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Class of enzymes
Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) is any of a family of enzymes that alternately catalyze the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O−
Superoxide_dismutase
Protein-coding gene in humans
Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] also known as superoxide dismutase 1 or hSod1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOD1 gene, located on chromosome
SOD1
Enzyme
Superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), also known as manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by
SOD2
Compound that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules
glutathione, mycothiol, or bacillithiol, and enzyme systems like superoxide dismutase, inhibit damage from oxidative stress. Dietary antioxidants include
Antioxidant
Highly reactive molecules formed from diatomic oxygen (O2)
O2 + e− → O−2 Competing with its formation, superoxide is destroyed by the action of superoxide dismutases, enzymes that catalyze its disproportionation:
Reactive_oxygen_species
Any chemical compound containing an O2 ion (charge –1)
genetically engineered to lack the superoxide-scavenging enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) lose virulence. Superoxide is also deleterious when produced
Superoxide
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOD3 gene. This gene encodes a member of the superoxide dismutase (SOD)
SOD3
Protein family
Nickel superoxide dismutase (Ni-SOD) is a metalloenzyme that, like the other superoxide dismutases, protects cells from oxidative damage by catalyzing
Nickel_superoxide_dismutase
Enzyme that catalyses reduction of superoxides
Iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) is a metalloenzyme that belongs to the superoxide dismutases family of enzymes. Like other superoxide dismutases, it
Iron_superoxide_dismutase
Protein-coding gene in humans
Copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase is a metalloprotein that is responsible for the delivery of Cu to superoxide dismutase (SOD1). CCS is a 54kDa
CCS_(gene)
Protein that contains a metal ion cofactor
reaction. It involves both oxidation and reduction of superoxide ions. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) group of enzymes increase the rate of reaction to
Metalloprotein
Synthetic compounds
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics are synthetic compounds that mimic the native superoxide dismutase enzyme. SOD mimetics effectively convert the superoxide
Superoxide_dismutase_mimetics
Reactive oxygen species produced by mitochondria
oxygen to form superoxide. Subsequently, superoxide is quickly dismutated to hydrogen peroxide by two dismutases including superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) in
Mitochondrial_ROS
experiments with simulated cells in 1976 and found that the enzyme superoxide dismutase protected the cells from free radicals generated by ionizing radiation
Petkau_effect
Tissue damage after return of blood supply following ischemia or hypoxia
heart and kidney reperfusion injury. Superoxide dismutase is an effective anti-oxidant enzyme which converts superoxide anions to water and hydrogen peroxide
Reperfusion_injury
Enzyme which catalyzes a dismutation reaction
v t e A dismutase is an enzyme that catalyzes a dismutation reaction. Formaldehyde dismutase Superoxide dismutase Chlorite dismutase Eric J. Toone (2006)
Dismutase
American biochemist (1929-2019)
enzymatic activity of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD),—to protect organisms from the toxic effects of superoxide free radicals formed as a byproduct
Irwin_Fridovich
Medication
Tofersen is an antisense oligonucleotide that targets the production of superoxide dismutase 1, an enzyme whose mutant form is commonly associated with ALS. It
Tofersen
Diseases caused by abnormal protein structure
amyloidosis, tauopathy, synucleinopathy, and the aggregation of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), polyglutamine, and TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43)
Proteinopathy
Microorganism killed by normal atmospheric levels of oxygen
microbes, including obligate anaerobes. Aerobic organisms produce superoxide dismutase and catalase to detoxify these products, but obligate anaerobes produce
Obligate_anaerobe
Cytochrome C 1974 – T4 phage lysozyme 1974 – Immunoglobulins 1975 – Cu,Zn Superoxide dismutase 1976 – Transfer RNA 1976 – Triose phosphate isomerase 1976 – Rhizopuspepsin
List of biophysically important macromolecular crystal structures
List_of_biophysically_important_macromolecular_crystal_structures
water. Copper is also found in many superoxide dismutases, proteins that catalyze the decomposition of superoxides by converting it (by disproportionation)
Copper_in_biology
Rare neurodegenerative disease
groups it contains—Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu). The Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase metabolizes superoxide radicals to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, defending organisms
ALS
Nutritional supplement
extract, which typically contains high quantities of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) Gliadin, a wheat protein designed to protect SOD during the
Glisodin
Essential elements required by organisms
Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase Cytochrome c oxidase Fe Fe3+, Fe2+ Aconitase Succinate dehydrogenase Cytochromes Nitrite reductase Mn Mn2+ Mn-superoxide dismutase
Micronutrient
Insufficient level of copper in the body, leading to anaemia and nervous symptoms
the mitochondrial electron transport chain, ceruloplasmin, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and in amine oxidases. These enzymes catalyze reactions for oxidative
Copper_deficiency
RNA family
transcripts encoding the copper/zinc superoxide dismutases CSD1 and CSD2, as well as the copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS). Expression of miR398
MiR398 microRNA precursor family
MiR398_microRNA_precursor_family
German breed of dog
the prevalence of the canine degenerative myelopathy associated superoxide dismutase 1 mutation (SOD1:c.118G > A) in a referral population of German Shepherd
German_Shepherd
Research of Down syndrome–related genes
Some (but not all) studies have shown that the activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme is elevated in Down syndrome. SOD converts oxygen radicals
Down_syndrome_research
Enzyme decomposing hydrogen peroxide
Sizer and Aebi. Enzyme kinetics Glutathione peroxidase Peroxidase Superoxide dismutase GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000121691 – Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38:
Catalase
Chemical element with atomic number 28 (Ni)
Other nickel-bearing enzymes include a rare bacterial class of superoxide dismutase and glyoxalase I enzymes in bacteria and several eukaryotic trypanosomal
Nickel
Adams MW (1999). "Anaerobic microbes: oxygen detoxification without superoxide dismutase". Science. 286 (5438): 306–9. doi:10.1126/science.286.5438.306. PMID 10514376
Superoxide_reductase
Enzyme family protecting the organism from oxidative damages
glutathione peroxidase along with other antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase was not associated with coronary heart disease risk
Glutathione_peroxidase
Skin condition where patches lose pigment
Additionally, a 2026 study found that oral intake of the antioxidant superoxide dismutase (coated by gliadin to protect its passage through the gut) seems
Vitiligo
Synthetic peptide
that epitalon increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase. Epitalon
Epitalon
Free radical toxicity
[citation needed] The best studied cellular antioxidants are the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Less well studied (but
Oxidative_stress
RNA family
decay. In Streptomyces sodF and sodN genes produce FeSOD and NiSOD superoxide dismutases containing Fe and Ni respectively. Their expression is inversely
S-SodF_RNA
Atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron; typically highly reactive
radical-induced damage and to repair damage, such as the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Antioxidants
Radical_(chemistry)
Medical condition
One form of PBP is found to occur within patients that have a CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutation. Progressive bulbar palsy patients that have this
Progressive_bulbar_palsy
Microorganisms whose metabolism is not dependent on, and not poisoned by, oxygen
grow without it.[citation needed] Most aerotolerant anaerobes have superoxide dismutase and (non-catalase) peroxidase but do not have catalase. More specifically
Aerotolerant_anaerobe
Free-living species of nematode
aging, it was found that in C. elegans, exosome-mediated delivery of superoxide dismutase (SOD) reduces the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and significantly
Caenorhabditis_elegans
Thin astrocyte membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Copper/Zinc Superoxide Dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), shown in orange, is an important factor in the brain's immune response. Here it is seen in close association
Glia_limitans
Person who has turned 100 years old
Andersen-Ranberg K, Grandjean P (September 1998). "Low activity of superoxide dismutase and high activity of glutathione reductase in erythrocytes from centenarians"
Centenarian
Paleoproterozoic surge in atmospheric oxygen
oxygen-producing photosynthesis but had not yet evolved enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase) for living in an oxygenated environment. These cyanobacteria would
Great_Oxidation_Event
American biochemist (born 1945)
Irwin Fridovich were the first to describe the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase. McCord joined the board of directors of the LifeVantage Corporation
Joe_M._McCord
Species of archaeon
creation of diols for laboratory and industrial purposes. Certain superoxide dismutases found in P. furiosus can be introduced into plants to increase their
Pyrococcus_furiosus
State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things
Copper is an integral part of the antioxidant enzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, and has a role in iron homeostasis as a cofactor in ceruloplasmin
Homeostasis
regulon. The structural genes under this regulon include sodA (Mn-superoxide dismutase(SOD)), zwf (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PDH)), acnA (aconitase
Oxidation_response
Vertebrate natural glucocorticoid hormone
cortisol's stimulation of the superoxide dismutase, since this copper enzyme is almost certainly used by the body to permit superoxides to poison bacteria. Some
Cortisol
Species of bacteria
temperatures in the absence of oxygen. C. difficile is catalase- and superoxide dismutase-negative, and produces up to three types of toxins: enterotoxin A
Clostridioides_difficile
Large biological molecule that acts as a catalyst
anhydrase, acetylcholinesterase, catalase, fumarase, β-lactamase, and superoxide dismutase. The turnover of such enzymes can reach several million reactions
Enzyme
Chemical compound
respiration (cytochrome c oxidase), antioxidant defense (ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), detoxification (metallothioneins), blood clotting (blood clotting
Copper_peptide_GHK-Cu
Chemical compound
confronted with pyocyanin, an increased concentration of catalase and superoxide dismutase is seen in order to deal with the barrage of radicals being produced
Pyocyanin
Harmful effects of certain metals
poisonous soluble compounds which interfere with enzyme systems, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, or glutathione peroxidase. Only soluble metal-containing
Metal_toxicity
American biochemist
stress in health. Her foremost expertise is superoxide anion and its functional enzyme superoxide dismutase. Valentine has been a member of the faculty
Joan_S._Valentine
Informal group of reptiles
pictus is fading breeding colors. By manipulating superoxide levels (using a superoxide dismutase mimetic) it was shown that this fading coloration is
Lizard
Biotechnology company
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in adults with a mutation in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. Qalsody is an antisense oligonucleotide designed to
Ionis_Pharmaceuticals
Chemical element with atomic number 29 (Cu)
oxygen. Copper is also found in many superoxide dismutases, proteins that catalyze the decomposition of superoxides by converting it (by disproportionation)
Copper
Chemical element with atomic number 25 (Mn)
Other enzymes containing manganese are arginase and a Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). Some reverse transcriptases of many retroviruses (although
Manganese
Chemical compound
Increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes, specifically that of superoxide dismutase, responsible for the formation and consumption of lipid peroxides
Emoxypine
Independent evolution of similar features
the close relationship between bacteriocuprein and the copper-zinc superoxide-dismutase of teleost fishes". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 256 (12): 6080–6089
Convergent_evolution
Any chemical compound having at least one nickel atom
catalyse the reduction of carbon monoxide to acetyl-CoA. Nickel superoxide dismutase (or Ni-SOD) from Streptomyces contains six nickel atoms. The nickel
Nickel_compounds
Species of deer
(Cervus canadensis) with Brucella abortus Strain RB51 Overexpressing Superoxide Dismutase and Glycosyltransferase Genes Does Not Induce Adequate Protection
Elk
seawater. The dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide can also be catalyzed by the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase with a rate constant on the
Reactive oxygen species production in marine microalgae
Reactive_oxygen_species_production_in_marine_microalgae
High grade of Nigerian crude oil
copper concentration. In addition to it, a rise in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase
Bonny_Light_oil
Croatian hunting/carriage/coach dog breed
with orgotein, the veterinary formulation of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. Hyperuricemia in Dalmatians (as in all breeds) is inherited, but
Dalmatian_dog
Central nervous system disease
missense mutations in the gene encoding the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) were discovered in a subset of patients with familial ALS
Neurodegenerative_disease
Phylum of photosynthesising prokaryotes
of the cell (mediated mostly by an enzymatic system involving a superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and causes molecular damage
Cyanobacteria
Toxic effects of breathing oxygen at high partial pressures
TD; Ho, YS; Piantadosi, Claude A; Crapo, JD (1992). "Extracellular superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide, and central nervous system O2 toxicity". Proceedings
Oxygen_toxicity
Cells that ingest harmful matter within the body
hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen by an enzyme called superoxide dismutase. Superoxides also react with the hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl
Phagocyte
Amine hormone
promotes the gene expression of essential antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase. This
Melatonin
Species of fish
Channa striatus includes Chemokine, Chemokine receptors, Thioredoxin, Superoxide dismutase, Serine Protease, Cathepsin, Lectin. The Bathini Goud Brothers in
Channa_striata
Tube that connects a testicle to a vas deferens
glutathione peroxidases, glutathione-S-transferases, peroxiredoxins, superoxide dismutases, thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxins. Deficiencies in the availability
Epididymis
Species of bacteria
oxidase negative, but B. burgdorferi possesses a gene coding for superoxide dismutase. This protein inhibits the accumulation of reactive oxygen species
Borrelia_burgdorferi
American baseball player (1903–1941)
the Structure and Instability of the A4V Mutant of Human Cu, Zn Superoxide Dismutase". Journal of Molecular Biology. 324 (2): 247–256. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)01090-2
Lou_Gehrig
Immune system chemical weapon
(RNS) in effector cells: Superoxide dismutase (or alternatively, myeloperoxidase) generates hydrogen peroxide from superoxide. Hydroxyl radicals are then
Respiratory_burst
Species of aquatic flowering plant
also provide water-soluble polysaccharides, alkaloids, flavonoids, superoxide dismutase, and other bioactive components. Lotus seeds also contain particularly
Nelumbo_nucifera
Genetic disorder
with this area including genes for the amyloid precursor protein, superoxide dismutase, and likely the ETS2 proto oncogene. Other research, however, has
Down_syndrome
Temporary endocrine structure in ovaries
mitochondrial metabolism, the levels of antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase also increase in parallel with the enhanced steroidogenesis in the
Corpus_luteum
Redox reaction whose products have higher and lower oxidation states than the reactant
dismutation of superoxide free radical to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, catalysed in living systems by the enzyme superoxide dismutase: 2 O−2 + 2 H+ →
Disproportionation
American multi-level marketing company
upregulate the production of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and to offset the aging process
Protandim
Species of bacterium
girl, a gene was found to encode for superoxide dismutase among other specific virulence factors. Superoxide dismutase is involved in evading the immune
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Corynebacterium_pseudotuberculosis
Rare motor neuron disease
deletion in [Hirayama disease] patients" similarly, there also is "no superoxide dismutase 1 gene deletion" as in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Hirayama_disease
Chemical reaction mechanism
detection of coupled proton and electron transfers in human manganese superoxide dismutase". Nature Communications. 12 (1) 2079. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.2079A
Proton-coupled electron transfer
Proton-coupled_electron_transfer
Phylum of algae
such as the presence of certain enzymes (class I aldolase, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, glycolate oxidase, flagellar peroxidase), lateral flagella (when
Charophyta
Species of edible fungus
lines. Other anti-aging effects come from increasing the presence of superoxide dismutase in the brain and liver; it is an enzyme that acts as a potent antioxidant
Tremella_fuciformis
Protein found in humans
1016/s0968-0004(99)01390-0. PMID 10322429. McCord JM, Fridovich I (November 1969). "Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein)". The Journal
Cytochrome_c
Metabolic pathway
such as vitamin C and vitamin E, and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidases, which detoxify the reactive species,
Oxidative_phosphorylation
Alcoholic beverage company
Fridovich, I. (2 December 1975). "The interaction of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase with hydrogen peroxide: inactivation of the enzyme". Biochemistry
Bacardi
Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles
are required to verify these results. Exosome-mediated delivery of superoxide dismutase extends life-span in Caenorhabditis elegans, apparently by reducing
Exosome_(vesicle)
Respiration of oxygen-rich liquid by a normally air-breathing organism
et al. (Jul 2006). "Perfluorochemical Liquids Enhance Delivery of Superoxide Dismutase to the Lungs of Juvenile Rabbits". Pediatric Research. 60 (1): 65–70
Liquid_breathing
Chronic lung disease in premature infants
painful intramuscular injections. It is not clear if treatment with superoxide dismutase supplementation is effective at preventing BPD or reducing mortality
Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia
defense mechanisms, including the action of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Knockout of the Sod1 gene was experimentally introduced
Genetics_of_aggression
Class of copper-containing proteins
combustion that produces ATP. Other copper proteins include some superoxide dismutases used in defense against free radicals, peptidyl-α-monooxygenase
Copper_protein
Biological adjustment to new climates
Juan J.; Jiménez, Ana; Sevilla, Francisca (2007). "Response of superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) during thermo-acclimation
Acclimatization
American geomicrobiologist
University in 2006 with a dissertation titled The Role and Evolution of Superoxide Dismutases in Algae. Later Wolfe-Simon was a NASA research fellow in residence
Felisa_Wolfe-Simon
Deep sea oxygen created by electrolysis
superoxide (O2•-), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These ROS can be converted into O2 and water either biotically, through enzymes including superoxide
Dark_oxygen
Reaction(s) leading to production of (phospho)lipid peroxides
include vitamin C and vitamin E. Additionally, enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase contribute to the oxidation response by
Lipid_peroxidation
Transfer of genes from unrelated organisms
direct horizontal transfer. The strikingly fish-like copper/zinc superoxide dismutase of Photobacterium leiognathi is most easily explained in terms of
Horizontal_gene_transfer
Tea made by infusing mint leaves
increasing the activity of the cell-protecting antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Peppermint has been shown to suppress
Mint_tea_(herbal_tea)
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