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Clustering and community detection algorithm
The Leiden algorithm is a community detection algorithm developed by Traag et al at Leiden University. It was developed as a modification of the Louvain
Leiden_algorithm
Clustering and community detection algorithm
effectively superseded (at least in the non-overlapping case) by the Leiden algorithm. A worst case example of an arbitrarily badly connected community is
Louvain_method
Measure of network community structure
The Leiden algorithm which additionally avoids unconnected communities. The Vienna Graph Clustering (VieClus) algorithm, a parallel memetic algorithm. Complex
Modularity_(networks)
Method of representing systems
community detection algorithms for biological networks are the Louvain Method and Leiden Algorithm. The Louvain method is a greedy algorithm that attempts to
Biological_network
Dutch mathematician (born 1949)
Lenstra–Lenstra–Lovász lattice basis reduction algorithm (in 1982); Developing a polynomial-time algorithm for solving a feasibility integer programming
Hendrik_Lenstra
identify these groups of patients. One example are the Louvian and the Leiden algorithm, which are based on modularity optimization. Modularity is a scalar
Patient_similarity_network
Rule-based variation of the Islamic calendar
created this algorithm based on statistical analysis of historical data from Kuwait. According to Rob van Gent, the so-called "Kuwaiti algorithm" is simply
Tabular_Islamic_calendar
Dutch physicist (1924–1996)
born in Leiden on 12 October 1924. After finishing high school in 1942, Kasteleyn briefly studied chemistry in Amsterdam. After the war, Leiden University
Pieter_Kasteleyn
Multiplication algorithm
ancient Egypt the concept of base 2 did not exist, the algorithm is essentially the same algorithm as long multiplication after the multiplier and multiplicand
Ancient Egyptian multiplication
Ancient_Egyptian_multiplication
Dutch mathematician and mayor
Dutch East India Company. Hudde initially studied law at the University of Leiden, until he turned to mathematics under the influence of Frans van Schooten
Johannes_Hudde
Logic puzzle
Meili (2022). Generating Pipes puzzles using maze-generating algorithm (PDF) (Thesis). Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS). Archived (PDF)
Pipes_(puzzle)
Professional special interest group on genetic and evolutionary computation
Foundations of Genetic Algorithms FOGA XVIII, Aug (26) 27 – 29, 2025, Leiden, The Netherlands". ACM FOGA 2025: FOGA 2025. Universiteit Leiden. Retrieved 8 November
ACM_SIGEVO
Single-cell sequencing technology
analysis (PCA). Groups of cells are identified using a k-NN algorithm and Leiden algorithm. Finally, the four matrices are combined using matrix factorization
ScGET-seq
Quantum algorithm
eigensolver (VQE) is a quantum algorithm for quantum chemistry, quantum simulations and optimization problems. It is a hybrid algorithm that uses both classical
Variational quantum eigensolver
Variational_quantum_eigensolver
efficiency A property of an algorithm which relates to the number of computational resources used by the algorithm. An algorithm must be analyzed to determine
Glossary_of_computer_science
clinical outliers. Furthermore, algorithms based on modularity optimization (such as the Louvain or Leiden algorithms) and spectral clustering are used
Network_medicine
German-Canadian computer scientist (born 1969)
algorithmics, bioinformatics and operations research. In particular, he works on automated algorithm design and on stochastic local search algorithms
Holger_H._Hoos
Cryptographic hash function
In cryptography, SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) is a hash function which takes an input and produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value known as a message
SHA-1
Dutch mathematician (born 1956)
de Lausanne (EPFL) where he headed of the Laboratory for Cryptologic Algorithms. He studied mathematics at the University of Amsterdam. He is a former
Arjen_Lenstra
Biennial conference series on computational number theory
Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium (ANTS) is a biennial academic conference, first held in Cornell in 1994, constituting an international forum for the
Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium
Algorithmic_Number_Theory_Symposium
efficient matrix multiplication algorithms. For 4 × 4 matrices over the finite field with two elements, AlphaTensor found an algorithm requiring 47 scalar multiplications
List of mathematical discoveries made with artificial intelligence
List_of_mathematical_discoveries_made_with_artificial_intelligence
Dutch computer scientist (1930–2002)
mathematics and physics and then theoretical physics at the University of Leiden. Adriaan van Wijngaarden offered him a job as the first computer programmer
Edsger_W._Dijkstra
Topics referred to by the same term
speech recognition Lebesgue measure, in measure theory Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, used to solve non-linear least squares problems Leading monomial Linear
LM
American mathematician
for his work on generalized Jacobian varieties. He also studied the algorithmic algebraic theory of integration. Rosenlicht was a Fulbright Fellow and
Maxwell_Rosenlicht
Islamic mathematician (c. 780 – c. 850)
name was latinized as Algoritmi, making his name the origin of the word "algorithm". Few details of al-Khwārizmī's life are known with certainty. Ibn al-Nadim
Al-Khwarizmi
Dutch blogger, journalist, mathematician, university professor and television presenter
De Volkskrant). She completed her PhD at Leiden in 2010; her dissertation, On Continued Fraction Algorithms, was supervised by Robert Tijdeman and Cornelis
Ionica_Smeets
mathematics plays a key role in artificial intelligence. For example, many AI algorithms use methods relying on optimization, statistics and linear algebra. On
Mathematics and artificial intelligence
Mathematics_and_artificial_intelligence
Chess-playing computer made by IBM
Deep Blue used custom VLSI chips to parallelize the alpha–beta search algorithm, an example of symbolic AI. The system derived its playing strength mainly
Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)
Azerbaijani-American history professor (born 1947)
specialized in Sovietology, primarily known for the typological model (or "algorithm" in his own words), which describes the impact of a decline in oil revenues
Alec_Rasizade
Dutch mathematician (born 1943)
mathematics at the Leiden University since 1975, and was chairman of the department of mathematics and computer science at Leiden from 1991 to 1993. He
Robert_Tijdeman
AI that generates content
improve algorithms. In 2026, in response to the increasing use of generative AI in mathematical discovery, a group of mathematicians issued the Leiden Declaration
Generative_AI
Polish and Dutch computer scientist (born 1942)
over forty five years. He is a professor at the Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science of Leiden University, The Netherlands and adjoint professor
Grzegorz_Rozenberg
American federal holiday in November
2500 ...). The break in the regular cycle is an effect of the leap year algorithm, which dictates that such years are common years as an adjustment for
Thanksgiving_(United_States)
Open catalog of scholarly papers, authors, institutions, venues, and concepts
the first bibliographic catalogue in human history. In September 2023, Leiden University in the Netherlands announced that it would now use OpenAlex to
OpenAlex
Computer science esearch conference
genetic algorithms had already been established in the form of the ICGA conference in 1985, but the founders of PPSN wanted a wider focus, with algorithms that
Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
Parallel_Problem_Solving_from_Nature
Software system for finding relevant information on the Web
analysis eventually became a crucial component of search engines through algorithms such as Hyper Search and PageRank. The first internet search engines predate
Search_engine
DMT-infused smoking blend
Norman, Alex (2012). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Leiden, Netherlands: BRILL. ISBN 9789004221871. St John, Graham (2017). "Aussiewaska:
Changa_(drug)
Chinese state-run system for evaluating risk
citizen in China has a numerical score that is calculated by computer algorithm. In July 2019, Wired reported that there existed misconceptions regarding
Social_credit_system
Benelux Algorithm Programming Contest (BAPC) is a programming contest for students from Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. It is organized annually
BAPC
Knowledge management and note-taking method
writings" (translated), Johann Jacob Moser (1701–1785) described the algorithms with which he filled his card boxes. The 1796 idyll Leben des Quintus
Zettelkasten
Language family of south China and Southeast Asia
by the Automated Similarity Judgment Program (ASJP), an experimental algorithm for automatic generation of phonologically based phylogenies. The Mandarin
Hmong–Mien_languages
Dutch economist (born 1964)
multidimensional scaling and numerical algorithms in these fields. Groenen received his MA in 1988 at the Leiden University, where in 1993 he received
Patrick_Groenen
Measure of scientific research impact
with an improvement following in 2019. The c-score is calculated by an algorithm that combines all scientific research fields and ranks research from the
Composite_index_(metrics)
1642 painting by Rembrandt
using convolutional neural networks, an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm, based on the copy by Lundens. The recreation corrected for perspective
The_Night_Watch
Italian sociologist (born 1960)
topics: General systems theory, Social memory, Fashion, Finance, and Algorithms and web. Elena Esposito is a Full Professor at the Fakultät für Soziologie
Elena_Esposito
Hypertension occurring during pregnancy
efficacy of aspirin treatment among those identified to be at risk by the algorithm. 150 mg/d aspirin, when taken at bedtime and started before week 16 of
Pre-eclampsia
being, these were quickly applied to digital signal processing using algorithms for improving radar performance. Other advances in radar systems and applications
History_of_radar
Punctuation mark
Pointon & Clark 2014, p. 406. Peters 2007, p. 101. "Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm". Unicode Technical Reports. Unicode Consortium. § 3.1.3 Paired Brackets
Bracket
PCT105. 1989: Karlheinz Brandenburg would publish the audio compression algorithms that would be standardised as the: MPEG-1, layer 3 (mp3), and later the
Timeline of historic inventions
Timeline_of_historic_inventions
Concept in research ethics
unlucky if he cannot pick out fifty or twenty to do the serving up", model/algorithm selection ("another approved receipt (…) is to calculate them by two different
Scientific_integrity
Data that is findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable
to apply not only to data in the conventional sense, but also to the algorithms, tools, and workflows that led to that data: all scholarly digital research
FAIR_data
Australian and American mathematician (born 1975)
programming language BASIC and had written computer programs involving Euclid's algorithm, Fibonacci numbers and prime numbers. He skipped five grades during primary
Terence_Tao
companies including SenseTime, CloudWalk, Yitu, Megvii, and Hikvision built algorithms to allow the Chinese government to track the Muslim minority group. In
Persecution of Uyghurs in China
Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China
Dutch biophysicist
Masters in biology she went to volunteer at a Lab at Leiden University. It was when volunteering at Leiden University that she met Hesper and coined the term
Paulien_Hogeweg
Blockage of an artery in the lungs
unlikely. Consider D-dimer to rule out PE. Recommendations for a diagnostic algorithm were published by the PIOPED investigators; however, these recommendations
Pulmonary_embolism
Method of problem-solving
virtue of them being able to reproduce. Bogosort, a conceptual sorting algorithm (that is extremely inefficient and impractical), can be viewed as a trial-and-error
Trial_and_error
Type of financial fraud
May 2022 collapse of TerraUSD, a stablecoin propped up by a complex algorithmic mechanism offering 20% yields, was described as "Ponzinomics" by Wired
Ponzi_scheme
Greek librarian, mathematician, geographer, and poet
a model in bronze, with a letter and an epigram. Eratosthenes used an algorithm that allows one to separate all prime numbers from the set of all odd
Eratosthenes
Scottish philosopher, historian, economist and essayist (1711–1776)
selection, the 'continued improvement' being like "any Darwinian selection algorithm". In his discussion of miracles, Hume argues that we should not believe
David_Hume
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
in the absence of an algorithmic scientific method; in that case, "science is best understood through examples". But algorithmic methods, such as disproof
Scientific_method
Abrahamic monotheistic religion
been the first programmable machine. In mathematics, the concept of the algorithm is named after Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, who is considered a founder
Islam
Military occupation by Israel since 1967
carried out attacks and, according to security expert, Ronen Bergman, no algorithm could identify lone-wolf attackers. One of the first things Israel captured
Israeli occupation of the West Bank
Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank
Third Islamic caliphate
mathematician Diophantus has also been given this title. The terms algorism and algorithm are derived from the name of al-Khwarizmi, who was also responsible for
Abbasid_Caliphate
learning. Major advances in this field can result from advances in learning algorithms (such as deep learning), computer hardware, and, less intuitively, the
List of datasets for machine-learning research
List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research
Metric of scholarly journals
inspired by, and using an algorithm similar to, PageRank. The SJR indicator computation is carried out using an iterative algorithm that distributes prestige
SCImago_Journal_Rank
Method of reasoning and philosophical argument
dictionary. Learning materials related to the Dialectic algorithm at Wikiversity – an algorithm based on the principles of classical dialectics "Hegel's
Dialectic
the government of China issued the widespread use of internet censors. Algorithms designed by tech companies including Alibaba and Tuputech, these censors
Pornography_in_China
interstellar molecular clouds and their role in star and planet formation." Leiden University Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics 2026 Chihaya
List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics
List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physics
Probability puzzle
letter from Craig Whitaker]. Ask Marilyn". Parade. p. 16. The Wikibook Algorithm Implementation has a page on the topic of: Monty Hall problem simulation
Monty_Hall_problem
Chicago Press. Sun, P. (2019). Your order, their labor: An exploration of algorithms and laboring on food delivery platforms in China. Chinese Journal of Communication
Bibliography of the Xi Jinping era
Bibliography_of_the_Xi_Jinping_era
Love focused on feelings
focuses more on gamified appearance-based interactions over actual matching algorithms and profile preparation. The philosopher Plato wrote the first major treatment
Romance
Aries Book Series: Texts and Studies in Western Esotericism. Vol. 21. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 370–371. ISBN 978-90-04-28828-7. McLaughlin, Daniel
List_of_conspiracy_theories
Lebanese hematologist
writing about Anemia over the past 10 years by Expertscape's PubMed-based algorithms. He has been invited to over 200 conferences both regionally and internationally
Ali_T._Taher
Class of arthropods
Teeling, Emma (ed.). "Comprehensive Species Sampling and Sophisticated Algorithmic Approaches Refute the Monophyly of Arachnida". Molecular Biology and
Merostomata
Languages associated with scientific research
argument against the statistical methods in translation is that when the algorithm suggests the most probable translation, it eliminates alternative options
Languages_of_science
Non-usage of animal products
Behringer S, Grünert SC, Spiekerkoetter U, et al. (2016). "Biomarkers and Algorithms for the Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency". Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
Veganism
Dutch physicist (born 1969)
physics and solving puzzles. Terhal completed her PhD Cum Laude on "Quantum Algorithms and Quantum Entanglement" at the University of Amsterdam in 1999, making
Barbara_Terhal
(STR) data published as part of these studies by Hawass et al., using an algorithm that only has three choices: Eurasians, sub-Saharan Africans, and East
Population_history_of_Egypt
Force resulting from the quantisation of a field
Apparatus used by Sparnaay for the first measurement of the Casimir effect in 1958 (part of the collection of the Museum Boerhaave in Leiden)
Casimir_effect
Sound frequency changes responsible for perceptions of loudness, pitch and timbre
S2CID 34271886. Taal CH, Hendriks RC, Heusdens R, Jensen J (September 2011). "An Algorithm for Intelligibility Prediction of Time–Frequency Weighted Noisy Speech"
Temporal envelope and fine structure
Temporal_envelope_and_fine_structure
Social movement inspired by psychedelic drugs
Movement" (PDF). In Asprem, E. (ed.). Dictionary of Contemporary Esotericism. Leiden: Brill. Retrieved 25 August 2026. Greer, J. Christian (2022). "The Greening
Psychedelicism
Pharaoh of Egypt 1333-1324 BCE
Deir el Bahari. Keita analysed the STR data from these studies using an algorithm that only has three choices: Eurasians, sub-Saharan Africans, and East
Tutankhamun
Study: Berestology". Old Russian birchbark letter: a pragmatic approach. Leiden. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-04-35320-6. OCLC 1030304572. “Biocenology.” Dictionary
List of words with the suffix -ology
List_of_words_with_the_suffix_-ology
Logic puzzle forming a picture in a grid
category of NP-hard problems, meaning that there is no polynomial time algorithm that solves all nonogram puzzles unless P = NP. However, certain classes
Nonogram
Idea of being born empty of mental content
"Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm." arXiv:1712.01815 cs.AI. Aquinas, Thomas. [1485] 1952. Summa Theologica
Tabula_rasa
Finite sum of distinct unit fractions
sometimes Fibonacci's greedy algorithm is attributed to James Joseph Sylvester. After his description of the greedy algorithm, Fibonacci suggests yet another
Egyptian_fraction
Cultural idea that spreads through imitation
Evolutionary biology Framing (social sciences) Infodemic The Leiden school Memetic algorithm Memetic engineering Muslim meme Phraseme Propaganda Psycholinguistics
Meme
Historical region of West Asia
arithmetical system with which they were able to do calculations in an algorithmic fashion. The Babylonian clay tablet YBC 7289 (c. 1800–1600 BC) gives
Mesopotamia
Automatic mechanical calculator
Thus p(5) is 22 + 15 = 37. In order to compute p(6), we iterate the same algorithm on the p(5) values: take 4 from the fourth column, add that to the third
Difference_engine
Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
Databases". Leiden, the Netherlands: Leiden University Medical Center. Retrieved 18 October 2015. "Welcome to the Mutalyzer website". Leiden, the Netherlands:
Mutation
Attributing events to an improbable conspiracy
Contemporary Religion. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 17. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 407–422. doi:10.1163/9789004382022_020. ISBN 978-90-04-38150-6
Conspiracy_theory
mathematician al-Khwārizmī (c. 780 – 850). The word algorism later became algorithm, modeled after the word logarithm, and is a transcription of al-Khwārizmī's
List of English translations from medieval sources: A
List_of_English_translations_from_medieval_sources:_A
German artist and theorist (1471–1528)
Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Classical Tradition. Leiden: Brill. p. 305. ISBN 978-90-04-14221-3. Retrieved 4 December 2021. Cascone
Albrecht_Dürer
Frisch–Waugh–Lovell theorem, Conjectural variation Jan Tinbergen (1903–1994) Netherlands Leiden University (PhD, economics and physics) Erasmus University Econometrics
List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences
List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences
Problem in number theory
2 | {\displaystyle |x^{3}-y^{2}|} via lattice reduction", Algorithmic number theory (Leiden, 2000), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1838, Springer
Sums_of_three_cubes
State of matter
Einstein's manuscript, once believed to be lost, was found in a library at Leiden University in 2005. Einstein then extended Bose's ideas to matter in two
Bose–Einstein_condensate
Ethnic group
Aldebaran, scientific terms like alchemy (whence also chemistry), algebra, algorithm, etc. and names of commodities such as sugar, camphor, cotton, coffee
Arabs
Hypothetical group of multiple universes
principle can be stated more formally using the notion of algorithmic information content. The algorithmic information content in a number is, roughly speaking
Multiverse
4th-century Alexandrian astronomer and mathematician
her students. According to Mary Ellen Waithe, Hypatia used an unusual algorithm for division (in the then-standard sexagesimal numeral system), making
Hypatia
Question of the race of ancient Egyptians
(STR) data published as part of these studies by Hawass et al., using an algorithm that only has three choices: Eurasians, sub-Saharan Africans, and East
Ancient Egyptian race controversy
Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy
travel, tourism, insurance
LEIDEN ALGORITHM
LEIDEN ALGORITHM
LEIDEN ALGORITHM
LEIDEN ALGORITHM
LEIDEN ALGORITHM
LEIDEN ALGORITHM
LEIDEN ALGORITHM
LEIDEN ALGORITHM
LEIDEN ALGORITHM
travel, tourism, insurance