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Entity in a chemical reaction
In chemistry, the term substrate is highly context-dependent. Broadly speaking, it can refer either to a chemical species being observed in a chemical
Substrate_(chemistry)
Topics referred to by the same term
ceramic and porcelain tiles Substrate (chemistry), the reactant which is consumed during a catalytic or enzymatic reaction Substrate (materials science), the
Substrate
Protein found in humans
Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is a signaling adapter protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS1 gene. It is a 180 kDa protein with amino acid
Insulin_receptor_substrate_1
Material used on the tank bottom of an aquarium
The substrate of an aquarium refers to the material used on the tank bottom. It can affect water chemistry, filtration, and the well-being of the aquarium's
Substrate_(aquarium)
Large biological molecule that acts as a catalyst
consumed in the process. The molecules on which enzymes act are called substrates, which are converted into products. Nearly all metabolic processes within
Enzyme
Species of moss
when dry. They range from 3 to 5 mm long. Ribbed bog moss anchors to the substrate with rhizoids. Because ribbed bog moss lacks vascular tissue, water uptake
Aulacomnium_palustre
Metabolic reaction
Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolic reaction that results in the production of ATP or GTP supported by the energy released from another high-energy
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Substrate-level_phosphorylation
Chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen and another compound or element
is widely used in organic chemistry as a means for converting unsaturated compounds into saturated derivatives. Substrates include not only alkenes and
Hydrogenation
Substrate analogs (substrate state analogues), are chemical compounds with a chemical structure that resemble the substrate molecule in an enzyme-catalyzed
Substrate_analog
Recurring assemblage of lichen species and its classification in vegetation science
environmental assessment because their composition responds strongly to substrate chemistry, air quality, moisture regime and habitat continuity. Named assemblages
Lichen_community
Activation of a protein by exposure to its substrate
molecular biology, substrate presentation is a biological process that activates a protein. The protein is sequestered away from its substrate and then activated
Substrate_presentation
Molecule that blocks enzyme activity
life, in which substrate molecules are converted into products. An enzyme facilitates a specific chemical reaction by binding the substrate to its active
Enzyme_inhibitor
Ability of biomolecules to bind specific ligands
presence of the researcher's protein of interest. Chemistry portal Enzyme promiscuity Substrate (chemistry) Eaton, Bruce E.; Gold, Larry; Zichi, Dominic A
Chemical_specificity
Chemical reaction in which one functional group in a compound is replaced by another
reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or a free radical, and whether the substrate is aliphatic or aromatic. Detailed understanding of a reaction type helps
Substitution_reaction
Division of typically non-vascular land plants
with their unique requirements of combinations of light, humidity, substrate chemistry, shelter from wind, etc. [citation needed] Growing moss from spores
Moss
Study of the role of metals in biology
and inorganic chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry is important in elucidating the implications of electron-transfer proteins, substrate bindings and activation
Bioinorganic_chemistry
Species formed from chemical reactions
convert substrate to product. For example, the products of the enzyme lactase are galactose and glucose, which are produced from the substrate lactose
Product_(chemistry)
Class of chemical reactions
quadricyclane ligation. The use of bioorthogonal chemistry typically proceeds in two steps. First, a cellular substrate is modified with a bioorthogonal functional
Bioorthogonal_chemistry
Species of fungus
Dirinaria neotropica is a species of lichen belonging to the genus Dirinaria within the family Caliciaceae. It was described by Kalb in 2004. Dirinaria
Dirinaria_neotropica
Chemical reaction in which a nucleophile is affixed to the substrate
In chemistry, a nucleophilic substitution (SN) is a class of chemical reactions in which an electron-rich chemical species (known as a nucleophile) replaces
Nucleophilic_substitution
Field of chemistry
dissolved substrates interact with surfaces of solids. Traditionally homogeneous catalysis is considered part of organometallic chemistry and heterogeneous
Inorganic_chemistry
Chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water
combines with water. In organic chemistry, water is added to an unsaturated substrate, which is usually an alkene or an alkyne. This type of reaction is employed
Hydration_reaction
Anabolic–androgenic steroid
androgenic potency of the reference AAS methyltestosterone. The drug is not a substrate for 5α-reductase and so is not potentiated or inactivated in so-called
Dimethyltrienolone
Transition from solid to gas without melting
press along with the substrate to be sublimated.[citation needed] In order to transfer the image from the paper to the substrate, it requires a heat press
Sublimation (phase transition)
Sublimation_(phase_transition)
Study of biochemical reaction rates catalysed by an enzyme
one or more other molecules, its substrate (S), which the enzyme acts upon to form the desired product. The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme
Enzyme_kinetics
Chemical reaction which removes a hydrogen halide from a substrate
In chemistry, dehydrohalogenation is an elimination reaction which removes a hydrogen halide from a substrate. The reaction is usually associated with
Dehydrohalogenation
Chemical reaction with oxidation state changes
couples and electrode potentials. In atom transfer, an atom passes from one substrate to another. For example, in the rusting of iron the oxidation state of
Redox
Chemical reaction in organic chemistry
activation reactions can take place. In a CMD pathway, the C–H bond of the substrate is cleaved and the new C–Metal bond forms through a single transition
Concerted metalation deprotonation
Concerted_metalation_deprotonation
Effect in chemistry
α-position could contribute to increased orbital interaction with the substrate, which stabilizes the transition state (TS) and gives greater reactivity
Alpha_effect
Organic compound containing the group >C=N–
In organic chemistry, a Schiff base (named after Hugo Schiff) is a compound with the general structure R1R2C=NR3 (R3 = alkyl or aryl, but not hydrogen)
Schiff_base
Substance added to a system to cause a chemical reaction
enzyme-catalyzed reactions, the reactants are commonly called substrates. In organic chemistry, the term "reagent" denotes a chemical ingredient (a compound
Reagent
Organic chemistry reaction
substitution (SN2) is a type of reaction mechanism that is common in organic chemistry. In the SN2 reaction, a strong nucleophile forms a new bond to an sp3-hybridised
SN2_reaction
Computing by new or unusual methods
computational ability and local interactions, regardless of the physical substrate. Examples of naturally occurring amorphous computation can be found in
Unconventional_computing
Species of lichen
specific ecological requirements, particularly regarding altitude, substrate chemistry, and forest habitat type. This habitat specificity may be related
Lecanora_albellula
Model of enzyme kinetics
applied to enzyme-catalysed reactions involving the transformation of one substrate into one product. In 1913, Michaelis and Menten expanded on Victor Henri's
Michaelis–Menten_kinetics
Process that leads to chemical changes
femtoseconds. Chemistry portal Wikiquote has quotations related to Chemical reaction. Chemical equation Chemical process Chemical reaction Substrate Reagent
Chemical_reaction
Australian-British chemist (1917–2013)
which cluster of hydrogen atoms in a substrate were replaced by an enzyme to effect a given change in the substrate, allowing him to detail the biosynthesis
John_Cornforth
Study of organic compounds containing metal(s)
Organometallic chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an
Organometallic_chemistry
Atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron; typically highly reactive
In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron. With some exceptions
Radical_(chemistry)
Insulin receptor substrates (IRS) are important ligands in the insulin response of human cells. IRS-1, for example, is an IRS protein that contains a phosphotyrosine
Insulin_receptor_substrate
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
alanine-rich C kinase substrate protein, a prominent cellular substrate for protein kinase C". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (20): 11912–9. doi:10
MARCKS
Field of chemistry
Supramolecular catalysis refers to an application of supramolecular chemistry, especially molecular recognition and guest binding, toward catalysis. This
Supramolecular_catalysis
This glossary of chemistry terms is a list of terms and definitions relevant to chemistry, including chemical laws, diagrams and formulae, laboratory tools
Glossary_of_chemistry_terms
Geometric property of some molecules and ions
In chemistry, a molecule or ion is called chiral (/ˈkaɪrəl/) if it cannot be superposed on its mirror image by any combination of rotations, translations
Chirality_(chemistry)
Type of enzyme inhibition by forming an irreversible complex with the substrate
irreversible form of enzyme inhibition that occurs when an enzyme binds a substrate analog and forms an irreversible complex with it through a covalent bond
Suicide_inhibition
Chemical reaction which adds one or more halogen elements to a compound
In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction which introduces one or more halogens into a chemical compound. Halide-containing compounds are pervasive
Halogenation
Oxidation of alcohol
oxidation, this acidic mixture is then added to an acetone solution of the substrate. Alternatively, potassium dichromate can be used in place of chromium
Jones_oxidation
Active region of an enzyme
biology and biochemistry, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. The active site consists
Active_site
Chemical reaction that swaps a hydrogen radical between two molecules
where a hydrogen free radical (a neutral hydrogen atom) is removed from a substrate with another molecule. This process follows the general equation: X ∙
Hydrogen_atom_abstraction
Regulation of enzyme activity
such as feedback from downstream products or feedforward from upstream substrates. Long-range allostery is especially important in cell signaling. Allosteric
Allosteric_regulation
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
monophosphate (AMP). Other processes, such as oxidative phosphorylation or substrate-level phosphorylation, regenerate ATP. ATP is also a precursor to DNA
Adenosine_triphosphate
Hallucinogenic class of psychoactive drug
MAO-A and/or MAO-B substrates include phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid, moclobemide, and selegiline. Combination of MAO-substrate psychedelics with
Psychedelic_drug
Class of hypervalent organoiodine compounds
Aziridination of Alkenes and the Metal-Free Amination of Organic Substrates". Chemistry – A European Journal. 17 (38): 10538–10541. doi:10.1002/chem.201102265
Iminoiodinane
Research of materials
Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand ancient, phenomenological observations
Materials_science
Type of molecule reacting to light
sometimes they abstract an electron from the substrate, and sometimes they abstract a hydrogen atom from the substrate. At the end of this process, the photosensitizer
Photosensitizer
Measure of how acidic or alkaline the soil is
andrei exposed to sublethal aluminium levels in an artificial soil substrate". Chemistry and Ecology. 30 (7): 611–21. Bibcode:2014ChEco..30..611L. doi:10
Soil_pH
Regulatory protein found in most eukaryotic tissues
enzyme (E2) Ube2w ubiquitinates the N terminus of substrates". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288 (26): 18784–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.C113.477596. PMC 3696654
Ubiquitin
Species of fungus
low concentration in the medulla. Dirinaria confluens inhabits various substrates, including bark, wood, and rocks, spanning from sea level to the boundaries
Dirinaria_confluens
Methods for determining rate laws of chemical reactions and to elucidate their mechanisms
In chemistry, reaction progress kinetic analysis (RPKA) is a subset of a broad range of kinetic techniques utilized to determine the rate laws of chemical
Reaction progress kinetic analysis
Reaction_progress_kinetic_analysis
Chemical reaction which adds an acyl group (R–C=O) to a compound
In chemistry, acylation is a broad class of chemical reactions in which an acyl group (R−C=O) is added to a substrate. The compound providing the acyl
Acylation
Chemical reaction
hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that adds two atoms of hydrogen to a target (substrate) molecule with three-dimensional spatial selectivity. Critically, this
Asymmetric_hydrogenation
Single-species fungal genus
jenensis may produce somewhat similar pinkish patches, but differ in substrate, chemistry, or fruiting-body form. Clathroporinopsis nidarosiensis is a saxicolous
Clathroporinopsis
Chemistry and biochemistry phenomenon
by William Jencks seen in chemistry and biochemistry where in order to speed up a reaction, the ground state of the substrate is destabilized by an enzyme
Circe_effect
Study of chemical processes of living organisms
Biochemistry, or biological chemistry (distinct from chemical biology), is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A
Biochemistry
Loss of structure in proteins and nucleic acids due to external stress
Most biological substrates lose their biological function when denatured. For example, enzymes lose their activity, because the substrates can no longer
Denaturation_(biochemistry)
Chemical reaction for synthesizing C–N bonds
In organic chemistry, the Buchwald–Hartwig amination is a chemical reaction for the synthesis of carbon–nitrogen bonds via the palladium-catalyzed coupling
Buchwald–Hartwig_amination
Branch of chemistry
Fischer developed supramolecular chemistry's philosophical roots. In 1894, Fischer suggested that enzyme–substrate interactions take the form of a "lock
Supramolecular_chemistry
Pocket in the active site of an enzyme
Balance between Transition State Binding and Substrate Binding in Oxyanion Holes". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 75 (6): 1831–1840. doi:10.1021/jo901503d
Oxyanion_hole
Compound with a metal center bound to ligands
with substrates. Most substrates have a singlet ground-state; that is, they have lone electron pairs (e.g., water, amines, ethers), so these substrates need
Coordination_complex
Unit of catalytic activity
of the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of one micromole (μmol) of substrate per minute (min) under the specified conditions of the assay method. The
Enzyme_unit
Hypothetical stage in the early evolutionary history of life on Earth
Yarus M (November 1998). "RNA enzymes with two small-molecule substrates". Chemistry & Biology. 5 (11): 669–678. doi:10.1016/s1074-5521(98)90294-0. PMID 9831528
RNA_world
Life arising from non-living matter
It uses tools from biology and chemistry, attempting a synthesis of many sciences. Life functions through the chemistry of carbon and water, and builds
Abiogenesis
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HGS gene. HGS has been shown to interact with:
HGS_(gene)
In biochemistry, the preference of ligands to bind with one receptor over another
In chemistry, binding selectivity is defined with respect to the binding of ligands to a substrate forming a complex. Binding selectivity describes how
Binding_selectivity
Branch of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, transmutation and other nuclear processes
isotopic modification of a substrate, known as the kinetic isotope effect. This is now a standard method in organic chemistry. Briefly, replacing normal
Nuclear_chemistry
Organic compounds made of alkyl/aryl groups bound to oxygen (R–O–R')
In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether group, a single oxygen atom bonded to two separate carbon atoms, each part
Ether
the metal on the surface can be directly transferred to a semiconductor substrate. MACE is a relatively new technology in semiconductor engineering and
Metal assisted chemical etching
Metal_assisted_chemical_etching
Modular approach to chemical synthesis
Click chemistry is an approach to chemical synthesis that is used to join two molecules. The application of the term, click, as a qualifier to the type
Click_chemistry
Enzyme involved in metabolic pathways
acceptor substrates. Because the substrate channel is so narrow, the donor and acceptor substrates cannot be bound simultaneously. Also, the substrates conform
Transketolase
Reduction method involving hydrazine
hydrazine with the ketone or aldehyde substrate. Sometimes it is however advantageous to use a pre-formed hydrazone as substrate (see modifications). The rate
Wolff–Kishner_reduction
Species of flowering plant
carpeting an entire small area of forest floor, sending roots into the substrate at each leaf node. Maranta, in-addition to fellow "prayer-plant" genera
Maranta_leuconeura
Molecular property
forces between the PDMS and the smooth substrate, the elevated surface – or "roof" – collapses down onto the substrate without any external force aside from
Adhesion
Concept in chemistry and biology
In chemistry and biology, activation is the process whereby something is prepared or excited for a subsequent reaction. In chemistry, "activation" refers
Activation
Catalysis of chemical reactions by enzymes
the enzyme-substrate interaction is the induced fit model. This model proposes that the initial interaction between enzyme and substrate is relatively
Enzyme_catalysis
Set of chemical reactions in organisms
remove electrons from their substrates and reduce NAD+ into NADH. This reduced form of the coenzyme is then a substrate for any of the reductases in
Metabolism
Swiss chemist (1928–2020)
which enzymes convert their substrates into products. His strategy of penetrating into the structure of enzyme-substrate interactions by concentrating
Duilio_Arigoni
Enzyme inhibition
whether it has already bound the substrate. This is unlike competitive inhibition, where binding affinity for the substrate in the enzyme is decreased in
Non-competitive_inhibition
Dutch-American biochemist (1883–1971)
later Michaelis and Menten, treated the binding of substrate to free enzyme to produce an enzyme–substrate complex as an equilibrium, Van Slyke and Cullen
Donald_Van_Slyke
Use of natural catalysts to perform chemical transformations
chirality present in the substrate molecule is "recognized" upon the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex. Thus a prochiral substrate may be transformed
Biocatalysis
Method of determining chemical concentration
In physical and analytical chemistry, colorimetric analysis is a method of determining the concentration of colored compounds or ions in solution. It
Colorimetric_analysis
Post-translational carbohydrate modification of proteins
Uses Substrate-Assisted Catalysis: Kinetic Analysis and Development of Highly Selective Mechanism-Inspired Inhibitors". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280
O-GlcNAc
Chemical science associated with pressure-sensitive adhesives
The chemistry of pressure-sensitive adhesives describes the chemical science associated with pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA). PSA tapes and labels
Chemistry of pressure-sensitive adhesives
Chemistry_of_pressure-sensitive_adhesives
Field of Study
Biophysical chemistry is a physical science that uses the concepts of physics and physical chemistry for the study of biological systems. The most common
Biophysical_chemistry
Light-sensitive material used in making electronics
electronics industry. The photoengraving process begins by coating a substrate with a light-sensitive organic material. A patterned mask is then applied
Photoresist
Organised layer of amphiphilic molecules
molecules that form the monolayer do not interact strongly with the substrate. This is the case for porphyrins on HOPG and two-dimensional supramolecular
Self-assembled_monolayer
Pharmaceutical compound
1975). "The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier. Kinetics and specificity for substrates and inhibitors". The Biochemical Journal. 148 (1): 85–96. doi:10.1042/bj1480085
Suvomipic
Non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion
cofactors were defined as an additional substance apart from protein and substrate that is required for enzyme activity and a prosthetic group as a substance
Cofactor_(biochemistry)
Terms for the placement of chemical substituents relative to a double or triple bond
In organic chemistry, syn- and anti-addition are different ways in which substituent molecules can be added to an alkene (R2C=CR2) or alkyne (RC≡CR).
Syn_and_anti_addition
Catalyst composed of nickel and boron
hydrogenation catalyst with great sensitivity to substrate structure". Journal of Organic Chemistry, volume 38, issue 12, pages 2226–2230. doi:10.1021/jo00952a024
Nickel_boride_catalyst
Method used to apply surface coatings
typical CVD, the wafer (substrate) is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react and/or decompose on the substrate surface, in order to produce
Chemical_vapor_deposition
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