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Any chemical compound containing an O2 ion (charge –1)
In chemistry, a superoxide is a compound that contains the superoxide ion, which has the chemical formula O−2. The systematic name of the anion is dioxide(1−)
Superoxide
Class of enzymes
Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) is any of a family of enzymes that alternately catalyze the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O−
Superoxide_dismutase
Chemical compound
Potassium superoxide is an inorganic compound with the formula KO2. It is a yellow paramagnetic solid that decomposes in moist air. It is a rare example
Potassium_superoxide
Protein-coding gene in humans
Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] also known as superoxide dismutase 1 or hSod1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOD1 gene, located on chromosome
SOD1
Highly reactive molecules formed from diatomic oxygen (O2)
Some prominent ROS are the hydroperoxide radical or hydroperoxyl (HO2), superoxide (O2−), the hydroxyl radical (OH.), and singlet oxygen(1O2). ROS are pervasive
Reactive_oxygen_species
Chemical compound
Lithium superoxide is an unstable inorganic salt with formula LiO2. A radical compound, it can be produced at low temperature in matrix isolation experiments
Lithium_superoxide
Chemical compound
Sodium superoxide is the inorganic compound with the formula NaO2. This yellow-orange solid is a salt of the superoxide anion. It is an intermediate in
Sodium_superoxide
Chemical compound
The hydroperoxyl radical, also known as the hydrogen superoxide, is the protonated form of superoxide with the chemical formula HO2, also written HOO•. This
Hydroperoxyl
Enzyme that catalyses reduction of superoxides
Iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) is a metalloenzyme that belongs to the superoxide dismutases family of enzymes. Like other superoxide dismutases, it
Iron_superoxide_dismutase
Synthetic compounds
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics are synthetic compounds that mimic the native superoxide dismutase enzyme. SOD mimetics effectively convert the superoxide
Superoxide_dismutase_mimetics
Compound that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules
such as glutathione, mycothiol, or bacillithiol, and enzyme systems like superoxide dismutase, inhibit damage from oxidative stress. Dietary antioxidants
Antioxidant
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
is encoded by the NOX2 gene (also called CYBB gene). The protein is a superoxide generating enzyme which forms reactive oxygen species (ROS). The CYBB
NOX2
Portable apparatus to recycle breathing gas
been a few rebreather designs (e.g. the Oxylite) which use potassium superoxide, which gives off oxygen as it absorbs carbon dioxide, as the carbon dioxide
Rebreather
Chemical compound
Caesium superoxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CsO2. It consists of caesium cations Cs+ and superoxide anions O−2. It is an orange
Caesium_superoxide
Enzyme
Superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), also known as manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by
SOD2
Chemical compound
Calcium peroxide or calcium dioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula CaO2. It is the peroxide (O22−) salt of Ca2+. Commercial samples can be
Calcium_peroxide
Superoxide reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of highly reactive and toxic superoxide (O2−) into less toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2):
Superoxide_reductase
Free radical toxicity
indirect and caused by the reactive oxygen species generated, e.g., O− 2 (superoxide radical), OH (hydroxyl radical) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). Further
Oxidative_stress
Chemical compound
and laboratory samples often appear as a yellowish solid due to sodium superoxide impurities. It is a strong base. This metal peroxide exists in several
Sodium_peroxide
further experiments with simulated cells in 1976 and found that the enzyme superoxide dismutase protected the cells from free radicals generated by ionizing
Petkau_effect
several different compounds: suboxides, oxides, peroxides, sesquioxides, superoxides, and ozonides. They all react violently with water. Hexarubidium monoxide
List_of_alkali_metal_oxides
Protein family
Nickel superoxide dismutase (Ni-SOD) is a metalloenzyme that, like the other superoxide dismutases, protects cells from oxidative damage by catalyzing
Nickel_superoxide_dismutase
Protein found in humans
systems. As superoxide is produced, the number of oxidised cytochrome c3+ increases, and reduced cytochrome c2+ decreases. However, superoxide is often produced
Cytochrome_c
Chemical compound with uses in industry and acne treatment
Benzoyl peroxide is a chemical compound (specifically, an organic peroxide) with the structural formula (C6H5−C(=O)O−)2, often abbreviated as (BzO)2. In
Benzoyl_peroxide
Protein complex involved in cellular respiration
most important site of superoxide production within mitochondria, with around 3-4% of electrons being diverted to superoxide formation. Reverse electron
Respiratory_complex_I
Medication
Tofersen is an antisense oligonucleotide that targets the production of superoxide dismutase 1, an enzyme whose mutant form is commonly associated with amyotrophic
Tofersen
Chemical reaction
reaction generates •OH (hydroxyl radicals) from H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) and superoxide (•O2−) catalyzed by iron ions. It was first proposed by Fritz Haber and
Haber–Weiss_reaction
Essential elements required by organisms
Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase Cytochrome c oxidase Fe Fe3+, Fe2+ Aconitase Succinate dehydrogenase Cytochromes Nitrite reductase Mn Mn2+ Mn-superoxide dismutase
Micronutrient
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOD3 gene. This gene encodes a member of the superoxide dismutase
SOD3
Hereditary disease group
difficulty forming the reactive oxygen compounds (most importantly the superoxide radical due to defective phagocyte NADPH oxidase) used to kill certain
Chronic_granulomatous_disease
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
combine with it to form a simple binary oxide (that is, not a peroxide or a superoxide). The valences of the main-group elements are directly related to the
Periodic_table
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
NADPH oxidase found in neutrophils. This oxidase produces a burst of superoxide which is delivered to the lumen of the neutrophil phagosome. Mutations
Neutrophil_cytosolic_factor_2
Reactive oxygen species produced by mitochondria
oxygen to form superoxide. Subsequently, superoxide is quickly dismutated to hydrogen peroxide by two dismutases including superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2)
Mitochondrial_ROS
Device that releases oxygen via a chemical reaction
oxygen via a chemical reaction. The oxygen source is usually an inorganic superoxide, chlorate, or perchlorate. The generators are usually ignited by a firing
Chemical_oxygen_generator
Enzyme complex
produces superoxide almost instantaneously, whereas the vascular enzyme produces superoxide in minutes to hours. Moreover, in white blood cells, superoxide has
NADPH_oxidase
Chemical compound
Barium peroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula BaO2. This white solid (gray when impure) is one of the most common inorganic peroxides, and
Barium_peroxide
Microorganism killed by normal atmospheric levels of oxygen
electrons in the highest occupied molecular orbital, it is readily reduced to superoxide (O− 2) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) within cells. A reaction between
Obligate_anaerobe
Chemical compound
Rubidium superoxide, rubidio superoxide or rubidium hyperoxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula RbO2. Rubidium forms superoxide under certain
Rubidium_superoxide
reducing power. Peroxide and superoxide are the two major active oxygen species. It is found that the peroxide and superoxide stress responses are distinct
Oxidation_response
Chemical compound
monofluoride Names Other names (Fluoroperoxy)radical Fluoroperoxyl Fluorine superoxide Fluorodioxidanyl Identifiers CAS Number 15499-23-7 Y 3D model (JSmol)
Dioxygen_monofluoride
Free-radical aging theory
the free radical theory is only concerned with free radicals such as superoxide ( O2− ), but it has since been expanded to encompass oxidative damage
Free-radical_theory_of_aging
Atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron; typically highly reactive
generated by radical-generating enzymes. In living organisms, the radicals superoxide and nitric oxide and their reaction products regulate many processes,
Radical_(chemistry)
Chemical compound
nitrate. It exhibits a bluish-green fluorescence. It is used as a probe for superoxide anion in biology, for its chemiluminescent properties. It may be prepared
Lucigenin
Chemical reaction mechanism
SOD2 uses cyclic proton-coupled electron transfer reactions to convert superoxide (O2•-) into either oxygen (O2) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), depending
Proton-coupled electron transfer
Proton-coupled_electron_transfer
Family of antimicrobial molecules
family of antimicrobial molecules derived from nitric oxide (•NO) and superoxide (O2•−) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase
Reactive_nitrogen_species
Chemical compound
Tetramethylpyrazine (also known as ligustrazine) is reported to scavenge superoxide anions and decrease nitric oxide production in human granulocytes. Many
Pyrazine
Chemical compound
with oxygen in the air, along with potassium oxide (K2O) and potassium superoxide (KO2). Potassium peroxide reacts with water to form potassium hydroxide
Potassium_peroxide
Species of archaeon
the creation of diols for laboratory and industrial purposes. Certain superoxide dismutases found in P. furiosus can be introduced into plants to increase
Pyrococcus_furiosus
Protein-coding gene in humans
Copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase is a metalloprotein that is responsible for the delivery of Cu to superoxide dismutase (SOD1). CCS is a 54kDa
CCS_(gene)
Class of enzymes
oxygen results in the formation of superoxide. The relevance of this otherwise minor side reaction is that superoxide and other reactive oxygen species
Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase
Coenzyme_Q_–_cytochrome_c_reductase
Electrochemical cell using a metallic anode and oxygen cathode
energy density as lithium. However, it can form a stable superoxide (NaO2) as opposed to the superoxide undergoing detrimental secondary reactions. Since NaO2
Metal–air electrochemical cell
Metal–air_electrochemical_cell
Tissue damage after return of blood supply following ischemia or hypoxia
heart and kidney reperfusion injury. Superoxide dismutase is an effective anti-oxidant enzyme which converts superoxide anions to water and hydrogen peroxide
Reperfusion_injury
Chemical compound
and ozonide anions O−3. It can be formed by reacting ozone with caesium superoxide: CsO2 + O3 → CsO3 + O2 The compound reacts strongly with any water in
Caesium_ozonide
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYBA gene involved in superoxide production and phagocytosis. Cytochrome b-245 is composed of a light chain
Cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide
Cytochrome_b-245,_alpha_polypeptide
Nutritional supplement
Cantaloupe extract, which typically contains high quantities of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) Gliadin, a wheat protein designed to protect SOD during
Glisodin
Index of chemical compounds with the same name
common oxide) Caesium peroxide (Cs2O2) Caesium sesquioxide (Cs2O3) Caesium superoxide (CsO2) Caesium ozonide (CsO3) Simon, A. (1997), "Group 1 and 2 Suboxides
Caesium_oxide
Immune system chemical weapon
oxidative burst) is the rapid release of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion (O− 2) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2), from different cell types
Respiratory_burst
Chemical compound - an oxide of copper with formula CuO2
perspective. One highly cited analysis concludes that gaseous Cu(O2) is a superoxide, with copper in a +1 oxidation state: Cu+O−2. Older literature claims
Copper_peroxide
Chemical compound
→ Cs2O2 It can also be formed by the thermal decomposition of caesium superoxide: 2 CsO2 → Cs2O2 + O2 Upon heating until 650 °C, the compound will decompose
Caesium_peroxide
Macrophages located in the liver
phagocytic activity, whereas centrilobular Kupffer cells create more superoxide radical. Kupffer cells are amoeboid in character, with surface features
Kupffer_cell
Insufficient level of copper in the body, leading to anaemia and nervous symptoms
IV in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, ceruloplasmin, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and in amine oxidases. These enzymes catalyze reactions for
Copper_deficiency
Metabolic pathway
vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging
Oxidative_phosphorylation
Genus of trees and shrubs
avium) with antitumor properties. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen; they
Prunus
Index of chemical compounds with the same name
oxides: Thallium(I) oxide Tl2O Thallium(III) oxide Tl2O3 Thallium(I) superoxide or thallium dioxide TlO2 Tl4O3 This set index article lists chemical compounds
Thallium_oxide
American biochemist (1929-2019)
enzymatic activity of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD),—to protect organisms from the toxic effects of superoxide free radicals formed as a byproduct
Irwin_Fridovich
Molecule which moves electron in photosynthesis
the cell membrane. One example of how it does this is by reacting with superoxides to form hydrogen peroxide and plastosemiquinone. The prefix plasto- means
Plastoquinone
Rare neurodegenerative disease
groups it contains—Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu). The Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase metabolizes superoxide radicals to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, defending organisms
ALS
Redox reaction whose products have higher and lower oxidation states than the reactant
The dismutation of superoxide free radical to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, catalysed in living systems by the enzyme superoxide dismutase: 2 O−2 + 2
Disproportionation
Product of oxidation of taurine
Peroxytaurine appears to be the underresearched product of superoxide oxidation of taurine, including in cooked food. Grove, Roxanna Q.; Karpowicz, Steven
Peroxytaurine
RNA family
mRNA decay. In Streptomyces sodF and sodN genes produce FeSOD and NiSOD superoxide dismutases containing Fe and Ni respectively. Their expression is inversely
S-SodF_RNA
Photolysis of water: H2O → H+ + OH (hydroxyl radical) + e− O2 + e− → O2− (a superoxide ion) The overall reaction is therefore: H2O + O2 → H+ + O2− + OH The hydroxyl
Photocatalytic_concrete
Hormone released by the pineal gland
promotes the gene expression of essential antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase
Melatonin
water. Copper is also found in many superoxide dismutases, proteins that catalyze the decomposition of superoxides by converting it (by disproportionation)
Copper_in_biology
Ion
is highly cytotoxic. Peroxynitrite can be prepared by the reaction of superoxide with nitric oxide: NO + O−2 → NO(O2)− It is prepared by the reaction of
Peroxynitrite
Chemical compound used as an herbicide
liver. Paraquat's lethality is attributed to its enhancing production of superoxide anions and human lung cells can accumulate paraquat. Paraquat exposure
Paraquat
Chemical compound
Increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes, specifically that of superoxide dismutase, responsible for the formation and consumption of lipid peroxides
Emoxypine
Tea made by infusing mint leaves
by increasing the activity of the cell-protecting antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Peppermint has been shown to suppress
Mint_tea_(herbal_tea)
Research of Down syndrome–related genes
mice. Some (but not all) studies have shown that the activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme is elevated in Down syndrome. SOD converts oxygen radicals
Down_syndrome_research
Heterocyclic compound bearing a stable aminoxyl radical
limiting reactive oxygen species. It catalyzes the disproportionation of superoxide, facilitates hydrogen peroxide metabolism, and inhibits Fenton chemistry
4-Hydroxy-TEMPO
Class of iron-containing proteins
rubredoxin + H2O EC 1.15.1.2 superoxide reductase (rubredoxin:superoxide oxidoreductase) reduced rubredoxin + superoxide + 2 H+ = rubredoxin + H2O2 EC
Rubredoxin
Chemical compound
a nominal charge of +1, and the oxygen is a mixed peroxide (O2−2) and superoxide (O−2) for a structural formula of (Rb+)4(O−2)2(O2−2). It has been studied
Rubidium_sesquioxide
Variety of white blood cells
release by degranulation Reactive oxygen species such as hypobromite, superoxide, and peroxide (hypobromous acid, which is preferentially produced by eosinophil
Eosinophil
Metal–air electrochemical cell
rather via a one–electron reduction to superoxide O− 2, followed by its disproportionation: Traditionally, superoxide (O− 2) was considered as a dangerous
Lithium–air_battery
Diseases caused by abnormal protein structure
apolipoprotein AII amyloidosis, tauopathy, synucleinopathy, and the aggregation of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), polyglutamine, and TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43)
Proteinopathy
Family of copper salts
and potassium superoxide in an atmosphere of oxygen. 2 KO2 + 2 CuO → 2 KCuO2 + O2 It can also be synthesized by heating potassium superoxide and copper powder:
Alkali_metal_cuprates(III)
American biochemist (born 1945)
Irwin Fridovich were the first to describe the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase. McCord joined the board of directors of the LifeVantage Corporation
Joe_M._McCord
Chemical compound
product of oxygenation of Rb is principally RbO2, rubidium superoxide: Rb + O2 → RbO2 This superoxide can then be reduced to Rb2O using excess rubidium metal:
Rubidium_oxide
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
protein encoded by this gene is a cytosolic regulatory component of the superoxide-producing phagocyte NADPH-oxidase, a multicomponent enzyme system important
Neutrophil_cytosolic_factor_4
Chemical compound
fibrosis lung, intracellular pyocyanin converts molecular oxygen to the superoxide free radical by oxidizing NADPH to NADP+. This has a doubly negative effect
Pyocyanin
Ultraviolet light-induced biological development over time
through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include superoxide anion, peroxide, and singlet oxygen. These ROS damage cellular DNA as
Photoaging
Evolutionarily unrelated enzymes that catalyze the same chemical reaction
NISEs is the superoxide dismutase family of enzymes which contains three distinct forms (EC 1.15.1.1) Fe,Mn superoxide dismutase Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase
Non-homologous isofunctional enzymes
Non-homologous_isofunctional_enzymes
Enzyme decomposing hydrogen peroxide
phagocytes use peroxide to kill bacteria. The enzyme NADPH oxidase generates superoxide within the phagosome, which is converted via hydrogen peroxide to other
Catalase
Chemical compound
compound is unstable at room temperature and decomposes at −10 °C to sodium superoxide and oxygen. 2 NaO3 → 2 NaO2 + O2 However, the compound can be stored for
Sodium_ozonide
Type of white blood cell
quantities of superoxide, a reactive oxygen species. Superoxide decays spontaneously or is broken down via enzymes known as superoxide dismutases (Cu/ZnSOD
Neutrophil
Group of highly reactive chemical elements
that even the least stable superoxides can form. Because the superoxide releases the most energy when formed, the superoxide is preferentially formed for
Alkali_metal
Cytochrome C 1974 – T4 phage lysozyme 1974 – Immunoglobulins 1975 – Cu,Zn Superoxide dismutase 1976 – Transfer RNA 1976 – Triose phosphate isomerase 1976 –
List of biophysically important macromolecular crystal structures
List_of_biophysically_important_macromolecular_crystal_structures
Protein that contains a metal ion cofactor
render the superoxide ion very toxic and are deployed to advantage by phagocytes to kill invading microorganisms. Otherwise, the superoxide ion must be
Metalloprotein
Mice that orbited the Moon on Apollo 17
sufficient food supply, temperature control, and a reserve of potassium superoxide that absorbed the CO2 from their respiration and provided them with fresh
Fee,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey
Chemical compound
KOH(H2O) + O2 The compound is metastable, and will decompose to potassium superoxide and oxygen, especially if there is any water in the atmosphere. Long-term
Potassium_ozonide
Species of bacteria
may be oxidase negative, but B. burgdorferi possesses a gene coding for superoxide dismutase. This protein inhibits the accumulation of reactive oxygen species
Borrelia_burgdorferi
SUPEROXIDE
SUPEROXIDE
SUPEROXIDE
SUPEROXIDE
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by a clump of bushes or by a patch of bracken. Brake ‘thicket’ and brake ‘bracken’ were homonyms in Middle English. The first is from Old English bracu; the second is by folk etymology from northern Middle English braken, -en being taken as a plural ending. After the words had fallen together, their senses also became confused.North German : habitational name from any of several places so named, notably the town on the Weser, or a topographic name from Middle Low German brÄk ‘clearing’, ‘coppice’.Wilhelm Joseph Dietrich, Baron von Brake, of Hannover (Germany), is said to have settled in Nansemond, VA, about 1730. His son Johann Jacob (John) Brake was the progenitor of the VA and WV Brakes; another son, also named Jacob Brake, settled in Edgecombe Co., NC, in 1742, where he sired seven sons and two daughters.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Intelligent
Boy/Male
Australian, Hindu, Indian
Always Happy
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Ecstasy
Girl/Female
Greek Teutonic
Light.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Wonder; Smart; Cute
Surname or Lastname
English (Wiltshire)
English (Wiltshire) : occupational name for a servant employed by a (young) woman or by nuns at a convent, from Middle English maid(en) + man. For the excrescent -t, compare Diamond.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Medal; Badge of Honour
Boy/Male
American, British, English
From the Raven's Fortress; From the Rook's Town; Fortress
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada
New
SUPEROXIDE
SUPEROXIDE
SUPEROXIDE
SUPEROXIDE
SUPEROXIDE
n.
See Peroxide.