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Spectroscopic technique
Surface differential reflectivity (SDR) or differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a spectroscopic technique that measures and compares the reflectivity
Surface differential reflectivity
Surface_differential_reflectivity
Surface analytical technique
X-ray reflectivity (sometimes known as X-ray specular reflectivity, X-ray reflectometry, or XRR) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used in chemistry
X-ray_reflectivity
Radar used to locate and monitor meteorological conditions
increasing the range from reflectivity at the expense of velocity range, or increasing the latter at the expense of range from reflectivity. In general, the useful
Weather_radar
Road covered with durable surface material
Roadway surface types contribute differential noise effects of up to 4 dB, with chip seal type and grooved roads being the loudest, and concrete surfaces without
Road_surface
Strength of an object's radar echo
reduce the reflectivity of the surface to incident radar waves. Because the non-resonant RAM dissipates incident radar energy over a larger surface area, it
Radar_cross_section
Type of semiconductor laser diode
laser wavelength in the material, yielding intensity reflectivities above 99%. High reflectivity mirrors are required in VCSELs to balance the short axial
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
Vertical-cavity_surface-emitting_laser
Any kind of device or material used on a road surface to convey official information
differential strains may be combined into longitudinal cracks along the markings. There are certain surface treatments that can make the road surface
Road_surface_marking
Curve external to a family of curves in geometry
on the Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Schwarz Press, ISBN 1-4437-3160-9 Forsyth, Andrew Russell (1959), Theory of differential equations
Envelope_(mathematics)
Physical phenomenon of electron resonance
scattering, and second-harmonic generation. In their simplest form, SPR reflectivity measurements can be used to detect molecular adsorption, such as polymers
Surface_plasmon_resonance
Substance that lowers surface tension
by ellipsometry or X-ray reflectivity. Surface rheology can be characterized by the oscillating drop method or shear surface rheometers such as double-cone
Surfactant
Meteorological observation
The weak echo region is characterized by weak reflectivity with a sharp gradient to strong reflectivity above it and partially surrounding the sides.
Convective_storm_detection
Transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light
flat, polished surfaces that are designed to refract light. At least one surface must be angled—elements with only two parallel surfaces are windows, not
Prism_(optics)
– Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction GIXR – Grazing incidence X-ray reflectivity GLC – Gas-liquid chromatography GPC – Gel permeation chromatography HAADF
List of materials analysis methods
List_of_materials_analysis_methods
Radial streaks of material thrown out during formation of an impact crater
are made of material with different albedo (surface reflectivity) or thermal properties from the surface on which they are deposited. Typically, visible
Ray_system
Method of spatial measurement using laser
"Differential absorption lidar" (DIAL) measurements utilize two or more closely spaced (less than 1 nm) wavelengths to factor out surface reflectivity
Lidar
Medical condition
different configuration from their normal state. It is thought that the high reflectivity of the solid white scleral tissue underlying the conjunctival tissue
Pinguecula
American weather satellite system
Moisture Sensing Using Spaceborne GNSS Reflections: Comparison of CYGNSS Reflectivity to SMAP Soil Moisture". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (9): 4049–4057
Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System
Cyclone_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System
Measurement of small-scale features on surfaces
Surface metrology is the measurement and characterization of surface topography, and is a branch of metrology. Surface primary form, surface fractality
Surface_metrology
backscattering of low energy electrons from surfaces is strong. The reflectivity coefficients of surfaces depend strongly on the energy of incident electrons
Low-energy electron microscopy
Low-energy_electron_microscopy
Form of radar used to create images of landscapes
of a more recent approach. Synthetic-aperture radar determines the 3D reflectivity from measured SAR data. It is basically a spectrum estimation, because
Synthetic-aperture_radar
values of one boundary condition of the solution of an elliptic partial differential equation in a domain to the values of another boundary condition. Usually
Poincaré–Steklov_operator
Measurement method using interference of waves
concentric rings. The sharpness of the rings depends on the reflectivity of the flats. If the reflectivity is high, resulting in a high Q factor (i.e., high finesse)
Interferometry
Measure of how well an object, per unit of area, resists conductive flow of heat
than the radiant barrier itself. Although radiant barriers have high reflectivity (and low emissivity) over a range of electromagnetic spectra (including
R-value_(insulation)
needed]. Modeling them as linear functions can significantly simplify the differential constitutive equations that are used to describe the property. Equations
List_of_materials_properties
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
lunar surface and then recorded by use of the 46 m (151 ft) Stanford dish antenna. The reflected signal intensity depended upon the lunar reflectivity, the
Explorer_35
Concept in architectural and engineering practice
albedo (reflectivity) of the façade surface primarily influences the Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT). In dense urban canyons, high-albedo surfaces can be
Building_envelope
Chemical element with atomic number 47 (Ag)
greater optical reflectivity than aluminium at all wavelengths longer than ~450 nm. At wavelengths shorter than 450 nm, silver's reflectivity is inferior
Silver
Thunderstorm that is characterized by the presence of a mesocyclone
region (or BWER) This is a region of low radar reflectivity bounded above by an area of higher radar reflectivity with an untilted updraft, also called a vault
Supercell
Industrial and food chemical
cooling as a broadband emitter that is high in solar reflectivity and heat emissivity. Many tested surfaces use PDMS because of its potential scalability as
Polydimethylsiloxane
Scientific instrument used to measure the speed of light
In 1850, Léon Foucault used a rotating mirror to perform a differential measurement of the speed of light in water versus its speed in air. Together with
Foucault's measurements of the speed of light
Foucault's_measurements_of_the_speed_of_light
Construction element consisting of at least two glass plates
with increasing temperature differential across the unit. This stress may limit the maximum allowable temperature differential. One manufacturer provides
Insulated_glazing
A plant adapted to a hot dry environment
coating of Dudleya brittonii, which has the highest ultraviolet light (UV) reflectivity of any known naturally occurring biological substance. Many xerophytic
Xerophyte
Thermal engineering discipline concerning transfer of heat in physical systems
barrier is indicated by its reflectivity, which is the fraction of radiation reflected. A material with a high reflectivity (at a given wavelength) has
Heat_transfer
Phenomenon resulting from the superposition of two waves
observed with all types of waves, for example, light, radio, acoustic, surface water waves, gravity waves, or matter waves as well as in loudspeakers
Wave_interference
Envelope of rays either reflected or refracted by a manifold
In differential geometry, a caustic is the envelope of rays either reflected or refracted by a manifold. It is related to the concept of caustics in geometric
Caustic_(mathematics)
Gas layer surrounding Venus
geometric albedo, a common measure of reflectivity, is the highest of any planet in the Solar System. This high reflectivity potentially enables any probe exploring
Atmosphere_of_Venus
Pressure exerted upon any surface exposed to electromagnetic radiation
{I_{f}}{c}}} For a partially reflective surface, the second term must be multiplied by the reflectivity (also known as the reflection coefficient
Radiation_pressure
Quasiparticle of charge oscillations in condensed matter
et al. (2013). "Size dependence of Au NP-enhanced surface plasmon resonance based on differential phase measurement" (PDF). Sensors and Actuators B:
Plasmon
Water ice in symmetrical shapes
around the engine damages the aircraft. Weather forecasting uses differential reflectivity weather radars to identify types of precipitation by comparing
Ice_crystal
Thin film of soapy water enclosing air
from differential refraction, the colours seen in a soap bubble arise from light wave interference, reflecting off the front and back surfaces of the
Soap_bubble
Device for measuring a physical quantity
the reflectivity and moisture of imaged objects at wavelengths which are too long to be perceived by the human eye. Black pixels mean no reflectivity (e
List_of_measuring_instruments
Formula for refraction angles
his invention of adequality, a mathematical procedure equivalent to differential calculus, for finding maxima, minima, and tangents. In his influential
Snell's_law
Curve along which a 3-D surface is at equal elevation
line of equal Doppler velocity, and an isoecho is a line of equal radar reflectivity. In the case of hybrid contours, energies of hybrid orbitals and the
Contour_line
Space propulsion method using Sun radiation
movement of individual sails, movement of a control mass, or altering reflectivity. Holding a constant attitude requires that the ACS maintain a net torque
Solar_sail
Class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds
or few-layer MXene (FL-MXene) for fewer than five layers. Because the surfaces of MXenes can be terminated by functional groups, the naming convention
MXenes
Dynamic disturbance in a medium or field
wave strikes a reflective surface, it changes direction, such that the angle made by the incident wave and line normal to the surface equals the angle
Wave
Ability to cut through materials
and rolled edges can also be seen, as the rolled edge provides a reflective surface, while a properly straightened edge will be invisible when viewed
Sharpness_(cutting)
Family of flies
aldehydes, ketones, and terpenes. They may also use visual cues including UV reflectivity. Mosquitoes have visited and pollinated flowers since the Cretaceous
Mosquito
Sea water particles that are formed directly from the ocean
height, swell period, humidity, and temperature differential between the atmosphere and the surface water. Production and size distribution rate of SSAs
Sea_spray
Modelling the appearance of paint coatings
combination of the materials can be predicted. If the contrast ratio and reflectivity of a paper are known, the changes in these properties with a change in
Kubelka–Munk_theory
Second planet from the Sun
whole planet and prevent visual observation of the surface. The dense atmosphere and highly reflective clouds gives it a high albedo of 0.68, meaning it
Venus
Type of image noise
surfaces, synthetic or natural, are extremely rough on the scale of the wavelength. We see the origin of this phenomenon if we model our reflectivity
Speckle_(interference)
Visible mass of particles suspended in the atmosphere
brilliant white with pronounced gray shading because of its greater reflectivity. As a tropospheric cloud matures, the dense water droplets may combine
Cloud
Reversible transition in amorphous materials
frequently used definition of Tg uses the energy release on heating in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, see figure). Typically, the sample is first
Glass_transition
Property in optics
amount of light that is reflected is determined by the reflectivity of the surface. The reflectivity can be calculated from the refractive index and the
Refractive_index
Mathematical invariance under transformations
Reflection This operation reflects the molecule across an imaginary flat surface, like a mirror. If the reflected image is identical to the original, the
Symmetry
Form of solid precipitation
heavy rain. The use of differential reflectivity ( Z d r {\displaystyle Z_{dr}} ), in combination with horizontal reflectivity ( Z h {\displaystyle Z_{h}}
Hail
Medical condition
horizontal measurements, while an A-scan determines the amount of internal reflectivity. On the other hand, fluorescein angiography will aid in recognizing whether
Choroidal_nevus
Region of the parietal lobe of the brain
precuneus is the portion of the superior parietal lobule on the medial surface of each brain hemisphere. It is located in front of the cuneus (the upper
Precuneus
Type of portable robot
an AGV navigate it can use three different steer control systems. The differential speed control is the most common. In this method there are two independent
Automated_guided_vehicle
electronic properties of thin films. Photo-reflectance measures the change in reflectivity of a sample in response to the application of an amplitude modulated
Photo-reflectance
Melting points of chemical mixtures
and liquidus can be made using techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermal analysis. For impure substances, e.g. alloys
Liquidus_and_solidus
Chemical compound
several orders of magnitude. Owing to these properties, it has been used in surface coating, sensors, and imaging. Potential applications include use in memory
Vanadium(IV)_oxide
Natural or synthetic substance that is significantly longer than it is wide
optically reflective properties. Synthetic textile fibers are often crimped to provide bulk in a woven, non woven or knitted structure. Fiber surfaces can also
Fiber
Solar power cell with multiple band gaps from different materials
to be on the back face so that shadowing on the lighting surface is reduced. Anti-reflective (AR) coating is generally composed of several layers in the
Multi-junction_solar_cell
this determines a set of differential or integral equations that relate the position and normal of each point on an optical surface. The equations specify
Specular_holography
Form of electromagnetic radiation
radiation can detect thin sheens of spilled oil on water, either by the high reflectivity of oil films at UV wavelengths, fluorescence of compounds in oil, or
Ultraviolet
Device that converts sound into an electrical signal
laser source travels through an optical fiber to illuminate the surface of a reflective diaphragm. Sound vibrations of the diaphragm modulate the intensity
Microphone
Emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light
of interest. The dye(s) are usually seeded everywhere in the flow and differential quenching of their fluorescence by analytes is directly observed. Fluorescence-based
Fluorescence
Plane curve: conic section
partial differential equation Quadratic equation Quadratic function Universal parabolic constant The tangential plane just touches the conical surface along
Parabola
Form of central heating and cooling
increased heat loss from the non-room surfaces of the floor). The emissivity, reflectivity and absorptivity of a floor surface are critical determinants of its
Underfloor_heating
NASA spacecraft (2006–present)
Kerberos was smaller in size, 19 km (12 mi) across with a highly reflective surface suggesting the presence of relatively clean water ice similarly to
New_Horizons
Differential equation for the description of waves or standing wave
The wave equation is a second-order linear partial differential equation for the description of waves or standing wave fields such as mechanical waves
Wave_equation
Laboratory technique
where either a shadow is cast on the surface by the incident light or a part of the surface is less reflective, possibly by the presence of pits or scratches
Dark-field_microscopy
Calculation technique
interference (optical coating, soap bubble) can be used to calculate the reflectivity of a surface. For the application of lens design, two special cases of wave
Ray_tracing_(physics)
Automatic ship station- and heading-holding systems
Veripos, Fugro, or C-Nav supply differential signals via satellite, enabling the combination of several differential stations. The advantage of DGPS is
Dynamic_positioning
Function of four real variables that defines how light is reflected at an opaque surface
variables that defines how light from a source is reflected off an opaque surface. It is employed in the optics of real-world light, in computer graphics
Bidirectional reflectance distribution function
Bidirectional_reflectance_distribution_function
Reduction of the moisture content of wood prior to its use
the tangential direction and about 2% to 6% in the radial direction. Differential transverse shrinkage of wood is related to: the alternation of late wood
Wood_drying
Collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface
biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large
DNA_microarray
horizontal velocity components and the potential temperature. To ensure non-reflectivity, a radiative condition is used for the hydrostatic part of the mesoscale
MEMO model (wind-flow simulation)
MEMO_model_(wind-flow_simulation)
Type of load-bearing structure
cause the road surface to crack longitudinally. These include differential rotation of double-tee flanges that can cause asphalt surface to raise or crack
Double_tee
Motor vehicle
limited-slip differential complete with the same carbon-fiber clutch discs used in the 2003 to 2004 SVT Cobra and the 2007 Shelby GT500. The differential uses
Ford Mustang (fifth generation)
Ford_Mustang_(fifth_generation)
prepared surface on which the cells have been cultured for a predetermined period. Cell behavior is viewed with either transmitted or reflective light microscope
Parallel-plate_flow_chamber
70 mph for cars with a 5 mph differential for trucks, up from the previous 65 mph limit for cars with a 10 mph differential; this bill was signed into law
Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction
Speed_limits_in_the_United_States_by_jurisdiction
Quantification of bulk fluid movement
flowmeters with industrial applications are listed below: Obstruction type (differential pressure or variable area) Inferential (turbine type) Electromagnetic
Flow_measurement
Glossary of the main components of a typical steam locomotive
They achieve that using various devices, most of which are on the rear surface of the firebox, called the "backhead": a throttle lever or regulator, which
Steam_locomotive_components
Polymer with refractive index > 1.50
thermal stability can be measured by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Polyesters are considered thermally stable with
High-refractive-index_polymer
Diamond-like object which is not a diamond
upper limit of about RI 1.81),[why?] but several companies have devised reflectivity meters to gauge a material's RI indirectly by measuring how well it reflects
Diamond_simulant
Curve from a cone intersecting a plane
section, conic or a quadratic curve is a curve obtained from a cone's surface intersecting a plane. The three types of conic section are the hyperbola
Conic_section
Microscopy technique
contrast and differential interference contrast. It is also possible to provide contrast using the change in refractive index, reflectivity, local stress
Near-field scanning optical microscope
Near-field_scanning_optical_microscope
Quantum states light can be in
resonator is shown in Fig. 6. The left resonator mirror has a typical reflectivity of about r 1 2 = 90 % {\displaystyle r_{1}^{2}=90\%} . Correspondingly
Squeezed_states_of_light
Steep-sided canyon in Arizona, US
2 million years ago. The terraced walls of the canyon were created by differential erosion. Between 100,000 and 3 million years ago, volcanic activity deposited
Grand_Canyon
Early photographic technique
silver-plated copper to a mirror finish; treated it with fumes that made its surface light-sensitive; exposed it in a camera for as long as was judged to be
Daguerreotype
2011 EF3 tornado in North Carolina, U.S.
severely damaged and compressed, and peeled apart by intense pressure differentials. Heavy steel I-beam support pillars and structural arches were twisted
2011_Sanford–Raleigh_tornado
Array of numbers
theorem. Partial differential equations can be classified by considering the matrix of coefficients of the highest-order differential operators of the
Matrix_(mathematics)
Medical device used to count cells
counting using a microscope, and visually distinguishable cells can be differentially counted. The number of cells in the chamber is used to calculate the
Hemocytometer
because the strength of the returns depends largely on the size and reflectivity of the targets. ball lightning banana belt Any segment of a larger geographic
Glossary_of_meteorology
Diode that emits light from an organic compound
most LCDs which are to some extent reflective. E-paper leads the way in efficiency with ~ 33% ambient light reflectivity, enabling the display to be used
OLED
energy. Bessel function A canonical solution y(x) of Friedrich Bessel's differential equation x 2 d 2 y d x 2 + x d y d x + ( x 2 − α 2 ) y = 0 {\displaystyle
Glossary_of_physics
Watertight clothing that seals the wearer from cold and hazardous liquids
mushroom type elastomer non-return valve, with a low opening pressure differential, which will close automatically when there is no suit gas flowing out
Dry_suit
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