizophrenia risk. C4A was found to play a role in synaptic pruning, and increased C4A expression leads to reduced dendritic spines and
Risk_factors_of_schizophrenia
Mammalian protein found in humans
2014). "Loss of mTOR-dependent macroautophagy causes autistic-like synaptic pruning deficits". Neuron. 83 (5): 1131–43. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.040
MTOR
Destruction or degeneration of brain cells
various proteins throughout the human body; this interferes with the synaptic pruning process that children undergo and leads to cognitive and behavioural
Brain_injury
Learned ability to respond to the environment in a socially appropriate manner
30s. Accompanying the growth of the prefrontal cortex is continued synaptic pruning (the trimming of rarely used synapses) as well as increased myelination
Maturity_(psychological)
Hypothesis on instinctive reactions by the body
testosterone levels during puberty influence neural development, affecting synaptic pruning and myelination in the prefrontal cortex. These changes have long-term
Body_memory
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
and/or maintenance of brain and bone. In mice, TREM2 is involved in synaptic pruning, a process of shaping neuronal circuitry by microglia- and astrocyte-mediated
TREM2
Algerian professor (born 1969)
macrophages, microglia, and Langerhans cells. These cells contribute to synaptic pruning, gut peristalsis, fat metabolism, and vascular integrity. Her team
Miriam_Merad
American physician
"From Loss to Memory: Behind the Discovery of Synaptic Pruning". It describes the discovery of synaptic pruning and its current relevance to early learning
Anna_Huttenlocher
individuals, these connections are eliminated through a process known as synaptic pruning, which refines and specializes neural circuits during early development
Genetics_of_synesthesia
neurobiological processes during adolescence include myelination and synaptic pruning. These target the prefrontal cortex, a brain region vital for executive
Adolescent_crystallization
Scientific field which is multidisciplinary
connections must be cut back through the process of synaptic pruning that follows. This pruning process is just as important a stage of development as
Educational_neuroscience
Protein found in humans
blood-brain-barrier. In perinatal development, microglia are instrumental in synaptic pruning, a process in which microglia phagocytose weak and inactive synapses
Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor
Colony_stimulating_factor_1_receptor
School at Houston". nba.uth.tmc.edu. Sakai, Jill (14 July 2020). "How synaptic pruning shapes neural wiring during development and, possibly, in disease"
Multivesicular_release
Protein found in humans
Pagani F, Maggi L, Scianni M, Panzanelli P, et al. (September 2011). "Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development". Science. 333
CX3C motif chemokine receptor 1
CX3C_motif_chemokine_receptor_1
Bipolar-shaped progenitor cells of all neurons in the cerebral cortex and some glia
development of the cerebellum, Bergmann glia are also required for synaptic pruning. Following Purkinje cell death induced by CNS injury, Bergmann glia
Radial_glial_cell
are characterised by an underlying biological mechanism of excessive synaptic pruning, mediated by a dysregulated complement system in the brain. Accordingly
Complement_control_protein
American psychiatrist and glial biologist
which astrocytic release of this cytokine helps regulate microglial synaptic pruning during development and maintain synapse homeostasis. Molofsky is also
Anna_Molofsky
Lithuanian neuroscientist (b. 1983)
post-doctoral Marie Skłodowska-Curie programme. She investigated the role of synaptic pruning during development, in order to identify candidate molecular tags that
Urtė_Neniškytė
Neural connection changes in childhood
occurs during development is the result of three predominant mechanisms: synaptic and homeostatic plasticity, and learning. When brain areas are impaired
Developmental_plasticity
Protein involved in the immune system
pattern of variants of the C4 gene, allows for the unwanted increase in synaptic pruning (an effect produced by the effector proteins of the complement system
Complement_component_4
Biological processes that may contribute to autism
hypotheses include defects in synapse structure and function, reduced synaptic plasticity, disrupted neural circuit function, gut–brain axis dyshomeostasis
Mechanism_of_autism
Most common behavior for a person or social group
described as above. The growth rate of synaptic density is not sustained in a cumulative fashion. Without a pruning state, the signal to noise ratio of CNS
Normality_(behavior)
American neuroscientist
studied the phagocytic function of microglia, which is required for synaptic pruning of the connections between the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus
Dorothy_P._Schafer
Protein-coding gene in humans
complement activation in the central nervous system resulting in excessive synaptic pruning. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000183117 – Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38:
CSMD1
Processes by which intelligence can change over time
neurons, and the selective elimination of such connection, called "dendritic pruning". Humans have varying degrees of neuroplasticity due to their genetic makeups
Malleability_of_intelligence
American geneticist (born 1958)
neuronal Aβ deposition/tangle formation induces microglial activation and synaptic pruning/axotomy beginning with the astrocytic release of MCP1. 2018: Showed
Rudolph_E._Tanzi
Artificial neural network
probability ("confidence") in the presence of input features or categories, synaptic weights are based on estimated correlations and the spread of activation
BCPNN
German-American neurologist (1931–2013)
same number of synapses as those without, but of a different shape. This "pruning" mechanism removes redundant connections in the brain. Huttenlocher found
Peter_Huttenlocher
Italian neuroscientist (born 1975)
explore synaptic activity and dynamic function. Bellone reached out to Christian Lüscher at the University of Geneva because he was exploring synaptic plasticity
Camilla_Bellone
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
severity, which often results from an excess of neurons that do not under synaptic pruning. The NBPF1 protein is also found to be disrupted by a chromosomal translocation
NBPF1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
reduced synaptic plasticity. Similarly, overexpression of Neuregulin 1 results in disrupted excitatory-inhibitory connections, reduced synaptic plasticity
Neuregulin_1
Round structure at the base of the forebrain
The word "putamen" is from Latin, referring to that which "falls off in pruning", from "putare", meaning "to prune, to think, or to consider". Most MRI
Putamen
Processes which grow and shape an organism's nervous tissue over its lifetime(s)
dendrites, which allow them to communicate with other neurons via synapses. Synaptic communication between neurons leads to the establishment of functional
Development of the nervous system
Development_of_the_nervous_system
Major salivary gland in many animals
petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion where they synapse. Postganglionic (post-synaptic) fibers from the ganglion then "hitch-hike" along the auriculotemporal
Parotid_gland
Group of neurons on the floor of the midbrain
dopaminergic neurons project solely into the ventromedial striatum. This pruning of connections occurs through the elimination of the unnecessary collaterals
Ventral_tegmental_area
Condition involving social and behavioral differences
gut to impact the brain. Synaptic dysfunction also appears to be implicated in autism, with some mutations disrupting synaptic pathways involving cell
Autism
Field of study in artificial intelligence
retain set, anchoring behavior on data the model should remember. Weight Pruning and Fine-tuning: Parameters with the smallest L1-norm are pruned — targeting
Machine_unlearning
failure of the normal developmental process of pruning, which is one of the key mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, in which connections between brain
Neural_basis_of_synesthesia
Chemical compound
Jae-Joon; Cheema, Suraj S; Kwon, Daewoong; Lee, Jong-Ho (2024). "Polarization Pruning: Reliability Enhancement of Hafnia-Based Ferroelectric Devices for Memory
Hafnium(IV)_oxide
long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength following low-frequency stimulation. Thought to be important in motor learning and memory pruning. Long-term memory
Glossary_of_neuroscience
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
involved in growth cone collapse, axon pruning, and repulsion, it potentially holds a causal relationship to synaptic weakening and denervation that precedes
Semaphorin-3A
Turkish neuroscientist
focuses on exploring the role of glial cells, specifically astrocytes, in synaptic development and connectivity. Eroglu was born in Turkey and pursued her
Cagla_Eroglu
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
in the nervous system. EphrinB3 reverse signaling is important for axon pruning and synapse and spine formation during postnatal development of the nervous
Ephrin_B3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
neuronal microtubules consequently compromising axonal transport resulting in synaptic loss and neuronal apoptosis. Because of its antagonistic effects on the
DKK1
Group of motor neurons that innervate a muscle
densities of motor units. Motor pools function primarily to integrate synaptic input from higher CNS centers into precise and consistent contraction patterns
Motor_pool_(neuroscience)
Ability to learn vocalization
hypothesize that synaptic plasticity during the critical period is gradually reduced as dendritic spines are pruned through activity-dependent synaptic rearrangement
Vocal_learning
American neuroscientist and musician
the protein alpha-synuclein. His work indicates that a lack of normal pruning of synapses could underlie the development of autism, and that in turn
David_Sulzer
Retention of juvenile traits into adulthood
excessive neuronal growth. Especially in the prefrontal cortex, brain pruning from childhood may be slower than usual, allowing for more time for neuronal
Neoteny_in_humans
Numerical score aimed at predicting a trait based on variation in multiple genetic loci
and the number of SNPs to include. The simplest method—the so-called "pruning and thresholding" method—sets weights equal to the coefficient estimates
Polygenic_score
Protein found in humans
enzyme will also help manage neurite extension, synapse formation, and synaptic transmission. It is also worth noting that Cdk5 also regulates the process
Cyclin-dependent_kinase_5
American neuroimmunologist
inflammation and further synapse loss. These findings signify increased neuronal pruning and destruction by microglia leading to memory loss in patients with West
Robyn_S._Klein
Swiss psychiatrist
importance of neurotrophins for brain plasticity (the formation and pruning of synaptic connections in, for example, learning and memory), and has pursued
Hans_Thoenen
Human protein-coding gene
a caspase-dependent signaling pathway that promotes developmental axon pruning, and axon degeneration in neurodegenerative disease. In the apoptosis pathway
Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor
Low-affinity_nerve_growth_factor_receptor
Sound to color synesthesia
reduction in the pruning of neuronal networks during childhood. Another hypothesis is that unusual branching of neurons causes more numerous synaptic connections
Chromesthesia
Interdisciplinary framework associated with human development and functioning
control gene expression can be changed by stress, leading to the accelerated pruning and restructuring of neural networks, increasing latent vulnerability to
Interpersonal_neurobiology
Branch of psychology
valuable characteristics. Moreover, Trofimova suggested a "redundancy pruning" hypothesis as an upgrade of the ETS theory. She pointed out higher rates
Evolutionary_psychology
exponential scaling Secant method: 2-point, 1-sided Hybrid Algorithms Alpha–beta pruning: search to reduce number of nodes in minimax algorithm A hybrid BFGS-Like
List_of_algorithms
American neuroscientist
2140-2152 Apr 1994 Times Cited: 255 Jones TA, Schallert T "Overgrowth And Pruning Of Dendrites In Adult-Rats Recovering From Neocortical Damage" Brain Research
Theresa_A._Jones
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
Surname or Lastname
German
German : southern form of Buehler.German : possibly from Middle High German bil(le) ‘sculpture’ (from billen ‘to cut stone’), hence an occupational name for a stonemason or sculptor.German : possibly a variant of Büller, a nickname from Middle High German büllen ‘to bark’, ‘bawl’.Danish : altered form of German Buehler.English : occupational name for a maker of billhooks or pruning forks (bills), from Middle English billere. Compare Billman.
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : from a Germanic personal name, either a short form of compound names such as Billard, or else a byname Bill(a), from Old English bil ‘sword’, ‘halberd’ (or a Continental cognate). (Bill as a short form of William was not used until the 17th century.)English : metonymic occupational name for a maker of pruning hooks and similar implements, from Middle English bill, from Old English bil ‘sword’, with the meaning shifted to a more peaceful agricultural application (see Biller 5).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English hap(pe) ‘chance’, ‘luck’, ‘fortune’ (from Old Norse happ), applied as a nickname for someone considered fortunate or well favored. Compare Chance, Fortune.German, Dutch, and northern French (Picardy) : from Middle Low German, Middle Dutch, Old French happe ‘hook’, ‘hatchet’, ‘pruning hook’, a metonymic occupational name for a maker of such implements or for someone who used one in his work. Compare Heppe.German : from a reduced form of the medieval German personal names Hadebald or Hadebert (see Happel).
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
Boy/Male
American, British, Chinese, English
Blend of Daryl and Harold or Gerald
Girl/Female
American, British, English
God is Gracious; Diminutive Form of Jeanne
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Strong; Miracle; First Ray of Sun
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Love for God's Door
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Noble; Virtuous
Girl/Female
Tamil
Prayer, Request, Humility
Male
English
Scottish Anglicized form of Gaelic Gilleasbaig, GILLESPIE means "bishop's servant."Â
Girl/Female
Christian, Indian
Daughter of God
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Everfilled with Sivamsound
Girl/Female
American, British, English, German, Hebrew, Irish
Life; Evelyn; Hazelnut; Animal
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
a.
Affording a general view of the whole, or of the principal parts of a thing; as, a synoptic table; a synoptical statement of an argument.
n.
A genus of slender, transparent holothurians which have delicate calcareous anchors attached to the dermal plates. See Illustration in Appendix.
v. t.
To lead or direct, and form to a wall or espalier; to form to a proper shape, by bending, lopping, or pruning; as, to train young trees.
a.
Alt. of Sinaitic
a.
Alt. of Synoptical
a.
Of or pertaining to Mount Sinai; given or made at Mount Sinai; as, the Sinaitic law.
a.
Alt. of Syndetical
a.
Alt. of Syntactical
n.
The act of trimming, or removing what is superfluous.
a.
Dynastic.
n.
One of the first three Gospels of the New Testament. See Synoptist.
a.
Of or relating to a dynasty or line of kings.
n.
Any one of the authors of the three synoptic Gospels, which give a history of our Lord's life and ministry, in distinction from the writer of John's Gospel, which gives a fuller record of his teachings.
n.
A pruning knife with a curved blade.
n.
That which is cast off by bird in pruning her feathers; leavings.
n.
One of the anchor-shaped spicules of certain sponges; also, one of the calcareous spinules of certain Holothurians, as in species of Synapta.
n.
A salt of sinapic acid.
a.
Of or pertaining to sinapine; specifically, designating an acid (C11H12O5) related to gallic acid, and obtained by the decomposition of sinapine, as a white crystalline substance.
a.
Connecting; conjunctive; as, syndetic words or connectives; syndetic references in a dictionary.