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The analysis of line intensity ratios is an important tool to obtain information about laboratory and space plasmas. In emission spectroscopy, the intensity
Spectral_line_ratios
Physics measurement techniques
of plasmas can often be inferred by taking ratios of the emission intensities of various atomic spectral lines. The presence of a magnetic field splits
Plasma_diagnostics
Study involving matter and electromagnetic radiation
spectroscopy Scattering theory Slope spectroscopy Spectral line ratios Spectral power distribution Spectral theory Spectroscopic notation Telluric contamination
Spectroscopy
Linear prediction coefficients
Line spectral pairs (LSP) or line spectral frequencies (LSF) are used to represent linear prediction coefficients (LPC) for transmission over a channel
Line_spectral_pairs
Northern pole-star; brightest star in Ursa Minor
a determination of the absolute visual magnitude of Polaris based on line ratios in high-resolution spectra, calibrated against supergiants with well-established
Polaris
Feature observed in spectroscopy
Spectral line shape or spectral line profile describes the form of an electromagnetic spectrum in the vicinity of a spectral line – a region of stronger
Spectral_line_shape
H II region in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Henize 70 featured high SII and Hα ratios, indicating that it is not a supernova remnant. Henize 70 has spectral line ratios relatively similar to that of
Henize_70
transmission over a channel. While not as efficient as line spectral pairs (LSPs), log area ratios are much simpler to compute. Let r k {\displaystyle r_{k}}
Log_area_ratio
Relative importance of certain frequencies in a composite signal
energy is finite, one may compute the energy spectral density. More commonly used is the power spectral density (PSD, or simply power spectrum), which
Spectral_density
Classification of stars based on spectral properties
of colors interspersed with spectral lines. Each line indicates a particular chemical element or molecule, with the line strength indicating the abundance
Stellar_classification
Edge of visible color
endpoints of the line, colors on the line are non-spectral (no monochromatic light source can generate them). Rather, every color on the line is a unique mixture
Line_of_purples
Range of usable frequencies
of 100% corresponds to a ratio bandwidth of 3:1. All higher ratios up to infinity are compressed into the range 100–200%. Ratio bandwidth is often expressed
Bandwidth_(signal_processing)
Information rate that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth
(modulation rate). Link spectral efficiency is typically used to analyze the efficiency of a digital modulation method or line code. Spectral efficiency calculations
Spectral_efficiency
Type of cool giant star
represent the transition from MS stars through increasing C/O ratios to SC stars. Spectral types were still listed with explicit Zr and Ti intensity values
S-type_star
Logarithmic unit expressing the ratio of physical quantities
power ratios, two principal types of scaling of the decibel are used to provide consistency depending on whether the scaling refers to ratios of power
Decibel
Multi-wavelength imaging method
identifying materials, or detecting processes. There are three general types of spectral imagers. There are push broom scanners and the related whisk broom scanners
Hyperspectral_imaging
Radio galaxy in the constellation Cygnus
the nature of line emission is a debate subject. Part of the difficulty might be due the usage of standard optical emission-line ratios commonly used
4C_+48.48
N-th root of the product of n numbers
1.77{\overline {7}}:1} ). The intermediate ratios have no effect on the result, only the two extreme ratios. Applying the same geometric mean technique
Geometric_mean
Spectral line of hydrogen state transition in UHF radio frequencies
The hydrogen line, 21 centimeter line, or H I line is a spectral line that is created by a change in the energy state of solitary, electrically neutral
Hydrogen_line
Signal processing technique
goal of spectral density estimation (SDE) or simply spectral estimation is to estimate the spectral density (also known as the power spectral density)
Spectral_density_estimation
Species of bat
The spectral bat (Vampyrum spectrum), also called the great false vampire bat, great spectral bat, American false vampire bat or Linnaeus's false vampire
Spectral_bat
Theorem that tells the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted
the Gaussian noise process is characterized by a known power or power spectral density. The law is named after Claude Shannon and Ralph Hartley. The Shannon–Hartley
Shannon–Hartley_theorem
Optoelectronics component
evaluated: it is the relative intensity noise (RIN), that is the ratio between the power spectral density of the noise current, In, measured over a given bandwidth
Superluminescent_diode
Spectral density of light emitted by a black body
In physics, Planck's law (also Planck radiation law) describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium
Planck's_law
Colour space defined by the CIE in 1931
y1 = y2), one is enough to compute the mixing ratio. The tristimulus values for a color with a spectral radiance Le,Ω,λ are given in terms of the standard
CIE_1931_color_space
Statistical test that compares goodness of fit
likelihood ratio test described R Package: Wald's Sequential Probability Ratio Test Richard Lowry's Predictive Values and Likelihood Ratios Online Clinical
Likelihood-ratio_test
nearest stars separated by spectral type. The scope of the list is still restricted to the common main sequence spectral types: M, K, G, F, A, B and
List of nearest stars by spectral type
List_of_nearest_stars_by_spectral_type
Concept relating to waves and signals
mass-to-charge ratio in mass spectrometry. In Latin, spectrum means "image" or "apparition", including the meaning "spectre". Spectral evidence is testimony
Spectrum_(physical_sciences)
Type of star larger than main-sequence but smaller than a giant
approach to determining a spectral luminosity class is to compare similar spectra against standard stars. Many line ratios and profiles are sensitive
Subgiant
Statistic quantifying the association between two events
"Calculating confidence intervals for relative risks (odds ratios) and standardised ratios and rates". British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.)
Odds_ratio
Red dwarf star in the constellation Cetus
visible to the naked eye. It hosts a system of two known exoplanets. With a spectral type of M5.5V, this star is a red dwarf similar to Proxima Centauri. It
GJ_1002
a spectral line and the continuum luminosity, L, in broad UV optical emission lines. This means that the ratio of brightness of the emission line to
Baldwin_effect_(astronomy)
Astrophysical maser, source of stimulated spectral line emission
astrophysical maser, which is a naturally occurring source of stimulated spectral line emission. Megamasers are distinguished from other astrophysical masers
Megamaser
Perceived hue shift when white light is added to a monochromatic light source
affected by the filtering effects of the spectral sensitivity of the eye. Experiments showed that the cone ratios signaling a hue were adjusted so as to
Abney_effect
Graphical display of scientific results
graph may be plotted on a natural logarithmic scale when using odds ratios or other ratio-based effect measures, so that the confidence intervals are symmetrical
Forest_plot
Star in the constellation Vulpecula
wide optical binary with 8 Vulpeculae. Alpha Vulpeculae is a red giant of spectral class M1 and has an apparent magnitude of +4.4. It has been analyzed as
Alpha_Vulpeculae
special type of collinear-beam acousto-optic modulator capable of shaping spectral phase and amplitude of ultrashort laser pulses. AOPDF was invented by Pierre
Acousto-optic programmable dispersive filter
Acousto-optic_programmable_dispersive_filter
InfraRed Imager System) is an instrument that measures vertical profiles of spectrally dispersed, limb scattered sunlight from the upper troposphere into the
Odin-OSIRIS
Type Ib/Ic supernova in galaxy UGC 11868
the explosion. It was initially classified as a broad-lined Type Ic supernova based on its spectral features. Later studies classified it as an intermediate
SN_2016coi
Light measurement tool
sources have line structures Most often in spectroradiometry, spectral irradiance is the desired measurement. In practice, the average spectral irradiance
Spectroradiometer
Spectral line splitting in magnetic field
The Zeeman effect (Dutch: [ˈzeːmɑn]) is the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field. It is caused
Zeeman_effect
Statistical estimator for ratio of means
the ratios rg of the g groups and r g ¯ = ∑ r i ′ g {\displaystyle {\bar {r_{g}}}=\sum {\frac {r_{i}'}{g}}} where ri' is the value of the sample ratio with
Ratio_estimator
Value in color space that defines the color 'white' for capture and reproduction
chromaticity diagram, it can be seen that almost all non-spectral colors (all except those on the line of purples), including colors described as white, can
White_point
Interstellar comet in 2025
exceptionally high CO 2-to-water mixing ratios. On the other hand, the coma of 3I/ATLAS has a more typical CO-to-water mixing ratio of 1.4±0.2, resembling other
3I/ATLAS
Random fluctuation in an electrical signal
and dBrn(f1 − f2), dBrn(144-line). Noise may also be characterized by its probability distribution and noise spectral density N0(f) in watts per hertz
Noise_(electronics)
Methods to reduce sound pressure
shaping Noise spectral density Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) Phase noise Pseudorandom noise Statistical noise Ratios Carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N) Carrier-to-receiver
Soundproofing
Dividing things between two categories
One can take ratios of a complementary pair of ratios, yielding four likelihood ratios (two column ratio of ratios, two row ratio of ratios). This is primarily
Binary_classification
Substellar object
can fuse lithium (7Li). Astronomers classify self-luminous objects by spectral type, a distinction intimately tied to the surface temperature -- brown
Brown_dwarf
Star in the Triangulum Galaxy
above include the similar absorption line spectra. The star's temperature was estimated to be 8,000 K and the spectral type A8-F0Ia was assigned to this
B324
Technique to analyze the infrared spectrum of matter
gaseous material. An FTIR spectrometer collects high-resolution spectral data over a wide spectral range, from the near- to far-IR region. This confers a significant
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy
Rogue planet or brown dwarf in the constellation Lyra
spectral class >Y2, located in the constellation Lyra at approximately 32.5 light-years from Earth. It is the "archetypal member" of the Y spectral class
WISE_1828+2650
Speech analysis and encoding technique
unstable. There are more advanced representations such as log area ratios (LAR), line spectral pairs (LSP) decomposition and reflection coefficients. Of these
Linear_predictive_coding
Distinction between nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio variables
(1977) and Nelder (1990) described continuous counts, continuous ratios, count ratios, and categorical modes of data. See also Chrisman (1998), van den
Level_of_measurement
Star in the constellation Draco
TESS. The planets orbit in a nearly 3:2 orbital resonance, with the period ratios 1.5758, 1.5146, 1.5296, 1.5130, and 1.4480, respectively, starting from
HD_158259
Change in luminosity of a moving object due to special relativity
line of sight through the Doppler factor, D {\displaystyle D} , and also on the properties inside the jet, as shown by the exponent with the spectral
Relativistic_beaming
System spectral efficiency of communication system
CDMA spectral efficiency refers to the system spectral efficiency in bit/s/Hz/site or Erlang/MHz/site that can be achieved in a certain CDMA based wireless
CDMA_spectral_efficiency
when chemists observed that elements seemed to combine with each other in ratios of small whole numbers. Then physicists discovered that these atoms had
History_of_atomic_theory
Quantities describing probability of absorption or emission of light
between electron energy levels that substantially reproduced the atomic spectral line observations. In Bohr's model a photon with an energy equal to the difference
Einstein_coefficients
disciplines, which evaluates the spectral properties exhibited by various materials found on Earth and planetary bodies. Spectral properties such as brightness
Spectroradiometry for Earth and planetary remote sensing
Spectroradiometry_for_Earth_and_planetary_remote_sensing
Number of incorrect bits transmitted
carrier-to-noise ratio measure denoted Eb/N0, (energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio), or Es/N0 (energy per modulation symbol to noise spectral density)
Bit_error_rate
Periodicity computation method
Least-squares spectral analysis (LSSA) is a class of methods for estimating a frequency spectrum by fitting sinusoids to data using a least-squares fit
Least-squares spectral analysis
Least-squares_spectral_analysis
Beta Lyrae variable star in the constellation Canis Major
blue supergiant of spectral type O7.5-8 Iab. The precise characteristics of the system are still uncertain, in part because the spectral signature of the
UW_Canis_Majoris
Hot, luminous star with a spectral type of A9 or earlier
Hertzsprung–Russell diagram Spectral type O B A F G K M L T Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Red dwarfs Subdwarfs Main sequence ("dwarfs") Subgiants Giants Red
Blue_supergiant
Ability to perceive differences in light frequency
prism. The visible light spectrum ranges from about 380 to 740 nanometers. Spectral colors (colors that are produced by a narrow band of wavelengths) such
Color_vision
Heterogeneous class of stars with unusual spectra
recommendation is to use an O spectral type such as O8Iaf if the 447.1 nm He i line is in absorption and a WR class of WN9h or WN9ha if the line has a P Cygni profile
Wolf–Rayet_star
Color reproduction capability
three sensors elements with different spectral sensitivities, ideally aligned approximately with the spectral sensitivities of human photopsins. In this
Gamut
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
spectra was the Rydberg–Ritz combination principle which related atomic spectral line frequencies to differences between 'terms', special frequencies characteristic
Bohr_model
Class of galaxy between an elliptical galaxy and a spiral galaxy
galaxies at larger axial ratios. The fact that the lenticular galaxy distribution rises with increasing observed axial ratio implies that lenticulars
Lenticular_galaxy
Color space
objects still show some of fringing. r, g, and b chromaticity coordinates are ratios of the one tristimulus value over the sum of all three tristimulus values
Rg_chromaticity
Analytical method
13C-12C ratios with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS); an MS with a detector designed to measure a few select ions and return values as ratios. Capillary
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Gas_chromatography–mass_spectrometry
Sequence of data points over time
classes: frequency-domain methods and time-domain methods. The former include spectral analysis and wavelet analysis; the latter include auto-correlation and
Time_series
Star in the constellation Scorpius
Hα/Hβ ratio, which decreased for a little over a month before shooting up to saturated levels and remaining high months after, was one of many spectral characteristics
V1309_Scorpii
Dimensionless number that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
{\displaystyle \alpha } quantified the gap in the fine structure of the spectral lines of the hydrogen atom, which had been measured precisely by the Michelson–Morley
Fine-structure_constant
Isotope of hydrogen with one neutron
hydrogens), ratios which are enriched with respect to the presumed protosolar nebula ratio, probably due to heating, and which are similar to the ratios found
Deuterium
Statistical hypothesis test
variances. It is used to determine if the variances of two samples, or if the ratios of variances among multiple samples, are significantly different. The test
F-test
resonance energy distribution, impact and natural spectral line broadening and quadratic stark line broadening. The centralized inverse-Fano distribution
List of probability distributions
List_of_probability_distributions
Chemical compound
from source to source. In 2004, N. Kaifu et al. completed the first spectral line survey toward TMC-1 in the frequency range 8.8-50.0 GHz with the 45-m
Propynylidyne
Used to measure spectral components of light
(/spɛkˈtrɒmɪtər/) is a scientific instrument used to separate and measure spectral components of a physical phenomenon. Spectrometer is a broad term often
Spectrometer
Python library for graphs and networks
minimizes the ratio cut, separating the graph into clusters with minimal interconnections. In the plot above, we observe that the spectral layout helps
NetworkX
Changing the speed or duration of an audio signal without affecting its pitch
improvements allow better quality results at all compression/expansion ratios but a residual smearing effect still remains. The phase vocoder technique
Audio time stretching and pitch scaling
Audio_time_stretching_and_pitch_scaling
How spheres of various dimensions can wrap around each other
3-sphere, and their ratios z0/z1 cover the complex plane plus infinity, a 2-sphere. The Hopf map S3 → S2 sends any such pair to its ratio. Similarly (in
Homotopy_groups_of_spheres
Imaging technique
light can be obtained using a superluminescent diode (SLD) with a broad spectral bandwidth or a broadly tunable laser with narrow linewidth. The first demonstration
Optical_coherence_tomography
Geometric transformation that preserves lines but not angles nor the origin
points, lines to lines, planes to planes, and so on) and the ratios of the lengths of parallel line segments. Consequently, sets of parallel affine subspaces
Affine_transformation
Relative abundance of heavy elements in a star or other astronomical object
gas versus metals, or measuring the ratios of the number of atoms of two different elements as compared to the ratios found in the Sun. Stellar composition
Metallicity
Type of star that is massive and luminous
range from about 3,400 K to over 20,000 K. Hertzsprung–Russell diagram Spectral type O B A F G K M L T Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Red dwarfs Subdwarfs Main
Supergiant
Electrical noise due to thermal vibration within a conductor
noise in an ideal resistor is approximately white, meaning that its power spectral density is nearly constant throughout the frequency spectrum (Figure 2)
Johnson–Nyquist_noise
Measure of distance between two proportions
portal Estimation statistics Clinical significance Cohen's d Cohen's g Odds ratio Effect size Sample size determination Cohen, Jacob (1988). Statistical Power
Cohen's_h
Effect in spectroscopy
effect (S–S effect) occurs in a double-lined spectroscopic binary star system when the strength of the spectral lines of the components varies during the
Struve–Sahade_effect
Statistical evaluation method
reveals less information than the TOC. For each threshold, ROC reveals two ratios, hits/(hits + misses) and false alarms/(false alarms + correct rejections)
Total operating characteristic
Total_operating_characteristic
Blue supergiant star in the constellation Cygnus
Mars points to the midpoint of the line connecting Deneb and the star Alderamin. Deneb is a bluish-white star of spectral type A2Ia, classifying it as a blue
Deneb
Star in the constellation Lacerta
"Erratum: Effective temperatures of red supergiants estimated from line-depth ratios of iron lines in the YJ bands, 0.97-1.32 μm". Monthly Notices of the
V424_Lacertae
Topics referred to by the same term
foods Plant density Population density, population per unit land area Spectral density, the distribution of power into frequency components in signal
Density_(disambiguation)
Type of numerical analysis
regression is the technique of fitting a free-form line to a sequence of observations such that the fitted line is non-decreasing (or non-increasing) everywhere
Isotonic_regression
Statistical method for handling multiple comparisons
{\displaystyle m_{0}} ) via an eye-fitted line starting from the largest p-values. The p-values that deviate from this straight line then should correspond to the
False_discovery_rate
Inverse of the average of the inverses of a set of numbers
kind of average, one of the Pythagorean means. It is sometimes used for ratios and rates such as speeds, and is normally used for positive arguments only
Harmonic_mean
Method in astronomy
the velocity profile meet at the edges. In the middle of the nebula, the line splits in two, since one component is redshifted and one is blueshifted.
Long-slit_spectroscopy
Star in the constellation Musca
800 light years away. S Muscae is a yellow supergiant ranging between spectral types F6Ib and G0Ib and magnitudes 5.89 to 6.49 over a period of 9.66 days
S_Muscae
Normalized measure of the dispersion of a probability distribution
11 November 2010. Median Ratio: The ratio located midway between the highest ratio and the lowest ratio when individual ratios for a class of realty are
Index_of_dispersion
Family of digital modulation methods
communications systems, such as in 802.11 Wi-Fi standards. Arbitrarily high spectral efficiencies can be achieved with QAM by setting a suitable constellation
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Quadrature_amplitude_modulation
Quasar in the constellation Camelopardalis
and Hβ intensity ratios, a broad emission line in IRAS 07598+6508 is found reddening by E(B-V) ~ 0.45 with a reddening of a spectral energy distribution
IRAS_07598+6508
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