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Election result affecting losing candidate
In social choice theory and politics, a spoiler effect happens when a losing candidate affects the results of an election simply by participating. Voting
Spoiler_effect
Elimination from the possibility of a sports team reaching its league's annual postseason
playoffs can affect other teams in the league as they play, often having a spoiler effect on teams still in contention for playoff spots. For example, a baseball
Elimination from postseason contention
Elimination_from_postseason_contention
Information on crucial plot elements
September 26, 2023. "Spoilers: The Official Vulture Statutes of Limitations" at Vulture. Spoiler.io, a random-spoiler website The Movie Spoiler, a movie-description
Spoiler_(media)
Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system
first-past-the-post voting (FPTP), instant-runoff is vulnerable to a kind of spoiler effect called a center squeeze, which causes it to favor uncompromising alternatives
Instant-runoff_voting
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up Spoiler or spoiler in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Spoiler or Spoilers may refer to: Spoiler (media), something that reveals significant plot
Spoiler
Device for reducing aerodynamic drag
Since "spoiler" is a term describing an application, the operation of a spoiler varies depending on the particular effect it is trying to spoil. Standard
Spoiler_(car)
Plurality voting system
methods can reduce wasted votes, the need for strategic voting and the spoiler effect. Because FPP produces many wasted votes and because the electorate are
First-past-the-post_voting
Type of electoral system
of spoilers often gives rise to suspicions that manipulation of the slate has taken place. The spoiler may have received incentives to run. A spoiler may
Plurality_voting
Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers
the most spoiler-resistant class of ranked voting systems: whenever it is possible for some ranked voting system to avoid a spoiler effect, a Condorcet
Arrow's_impossibility_theorem
Spoiler effect in RCV and two-round systems
A center squeeze is a kind of spoiler effect shared by rules like the two-round system, plurality-with-primaries, and ranked choice voting. In a center
Center_squeeze
Electoral systems with independent candidate ratings
and their resistance to the spoiler effect becomes a more complex matter. Some rated methods are immune to the spoiler effect when every voter rates the
Rated_voting
Voting system
theorists as a result of their susceptibility to center squeeze (a kind of spoiler effect favoring extremists) and the no-show paradox. This has led to the rise
Two-round_system
Method by which voters make a choice between options
impossibility theorem (showing that ranked voting cannot eliminate the spoiler effect) and Gibbard's theorem (showing it is impossible to design a straightforward
Electoral_system
Device for reducing lift and increasing drag on aircraft wings
In aeronautics, a spoiler (sometimes called a lift spoiler or lift dumper) is a device which increases the drag and decreases the lift of an airfoil in
Spoiler_(aeronautics)
Political term
tip the balance and change the outcome of the election by creating a spoiler effect. Many U.S. states and municipalities allow for write-in votes in a partisan
Write-in_candidate
US political parties other than the two major parties
Horng-En; Chen, Fang-Yu (2019). "Extreme Candidates as the Beneficent Spoiler? Range Effect in the Plurality Voting System". Political Research Quarterly. 72
Third_party_(U.S._politics)
Self-contradiction of majority rule
where any ranked voting system that respects majorities must have a spoiler effect. Suppose we have three candidates, A, B, and C, and that there are three
Condorcet_paradox
Winner-takes-all voting systems tend to result in only two viable parties
anti-slavery Republican Party. William Clark and Matt Golder (2006) find the effect largely holds up, noting that different methods of analyzing the data might
Duverger's_law
Electoral system quota formula
least half the seats. In addition, all quota rules can result in a spoiler effect called the new state paradox, where adding votes to party A can cause
Hare_quota
Proportional-representation voting system
Adding more parties to the legislature can cause a bizarre kind of spoiler effect called the new state paradox. When Congress first admitted Oklahoma
Largest_remainder_method
Dennis Pyle, who was on the ballot as an independent, would have a spoiler effect benefiting Kelly. This was the first gubernatorial election in Kansas
2022 Kansas gubernatorial election
2022_Kansas_gubernatorial_election
American politician and businessman (born 1977)
avoid another result like 2022 to ensure there was no center squeeze or spoiler effect, resulting in a traditional two-party race with two clear frontrunners
Nick_Begich_III
American politician (born 1983)
claimed to have played a key role in leveraging the Libertarian Party's spoiler effect into securing a pardon for Ross Ulbricht by Donald Trump, something
Angela_McArdle
American political campaign
response to accusations that he would act as a spoiler in the race Kennedy announced a policy dubbed his "non-spoiler pledge." In the policy he invited both the
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign
Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr._2024_presidential_campaign
Property of electoral systems
to ensure one of the majority-preferred candidates wins, creating a spoiler effect. By the majority criterion, a candidate C should win if a majority of
Majority_winner_criterion
American sex advice columnist and gay rights campaigner (born 1964)
election in Pennsylvania, was partially funded by state Republicans for a spoiler effect against Democrat Bob Casey Jr., and further stated that Romanelli "should
Dan_Savage
Voting systems that use ranked ballots
demonstrates that every ranked voting algorithm is susceptible to the spoiler effect.[dubious – discuss] Gibbard's theorem provides a closely related corollary
Ranked_voting
(condensed matter physics) (Hall effect) (physics) (spintronics) Spoiler effect (psephology) (voting theory) Stack effect (filming) (television terminology)
List_of_effects
American lawyer and activist (born 1934)
run for president as an independent. Due to concerns about a possible spoiler effect, many Democrats urged Nader to abandon his 2004 candidacy. The chairman
Ralph_Nader
American politician
University of Oregon Oregon Daily Emerald noted that people disturbed by the spoiler effect in elections, particularly with respect to the close 2000 presidential
Cathy_Gordon_Brown
Point-based ranked voting system
as plurality, 'splitting' a party's vote in this way can lead to the spoiler effect, which harms the chances of any of a faction's candidates being elected
Borda_count
Party seceded from the JSP at the beginning of the year, leading to a spoiler effect. Although the LDP saw a small reduction in its vote share compared to
1960 Japanese general election
1960_Japanese_general_election
Single-winner electoral system
candidates in practical election scenarios, avoiding the center squeeze spoiler effect common to ranked-choice voting and primary elections. A study of various
Approval_voting
Family of proportional election methods
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Multiwinner_approval_voting
American politician and physician (born 1950)
Aaron (August 26, 2024). "Analysis | RFK Jr.'s exit pushes the 2024 spoiler effect to the left". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original
Jill_Stein
Criterion for evaluating fairness of electoral systems
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Justified_representation
Agreement by all people in a situation
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Unanimity
American politician (born 1954)
an accusation he denied. He did, however, express a desire to have a spoiler effect on the election, hoping to win more votes than the margin between the
Thomas_Harens
of winning for a dissimilar candidate. This is commonly known as the spoiler effect, which can discourage minor party candidacies. Vote splitting most easily
List of elections involving vote splitting
List_of_elections_involving_vote_splitting
Election of Nicolas Sarkozy
result has been interpreted as an example of center squeeze, a kind of spoiler effect common to the plurality-rule family of voting rules, since Sarkozy,
2007 French presidential election
2007_French_presidential_election
When two people commit to voting in a mutually agreed way
candidates will win election. Vote swapping avoids wasted votes (and the "spoiler effect") by shifting votes from uncompetitive districts to competitive districts
Vote_swapping
Selection of decision-makers by random sample
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Sortition
Political process
However, the political fragmentation of parliaments has little causal effect on a number of dimensions of the quality of democracy. The veto player theory
Political_fragmentation
American political campaign
to vote for Oliver, "what makes the most sense is to lean into the spoiler effect for Joe Biden and the Democrats." Four state Libertarian parties, in
Chase Oliver 2024 presidential campaign
Chase_Oliver_2024_presidential_campaign
2004 American science fiction thriller film
The Butterfly Effect is a 2004 American science fiction thriller film written and directed by Eric Bress and J. Mackye Gruber. It stars Ashton Kutcher
The_Butterfly_Effect
2002 book by George Tsebelis
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Veto_Players
Property of apportionment methods
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Vote-ratio_monotonicity
American political analyst and civil rights activist (born 1968)
candidate who would help President Trump win reelection through the spoiler effect. Jones defended Gabbard, stating that "I do not want someone of her
Van_Jones
Impossibility of straightforward game forms
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Gibbard's_theorem
Pareto efficiency implies utilitarian rule
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
Harsanyi's_utilitarian_theorem
Theorem in political science
Participation: Formal Theory and Empirical Analysis of the Constituency Size Effect". Public Choice. 52 (1): 15–33. doi:10.1007/BF00116941. ISSN 0048-5829.
Median_voter_theorem
Family of voting systems
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Party-list proportional representation
Party-list_proportional_representation
Grouping of candidates for election
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Electoral_list
Proposed governance system based on election votes
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Interactive_representation
Variant of party-list voting system
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Closed_list
Voting requirement above 50% for passage
requirement could be specified as "two-thirds of those present", which has the effect of counting abstentions but not absences as votes against the proposal.
Supermajority
Luxury car series produced by Lexus
and frameless-window doors. The rear deck lid featured an integrated spoiler effect similar to the flagship LS 400, improving the ES model's aerodynamics
Lexus_ES
South Korean YouTube channel
fellow conservative, in the 2022 election. He was accused of causing the spoiler effect because he received more votes than the margin by which Kim Eun-hye
Hover_Lab
Votes that do not impact an election
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Wasted_vote
Theoretical rule in social choice theory
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Dictatorship_mechanism
Winner-take-all approval voting
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Block_approval_voting
Electoral district with one representative in a legislature
popular vote but 56.7% of the seats.[citation needed] Supporters view this effect as beneficial, claiming that two-party systems are more stable, and that
Single-member_district
Proportional-representation electoral system
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Sainte-Laguë_method
Criterion for proportional representation
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Proportionality for solid coalitions
Proportionality_for_solid_coalitions
Single-winner electoral system
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
STAR_voting
Use of different electoral systems in different districts
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Coexistence (electoral systems)
Coexistence_(electoral_systems)
Method to make collective decisions
more likely to vote for a union representative. Critically, beyong the effect of their own attitudes, what their colleagues felt mattered as well. In
Voting
Vote cast in an election as a form of political protest
democracy Motion of no confidence Political apathy Single-issue politics Spoiler effect Uncommitted (voting option) Alvarez, R. Michael; Kiewiet, D. Roderick;
Protest_vote
Voting systems using paired comparisons
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Round-robin_voting
Technique used for elections
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Localized_list
Tool used to make legislatures more proportional
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Leveling_seat
Election that narrows the field of candidates before an election for office
affiliation, go on to a general election that is in effect a run-off. This often has the effect of eliminating minor parties from the general election
Primary_election
Principle that voting for a candidate should help them
Germany, situations where a voter's ballot has the opposite of its intended effect (e.g. a vote for a party or candidate causes them to lose) are called negatives
Participation_criterion
Vote supporting only a single candidate
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Bullet_voting
American municipal election in Vermont
prevented a spoiler effect that would have occurred under plurality. Later analyses stated the race was spoiled, however, with Wright acting as a spoiler pulling
2009 Burlington, Vermont mayoral election
2009_Burlington,_Vermont_mayoral_election
Class of voting systems
equivalent to the base method. In other words, methods that are immune to weak spoilers are already "their own" elimination methods, because eliminating the weakest
Sequential_elimination_method
Voting method
less vulnerable to the spoiler effect than the plurality system or the two round system. This is because a potential spoiler candidate often has only
Exhaustive_ballot
Endgame situation in game theory
among others will win. This player is referred to as the kingmaker or spoiler. In competitive games, the kingmaker can leverage this ability to force
Kingmaker_scenario
Type of multi-winner plurality/majority electoral system
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Block_voting
Method for group decision-making
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Median_voting_rule
Number of votes a candidate needs to win
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Electoral_quota
Single-winner electoral system
independence of irrelevant alternatives, meaning it can be vulnerable to the spoiler effect in some rare circumstances. The Schulze method also fails Peyton Young's
Schulze_method
Property of electoral systems
resistant to spoiler effects. Intuitively, this is because the only way to dislodge a Condorcet winner is by beating them, implying spoilers can exist only
Condorcet_winner
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Unrestricted_domain
Vote share required for representation
(LMŠ, PoS, SAB, SNS and DeSUS). Electoral thresholds can produce a spoiler effect, similar to that in the first-past-the-post voting system, in which
Electoral_threshold
Result in social choice theory
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
McKelvey–Schofield_chaos_theorem
Single-winner positional electoral system
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Anti-plurality_voting
Conditional voting rule
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Majority_jackpot_system
Top-two primary election
majority party. However, empirical research on the system has found no effect on candidate moderation or turnout among independent voters. A first round
Nonpartisan_primary
Political faction in social choice
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Solid_coalition
Phenomenon in electoral systems
proportional system. Low turnout in some constituencies – This has the same effect as small constituencies. Furthermore, turnout and party preferences may
Overhang_seat
Index of articles associated with the same name
to ensure one of the majority-preferred candidates wins, creating a spoiler effect. The majority loser criterion is a criterion to evaluate single-winner
Voting_criteria
Proportional electoral system
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Huntington–Hill_method
Requirement of a social choice rule
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Symmetry_(social_choice)
American actress (born 1982)
working with the World Bank on a two-year development program called The Girl Effect, with the mission of empowering girls around the world. In 2013, she narrated
Anne_Hathaway
Combination of direct and representative democracy
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Liquid_democracy
Comparative politics for electoral systems
can be varied. The voter distribution could be varied; for instance, the effect of asymmetric distributions could be examined. A minor departure from normality
Comparison of electoral systems
Comparison_of_electoral_systems
Grand tourer made by Bentley
a lower roofline than its four-door saloon contemporaries. A subtle spoiler effect was also a feature of the rear. The finished car effectively disguises
Bentley_Continental_R
Pathological behavior by an apportionment rule
solution for all states. This can be considered the analog of independence of spoilers seen in other areas of social choice: that one part of the apportionment
Apportionment_paradox
Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze
Fractional_social_choice
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance