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Taxonomy of statistical data elements
In statistics, data can have any of various types. Statistical data types include categorical (e.g. country), directional (angles or directions, e.g. wind
Statistical_data_type
Attribute of data
computer science and computer programming, a data type (or simply type) is a collection or grouping of data values, usually specified by a set of possible
Data_type
Study of collection and analysis of data
presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or
Statistics
Method of statistical inference
A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data provide sufficient evidence to reject a particular hypothesis
Statistical_hypothesis_test
Statistical data type
Ordinal data is a categorical, statistical data type where the variables have natural, ordered categories and the distances between the categories are
Ordinal_data
Distinction between nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio variables
Inter-rater reliability Logarithmic scale Ramsey–Lewis method Set theory Statistical data type Transition (linguistics) Kirch, Wilhelm, ed. (2008). "Level of Measurement"
Level_of_measurement
Statistical data type
In statistics, count data is a statistical data type describing countable quantities, data which can take only the counting numbers, non-negative integer
Count_data
Unit described by the data that one analyzes, in statistics
would be conducted using a statistical sample consisting of various such data points. In addition, in statistical graphics, a "data point" may be an individual
Unit_of_observation
Misuse of data analysis
statistical significance of a test and the statistical confidence of a finding are joint properties of data and the method used to examine the data.
Data_dredging
on the application of statistical models for predictive forecasting or classification, while text analytics applies statistical, linguistic, and structural
Data_analysis
Parts of a whole which carry only relative information
177–184. Aitchison, John (1982). "The Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological).
Compositional_data
Concepts from statistical hypothesis testing
Type I error, or a false positive, is the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis in statistical hypothesis testing. A type II error, or a false
Type_I_and_type_II_errors
Algorithmically generated data that have a similar distribution as sampled data
generate more data. Constructing a synthesizer build involves constructing a statistical model. In a linear regression line example, the original data can be
Synthetic_data
Variable capable of taking on a limited number of possible values
data is the statistical data type consisting of categorical variables or of data that has been converted into that form, for example as grouped data.
Categorical_variable
Two different methods for presenting tabular data
Un-stacked and stacked: Common in statistical software and spreadsheet operations. Pivoted and unpivoted: Common in SQL and data preparation tools like Power
Wide_and_narrow_data
Data whose unit can take on only two possible states
represent different data, even those originally not binary. In statistics, binary data is a statistical data type consisting of categorical data, that can take
Binary_data
Type of statistics
either form the basis of the initial description of the data as part of a more extensive statistical analysis, or they may be sufficient in and of themselves
Descriptive_statistics
Branch of statistics mathematics
identifying substructures of longitudinal data". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Statistical Methodology). 69 (4): 679–699. doi:10.1111/j
Functional_data_analysis
Data combined from several measurements
Information loss occurs because aggregation of data ignores individual variation as if it were only a type of statistical noise or measurement error. Inference
Aggregate_data
Type of mathematical model
statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data (and similar data from
Statistical_model
Correcting inaccurate computer records
data is difficult since the true value is not known, it can be resolved by setting the values to an average or other statistical value. Statistical methods
Data_cleansing
Type of statistical inference
relationship serves as the basis of type I and type II errors and confidence intervals. For statistical inference, the statistic about which we want to make inferences
Frequentist_inference
Statistical term of data on each of two paired variables
Ott, Lyman; Longnecker, Michael (2010). An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data Analysis (Sixth ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. pp. 102–112.
Bivariate_data
Unit of information
data Data (computer science) Data acquisition Data analysis Data bank Data cable Data center Data curation Data domain Data element Data farming Data
Data
Branch of nonparametric statistics
the American Statistical Association. 118 (542): 869–882. doi:10.1080/01621459.2021.1956937. S2CID 219721275. Dai, X. (2022). "Statistical inference on
Distributional_data_analysis
case, the "before" and "after" data are unpaired. Statistical tests used to compare sets of data have been designed for data sets that are either paired
Paired_data
Statistical concept
researcher—for example, when data collection is done improperly or mistakes are made in data entry. These forms of missingness take different types, with different
Missing_data
Longitudinal statistical study
panel data and longitudinal data are both multi-dimensional data involving measurements over time. Panel data is a subset of longitudinal data where observations
Panel_data
Type of statistical data
In statistics, cross-sectional data is a type of data collected by observing many subjects (such as individuals, firms, countries, or regions) at a single
Cross-sectional_data
Analysis of geometric properties
Statistical shape analysis is an analysis of the geometrical properties of some given set of shapes by statistical methods. For instance, it could be used
Statistical_shape_analysis
Time series data technique
that reproduce various statistical properties like the autocorrelation structure of a measured data set. The resulting surrogate data can then for example
Surrogate_data
Concept in statistics
ordinal variable statistical methods cannot be used for nominal groups, nominal group methods can be used for both types of categorical data sets; however
Nominal_category
Condition in which the value of a measurement or observation is only partially known
to analyse a statistical problem involving censored data was Daniel Bernoulli's 1766 analysis of smallpox morbidity and mortality data to demonstrate
Censoring_(statistics)
Visual representation of data
skills, statistical skills and computing skills, it is both an art and a science. Visual analytics combines statistical data analysis, data and information
Data and information visualization
Data_and_information_visualization
Types of numerical variables in mathematics
In statistics, continuous and discrete variables are distinct statistical data types which are described with different probability distributions. A
Continuous or discrete variable
Continuous_or_discrete_variable
Field in statistics pertaining to establishing cause and effect
use of statistical algorithms to infer associations in observed data sets that are potentially causal under strict assumptions. ECA is a type of causal
Exploratory_causal_analysis
Approach of analyzing data sets in statistics
data analysis (EDA) or exploratory analytics is an approach of analyzing data sets to summarize their main characteristics, often using statistical graphics
Exploratory_data_analysis
these types of errors more likely. Statistical conclusion validity involves ensuring the use of adequate sampling procedures, appropriate statistical tests
Statistical conclusion validity
Statistical_conclusion_validity
Study with uncontrolled variable of interest
experimental control, multivariate statistical techniques allow the approximation of experimental control with statistical control by using matching methods
Observational_study
Categorization of data using statistics
When classification is performed by a computer, statistical methods are normally used to develop the algorithm. Often, the individual observations are
Statistical_classification
Programming language for statistics
for statistical computing and data visualization. It has been widely adopted in the fields of data mining, bioinformatics, data analysis, and data science
R_(programming_language)
Statistical analysis software
own statistical analysis. In addition to statistical analysis, data management (case selection, file reshaping and creating derived data) and data documentation
SPSS
Subset of artificial intelligence
concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without being
Machine_learning
frameworks, data engineering tools, statistical software, data analysis, plotting, MLOps systems, and more. Cassandra Query Language Data Analysis Expressions
List_of_data_science_software
Reduction of image size to save storage and transmission costs
statistical properties of image data to provide superior results compared with generic data compression methods which are used for other digital data
Image_compression
Term in statistical hypothesis testing
probability of making a type II error (a false negative) conditional on there being a true effect or association. Statistical testing uses data from samples to
Power_(statistics)
Concept in inferential statistics
In statistical hypothesis testing, a result has statistical significance when a result at least as extreme would be very infrequent if the null hypothesis
Statistical_significance
Statistical hypothesis test
a statistical test used to test whether the difference between the response of two groups is statistically significant or not. It is any statistical hypothesis
Student's_t-test
Sequence of data points over time
A time series is one type of panel data. Panel data is the general class, a multidimensional data set, whereas a time series data set is a one-dimensional
Time_series
Statistics published by government agencies
official statistics, and include statistical surveys and censuses. Secondary, or "non-statistical" sources, are data that have been primarily collected
Official_statistics
Subdiscipline of statistics
that special statistical methods are required for the analysis of some types of data (in this case, angular data). Other examples of data that may be regarded
Directional_statistics
Measure of consensus in ratings given by multiple observers
inter-rater reliability. Different statistics are appropriate for different types of measurement. Some options are joint-probability of agreement, such as
Inter-rater_reliability
Branch of statistics
make inference, statistical inference most often uses: a statistical model of the random process that is supposed to generate the data, which is known
Mathematical_statistics
Type of statistical analysis
Nonparametric statistics is a type of statistical analysis that makes minimal assumptions about the underlying distribution of the data being studied. Often these
Nonparametric_statistics
Collection of data
United Nations Statistical Commission; United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2007). Statistical Data Editing: Impact on Data Quality: Volume
Data_set
misbehaviour of the data, such as outliers. They also have the disadvantage of being less certain in the statistical estimate. Type of data: Statistical tests use
List_of_statistical_tests
Collection of statistical data sets
a set of data graphically before starting to analyze according to a particular type of relationship, and the inadequacy of basic statistic properties
Datasaurus_dozen
Animal population estimation method
mark-recapture data is trending towards a more integrative approach, which combines mark-recapture data with population dynamics models and other types of data. The
Mark_and_recapture
Simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one outcome variable
be used to represent the distributions of observed data; how they can be used as part of statistical inference, particularly where several different quantities
Multivariate_statistics
Selection of data points in statistics
individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. The subset, called a statistical sample (or sample, for
Sampling_(statistics)
In statistics, method of making values limited above or below
Dictionary of Statistical Terms. OUP. ISBN 0-19-920613-9 Breen, Richard (1996). Regression Models : Censored, Sample Selected, or Truncated Data. Quantitative
Truncation_(statistics)
Suite of computer programs
quality by design, statistical process control, and design of experiments. Comparison of statistical packages Data mining Data processing Online analytical
JMP_(statistical_software)
Method of quality control
Statistical process control (SPC) or statistical quality control (SQC) is the application of statistical methods to monitor and control the quality of
Statistical_process_control
Properties not expressed numerically
Level of measurement Qualitative research Quantitative research Statistical data type "qualitative adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and
Qualitative_property
and the types of instruments that are used in data collection. Methods also vary by whether they collect qualitative data, quantitative data or both.
List of psychological research methods
List_of_psychological_research_methods
Application of statistical techniques to biological systems
beginning, used statistical concepts to understand observed experimental results. Some genetics scientists even contributed with statistical advances with
Biostatistics
Statistical genetics is a scientific field concerned with the development and application of statistical methods for drawing inferences from genetic data
Statistical_genetics
Numerical measure of a statistical relationship between variables
measure of some type of linear correlation, meaning a linear function between two variables. The variables may be two columns of a given data set of observations
Correlation_coefficient
Pseudoscience linking character and blood type
Nomi analyzed various data by using statistical methods and found meaningful traits; the following are some of his works. Blood Type Affinity Study 5/1974
Blood_type_personality_theory
Systemic inaccuracy
used to gather data and estimate a sample statistic present an inaccurate, skewed or distorted (biased) depiction of reality. Statistical bias exists in
Bias_(statistics)
Type of statistics
distribution of the data. Classical statistical procedures are typically sensitive to "longtailedness" (e.g., when the distribution of the data has longer tails
Robust_statistics
score statistic The result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable. statistical dispersion
Glossary of probability and statistics
Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics
Class of statistical estimators
The statistical procedure of evaluating an M-estimator on a data set is called M-estimation. The "M" initial stands for "maximum likelihood-type". More
M-estimator
Statistical behavior found in a wide variety of datasets
and, indeed, across a range of types of data sets. Many of these observances have been formulated and proved as statistical or probabilistic theorems and
Empirical_statistical_laws
Theory of statistics
and data analysis, that are used within applications of statistics. The theory covers approaches to statistical-decision problems and to statistical inference
Statistical_theory
Statistical property quantifying how much a collection of data is spread out
measures of statistical dispersion are the variance, standard deviation, and interquartile range. For instance, when the variance of data in a set is
Statistical_dispersion
multidimensional panel data is data of a phenomenon observed over three or more dimensions. This comes in contrast with panel data, observed over two dimensions
Multidimensional_panel_data
Graphic visual representation of information
and trends. Similar pursuits are information visualization, data visualization, statistical graphics, information design, or information architecture.
Infographic
Statistical interpretation with many tests
testing problem occurs when many statistical tests are performed on the same dataset. Each test has its own chance of a Type I error (false positive), so
Multiple_comparisons_problem
Table which shows probability of death at various ages
tables if they show various types of sickness or disability rates. The availability of computers and the proliferation of data gathering about individuals
Life_table
Simonton as: a quantitative method of statistical analysis for retrospective data. In Simonton's work the raw data comes from psychometric assessment of
Historiometry
Circular statistical graph of proportionality
for consumption in Paris. Early types of pie charts in the 19th century Pie charts from William Playfair's "Statistical Breviary", 1801 One of the earliest
Pie_chart
Probabilistic problem-solving algorithms
particle models, island type particle models, and particle Markov chain Monte Carlo methods In physics, and more particularly in statistical mechanics, these
Mean-field_particle_methods
Type of digital communication link sharing
Statistical multiplexing is a type of digital communication link sharing, sometimes abbreviated as STDM. It is very similar to dynamic bandwidth allocation
Statistical time-division multiplexing
Statistical_time-division_multiplexing
Tool used to draw statistical inferences from observed data
tests are a variety of hypothesis tests used to draw statistical inferences from observed data. In these tests, the null hypothesis is defined as an
Equivalence_test
Science and research term
way in which the attribute is represented for further data processing. In data processing data are often represented by a combination of items (objects
Variable and attribute (research)
Variable_and_attribute_(research)
Statistical software
SAS (previously Statistical Analysis System[when?]) is a data and artificial intelligence software developed by SAS Institute for data management, advanced
SAS_(software)
Measure of a civilization's evolution
In accordance with the data available at the time, Kardashev did not go beyond a Type III civilization. However, new types (0, IV, V, and VI) have been
Kardashev_scale
Images used to represent statistical data visually
Statistical graphics, also known as statistical graphical techniques, are graphics used in the field of statistics for data visualization. Whereas statistics
Statistical_graphics
Four data sets with the same descriptive statistics, yet very different distributions
Exploratory data analysis Goodness of fit Regression validation Simpson's paradox Statistical model validation Anscombe, F. J. (1973). "Graphs in Statistical Analysis"
Anscombe's_quartet
Organized collection of data in computing
In computing, a database is an organized collection of data or a type of data store based on the use of a database management system (DBMS), the software
Database
Topics referred to by the same term
scale, ranking things that are not necessarily numbers Ordinal data, a statistical data type consisting of numerical scores that exist on an arbitrary numerical
Ordinal
Collection and manipulation of items of data to produce meaningful information
Summarization (statistical) or (automatic) – reducing detailed data to its main points. Aggregation – combining multiple pieces of data. Analysis – the
Data_processing
Collection of random variables
Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. p. 1. doi:10.1002/0471667196.ess2180.pub2. ISBN 978-0471667193. Aris Spanos (1999). Probability Theory and Statistical Inference:
Stochastic_process
Statistic used in statistical hypothesis testing
statistics and their corresponding statistical tests or models. Test statistic is a quantity derived from the sample for statistical hypothesis testing. A hypothesis
Test_statistic
Use of statistical arguments to assert falsehoods
believing something other than what the data shows. That is, a misuse of statistics occurs when a statistical argument asserts a falsehood. In some cases
Misuse_of_statistics
Type of control chart in statistical quality control
In statistical quality control, an EWMA chart (or exponentially weighted moving average chart) is a type of control chart used to monitor either variables
EWMA_chart
In statistical quality control, the x ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {x}}} and s chart is a type of control chart used to monitor variables data when samples
X̅_and_s_chart
Pseudoscientific personality questionnaire
Verifying Type Despite its popularity, the MBTI has been widely regarded as pseudoscience by the scientific community. The validity (statistical validity
Myers–Briggs_Type_Indicator
Statistics concept
standardize statistical errors (especially of a normal distribution) in a z-score (or "standard score"), and standardize residuals in a t-statistic, or more
Errors_and_residuals
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