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Refinement is a generic term of computer science that encompasses various approaches for producing correct computer programs and simplifying existing programs
Refinement_(computing)
Topics referred to by the same term
open cover in mathematical topology Refinement (category theory) Refinement (computing), computer science approaches for designing correct computer programs
Refinement
Method to improve accuracy of numerical solutions to systems of linear equations
{\displaystyle m=1,2,3,\dots \,,} the mth iteration of iterative refinement consists of three steps: Compute the residual error rm r m = b − A x m . {\displaystyle
Iterative_refinement
In graph theory and theoretical computer science, the colour refinement algorithm also known as the naive vertex classification, or the 1-dimensional version
Colour_refinement_algorithm
Algorithms for calculating square roots
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {S}}} , an iterative refinement is performed until some termination criterion is met. One refinement option is Heron's method, a special
Square_root_algorithms
University Computing History Computer Histories – An introductory course on the history of computing Revolution – The First 2000 Years Of Computing, Computer
History_of_computing_hardware
Robert; Tarjan, Robert E. (1987), "Three partition refinement algorithms", SIAM Journal on Computing, 16 (6): 973–989, doi:10.1137/0216062, MR 0917035
Partition_refinement
Curved curface derived from a coarse polygon mesh
new vertices in the mesh are computed based on the positions of nearby old vertices, edges, and/or faces. In many refinement schemes, the positions of old
Subdivision_surface
Environmentally sustainable computing and information technology
the study and practice of environmentally sustainable computing or IT. The goals of green computing include optimising energy efficiency during the product's
Green_computing
Process of linking data objects in distinct models
In computing and data management, data mapping is the process of creating data element mappings between two distinct data models. Data mapping is used
Data_mapping
Canadian computer scientist
supervision of Gary Miller and David O'Hallaron. His dissertation, Delaunay Refinement Mesh Generation, was done at Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science
Jonathan_Shewchuk
British computer scientist
University Computing Laboratory. Official homepage, University of York, UK. Jim Woodcock and Jim Davies, Using Z: Specification, Refinement, and Proof
Jim_Woodcock
Procedure in computing
Extract, transform, load (ETL) is a three-phase computing process where data are extracted from an input source, transformed (including cleaning), and
Extract,_transform,_load
Type of distributed computing architecture
A shared-nothing architecture (SN) is a distributed computing architecture in which each update request is satisfied by a single node (processor/memory/storage
Shared-nothing_architecture
Management framework
areas of improvement, and continuous process improvement actions. Backlog refinement is a process by which team members revise and prioritize a backlog for
Scrum_(project_management)
Point where function's value is zero
Marden's theorem, a refinement of Gauss–Lucas theorem for polynomials of degree three Sendov's conjecture, a conjectured refinement of Gauss-Lucas theorem
Zero_of_a_function
Formal specification language used for describing and modelling computing systems
is a formal specification language used for describing and modelling computing systems. It is targeted at the clear specification of computer programs
Z_notation
Topics referred to by the same term
Join (sigma algebra), a refinement of sigma algebras Join (algebraic geometry), a union of lines between two varieties In computing: Join (relational algebra)
Join
Strategies for composition and decomposition
leadership. A top-down approach (also known as stepwise design and stepwise refinement and in some cases used as a synonym of decomposition) is essentially the
Bottom-up and top-down approaches
Bottom-up_and_top-down_approaches
Generic title of a series of books on algorithms and numerical analysis
Scientific Computing, 1st Edition, 1986, ISBN 0-521-30811-9. (Fortran and Pascal) Numerical Recipes in C. The Art of Scientific Computing, 1st Edition
Numerical_Recipes
Joseph M. "Local bisection refinement for n-simplicial grids generated by reflection." SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 16.1 (1995): 210–227. Arnold
Newest_vertex_bisection
Method of software development
Compared to the Z notation, B is slightly more low-level and more focused on refinement to code rather than just formal specification — hence it is easier to
B-Method
Subdivision surface derived from a triangular mesh
Loop subdivision of an icosahedron; refinement steps zero, one, and two
Loop_subdivision_surface
Platform for conducting testing
rigorous, transparent, and replicable testing of scientific theories, computing tools, and new technologies. The term is used across many disciplines
Testbed
Concepts in theoretical computer science
the principles of distributed computing whose significance and impact on the theory and/or practice of distributed computing have been evident for at least
Safety and liveness properties
Safety_and_liveness_properties
Formal model in concurrency theory
tool developed in the School of Computing at the National University of Singapore. PAT is able to perform refinement checking, LTL model-checking, and
Communicating sequential processes
Communicating_sequential_processes
Process of planning software solutions
identifying and right-sizing components. This method emphasizes continuous refinement as teams develop a more nuanced understanding of system behavior and requirements
Software_design
Generalization of finite element method
of approximation and different levels of mesh refinement and optimized for high-performance computing. It is designed to be able to manage complexities
Hp-FEM
Mathematical ways to group elements of a set
representative element from every equivalence class. A partition α of a set X is a refinement of a partition ρ of X—and we say that α is finer than ρ and that ρ is
Partition_of_a_set
Form of encryption that allows computation on ciphertexts
Client-side encryption – Type of encryption Confidential computing – Privacy-enhancing computing technique Format-preserving encryption – Method in cryptography
Homomorphic_encryption
Property of artificial neural networks
any continuous function of n-dimensional input variables. The following refinement, specifies the optimal minimum width for which such an approximation is
Universal approximation theorem
Universal_approximation_theorem
Swiss computer scientist (1934–2024)
programming around the world, and his paper "Program Development by Stepwise Refinement" (1971) and his book Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs (1976) became
Niklaus_Wirth
Varying methods used to calculate pi
attempt to compute π by this method was carried out by Grienberger in 1630 who calculated 39 decimal places of π using Snell's refinement. For fast calculations
Approximations_of_pi
Refinement of ray tracing that allows for the rendering of "soft" phenomena
also called distribution ray tracing and stochastic ray tracing, is a refinement of ray tracing that allows for the rendering of "soft" phenomena. Conventional
Distributed_ray_tracing
Concept in computing
In computing, a unique type guarantees that an object is used in a single-threaded way, with at most a single reference to it. If a value has a unique
Uniqueness_type
British computer scientist
supervision of Dov Gabbay. The title of his thesis is Nonmonotonic Theory Refinement in Artificial Neural Networks. D'Avila Garcez, Artur S.; Broda, Krysia;
Artur_d'Avila_Garcez
Theorem about a certain class of control-flow graphs
nuances in establishing the foundations of reversible computing compared to traditional computing paradigms. The Böhm–Jacopini proof did not settle the
Structured_program_theorem
American software engineer (1936–2026)
(June 1, 1997). A Constrained Interface Refinement Method for Embedded System Design (Report). Department of Computing, Macquarie University. Krut, Robert
Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)
Margaret_Hamilton_(software_engineer)
Type of artificial intelligence approach
top-down planners used at the time: While not incompatible with successive-refinement models, our view of planning is somewhat different. We share the assumption
Blackboard_system
Clustering and community detection algorithm
resolution limit of modularity), the Leiden algorithm employs an intermediate refinement phase in which communities may be split to guarantee that all communities
Leiden_algorithm
and infinite descending chains. A subset of this lattice is known as a refinement graph. θ-subsumption was first introduced by J. Alan Robinson in 1965
Theta-subsumption
Chilean computer scientist
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM): 24–27, doi:10.1145/193820.193831 Hatipoglu, Bilal; Ozturan, Can (2015), "Parallel triangular mesh refinement by longest
María_Cecilia_Rivara
Software for sequence alignment
and refinement stage. In this first stage, the algorithm produces a multiple alignment, emphasizing speed over accuracy. This step begins by computing the
MUSCLE_(alignment_software)
Aspect of computer science
an actual implementation. Another approach is to use provably correct refinement steps to transform a specification into a design, which is ultimately
Formal_specification
Converting data between different formats
In computing, data transformation is the process of converting data from one format or structure into another format or structure. It is a fundamental
Data transformation (computing)
Data_transformation_(computing)
Algorithm for searching a problem space
Issue on 'Emerging Trends in Soft Computing - Memetic Algorithm' Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, Soft Computing Journal, Completed & In Press
Memetic_algorithm
Parallel processing technique
the 11th International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing. Lamport, Leslie (August 1975). "Multiple byte processing with full-word
SWAR
Mobile operating system
needed] Psion's own PDAs had a GUI named Eikon. Visually, Eikon was a refinement of design choices from Psion's 8- and 16-bit devices. Early iterations
EPOC_(operating_system)
Computer programming paradigm
typical example of a refinement model, and formula evaluation in spreadsheets are a typical example of a perturbation model. The refinement model is more general
Constraint_programming
Time-sharing operating system
Multics ("Multiplexed Information and Computing Service") is an influential early time-sharing operating system based on the concept of a single-level
Multics
BOINC based volunteer computing project researching protein folding
Rosetta@home is a volunteer computing project researching protein structure prediction on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform
Rosetta@home
American computer scientist
National Academy of Engineering in 2005 for developing adaptive mesh refinement algorithms and software that have advanced engineering applications, especially
Marsha_Berger
Molecular dynamics software package
Assisted Model Building with Energy Refinement (AMBER) is a molecular dynamics software package originally developed by Peter Kollman's group at the University
AMBER
British theoretical physicist (born 1953)
"The Father of Quantum Computing". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 8 March 2025. "David Deutsch, father of quantum computing". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613
David_Deutsch
Physical lower limit to energy consumption of computation
stated important limits to an earlier conjecture by John von Neumann. This refinement is sometimes called the Landauer bound, or Landauer limit. In 2008 and
Landauer's_principle
American mathematician
partial differential equations, including high-resolution and adaptive mesh refinement schemes. Colella is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences. Colella
Phillip_Colella
Computer science field
used for verification when two descriptions are not equivalent. During refinement, the specification is complemented with details that are unnecessary in
Model_checking
Formal methods terminology
reflection in programming languages. It can be applied as a stepwise refinement at system design time. Reification is one of the most frequently used
Reification (computer science)
Reification_(computer_science)
Free software project
improved solutions to any of the problems or suggest testing methodology refinement. The developers themselves highlight the fact that those doing research
The Computer Language Benchmarks Game
The_Computer_Language_Benchmarks_Game
Theory of trace monoids
problems of interleaving and non-deterministic choice with regard to refinement in process calculi. Volker Diekert, Grzegorz Rozenberg, eds. The Book
Trace_theory
Graphical symbol or pictogram used to point or indicate direction
century. The arrow can be seen in the work of Paul Klee. In a further refinement of the symbol, John Richard Green's A Short History of the English People
Arrow_(symbol)
computers and the associated special operating software is an example of pen computing technology, and thus the development of tablets has deep historical roots
History_of_tablet_computers
Family of problems in computational geometry
on Computing. 15 (2): 317–340. doi:10.1137/0215023. Kirkpatrick, David G. (1983). "Optimal search in planar subdivisions". SIAM Journal on Computing. 12
Point_location
Method of determining minimum distance between two convex sets
for computing the distance between complex objects in three-dimensional space", Gilbert, Johnson and Keerthi - the initial publication "Computing the
Gilbert–Johnson–Keerthi distance algorithm
Gilbert–Johnson–Keerthi_distance_algorithm
Application of mechanics using computational methods
engineering, for example. With regard to computing, computer programming, algorithms, and parallel computing play a major role in CM. The most widely
Computational_mechanics
in computing. These are human-crafted memes and machine-crafted memes. One of the most widely recognised instantiations of the memetic computing paradigm
Memetic_computing
Computational model used in machine learning
images. Unsupervised pre-training and increased computing power from GPUs and distributed computing allowed the use of larger networks, particularly
Neural network (machine learning)
Neural_network_(machine_learning)
Particle data acquisition technique
parameters include zero error and instrumental broadening, which enhance the refinement process's stability. To elaborate, each voxel in the restructured images
X-ray diffraction computed tomography
X-ray_diffraction_computed_tomography
Context dependence in quantum measurements
advantage and computational speedups in quantum computing. Magic state distillation is a scheme for quantum computing in which quantum circuits constructed only
Quantum_contextuality
computer interests). History of computing hardware (1960s–present) – Context on the "Third Generation" of computing. Plug compatible manufacturer – The
IBM_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs
The Victorian Partnership for Advanced Computing (VPAC) was a leading, independent advanced computing R&D service provider and not-for-profit research
Victorian Partnership for Advanced Computing
Victorian_Partnership_for_Advanced_Computing
Estimate of the importance of a word in a document
models a document as a multiset of words, without word order. It is a refinement over the simple bag-of-words model, by allowing the weight of words to
Tf–idf
Combining of sensor data from disparate sources
Level 3 – Impact assessment Level 4 – Process refinement (i.e. sensor management) Level 5 – User refinement Sensor fusion level can also be defined basing
Sensor_fusion
Sets with no element in common
Robert; Tarjan, Robert E. (1987), "Three partition refinement algorithms", SIAM Journal on Computing, 16 (6): 973–989, doi:10.1137/0216062, MR 0917035
Disjoint_sets
Signal processing technique
progress on this problem involves using an iteratively directional TV refinement for CS reconstruction. This method would have 2 stages: the first stage
Compressed_sensing
Class of microcomputers
was a standard for a home computing architecture that was intended and hoped to become a universal platform for home computing. It was conceived, engineered
Home_computer
American logician (born 1932)
techniques in the semantics of model theory, most importantly presenting a refinement of the canonical model that became standard, and introducing the technique
Dana_Scott
Functional programming language inspired by ML and aimed at program verification
(Inria). Its type system includes dependent types, monadic effects, and refinement types. This allows expressing precise specifications for programs, including
F*_(programming_language)
of the perceived limitations of formal, model based refinement, for situations in which refinement might be regarded as desirable in principle, but turned
Retrenchment_(computing)
Technique used for determining crystal structures and identifying mineral compounds
maps are used to complete the structure. The final step is a numerical refinement of the atomic positions against the experimental data, sometimes assisted
X-ray_crystallography
Attribute of data
exists a. f a to forall r. (forall a. f a -> r) -> r or a similar type. A refinement type is a type endowed with a predicate which is assumed to hold for any
Data_type
American mathematician
methods for low Mach number flows, adaptive mesh refinement, interface tracking and parallel computing. He has also worked on the application of these
John_B._Bell_(mathematician)
FDR (Failures-Divergences Refinement) and subsequently FDR2, FDR3 and FDR4 are refinement checking software tools, designed to check formal models expressed
FDR_(software)
Software that provides access that hides details
variable List of abstractions (computer science) Refinement for the opposite of abstraction in computing Indirection Integer (computer science) Heuristic
Abstraction (computer science)
Abstraction_(computer_science)
Solution of some Diophantine equation
(1993). Hilbert's 10th Problem. MIT Press Series in the Foundations of Computing. Foreword by Martin Davis and Hilary Putnam. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Diophantine_set
German computer scientist
for introducing the concept of action refinement, an analogue of Niklaus Wirth's concept of stepwise refinement in the development of software systems
Ursula_Goltz
Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage
language level, leading to a style of programming that is essentially a refinement of standard object-oriented design. An open-source project in the area
Computer_security
Construct in computational geometry
triangulation. Constrained Delaunay triangulation can also be used in Delaunay refinement methods for mesh generation, as a way to force the mesh to conform with
Constrained Delaunay triangulation
Constrained_Delaunay_triangulation
Triangulation method
improve its quality. For example, smoothing (also referred to as mesh refinement) is one such method, which repositions nodes to minimize element distortion
Delaunay_triangulation
19th century proposed mechanical computer
History of Computing. 22 (4): 5–19. doi:10.1109/85.887986. S2CID 17597243. Cohen, I. Bernard (2000). "8 - Aiken's Background in Computing and Knowledge
Analytical_engine
Overview of and topical guide to software engineering
software; that is the application of engineering to software. The ACM Computing Classification system is a poly-hierarchical ontology that organizes the
Outline of software engineering
Outline_of_software_engineering
Graphical method to simplify Boolean expressions
algebra expression. Maurice Karnaugh introduced the technique in 1953 as a refinement of Edward W. Veitch's 1952 Veitch chart, which itself was a rediscovery
Karnaugh_map
Probabilistic problem-solving algorithm
(perhaps to a feasible level) through parallel computing strategies in local processors, clusters, cloud computing, GPU, FPGA, etc. In financial and safety-critical
Monte_Carlo_method
Subdivision of space into cells
remaining cells will still be hexes. In adaptive mesh refinement, elements are split (h-refinement) in areas where the function being calculated has a high
Mesh_generation
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) special interest group
SIGPLAN is the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group (SIG) on programming languages. This SIG explores programming language concepts
SIGPLAN
Collaborative approach to designing and developing software
complex. A common misconception regarding BDD is that it supposedly is a refinement of test-driven development (TDD). While it was originally derived from
Behavior-driven_development
Academy in Kingsbury, London, England
updated in 2018. The colours have been slightly adjusted with a few colour refinements to make it look more modern. Notable alumni of the school include: Dhiren
Kingsbury_High_School
Vicarious Viewdle Wavii Wildfire Interactive Programs Business Groups Computing University Initiative Contact Lens Content ID CrossCheck Data Liberation
History_of_YouTube
Theoretical computer scientist
Gödel Prize in 1996. A refinement of these methods led to a fully polynomial-time randomised approximation algorithm for computing the permanent, for which
Mark_Jerrum
Type system used in computer programming and mathematics
open to further refinement. [Let]: The rule does not leave any choice. Done. [App]: Only the application rule might force a refinement to the variables
Hindley–Milner_type_system
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