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Time-sharing operating system
that Multics "has influenced all modern operating systems since, from microcomputers to mainframes." Initial planning and development for Multics started
Multics
Multics version of Emacs text editor
Multics Emacs is an early implementation of the Emacs text editor. It was written in Maclisp by Bernard Greenberg at Honeywell's Cambridge Information
Multics_Emacs
Means of entering commands to software
to implement the idea in the Multics operating system. Pouzin returned to his native France in 1965, and the first Multics shell was developed by Glenda
Command-line_interface
American computer scientist known for Unix (born 1943)
Bell Labs, Thompson and Dennis Ritchie worked on the Multics operating system. While writing Multics, Thompson created the Bon programming language. He
Ken_Thompson
Family of computer operating systems
General Electric were developing Multics, a time-sharing operating system for the GE 645 mainframe computer. Multics features several innovations, but
Unix
Shell command for listing files
command appeared in the first version of AT&T UNIX. The name inherited from Multics and is short for "list". ls is part of the X/Open Portability Guide since
Ls
an experimental time-sharing operating system called Multics for the GE-645 mainframe. Multics introduced many innovations, but also had many problems
History_of_Unix
Machine instruction code that executes properly regardless of where in memory it resides
segmented systems such as Burroughs MCP on the Burroughs B5000 (1961) and Multics (1964), and on paging systems such as IBM TSS/360 (1967), code was also
Position-independent_code
Early typesetting programs
then moved the BCPL version to Multics when the IBM 7094 on which CTSS ran was being shut down. Documentation for the Multics version of RUNOFF described
TYPSET_and_RUNOFF
Computer files in nested directories
items in the list separated by path separators. The path separator is > on Multics, / on Unix-like systems, and \ on MS-DOS 2.0 and later, Windows, and OS/2
Hierarchical_file_system
Special characters in computing signifying the end of a line of text
system.[citation needed] The Multics operating system began development in 1964 and used LF alone as its newline. Multics used a device driver to translate
Newline
Text typesetting markup software
systems. Roff was a Unix version of the runoff text-formatting program from Multics, which was a descendant of RUNOFF for CTSS (the first computerized text-formatting
Roff_(software)
Command used to begin execution of a program
functionality called KRunner. It is accessible via the same key binds. The Multics shell includes a run command to run a command in an isolated environment
Run_command
Layer of protection in computer systems
levels. Multics was an operating system designed specifically for a special CPU architecture (which in turn was designed specifically for Multics), and
Protection_ring
American computer scientist known for Unix (1941–2011)
dissertation. During the 1960s, Ritchie and Ken Thompson worked on the Multics operating system at Bell Labs. Thompson then found an old PDP-7 machine
Dennis_Ritchie
Computer memory management technique
"The Multics Virtual Memory: Concepts and Design". Communications of the ACM. 15 (5): 308–318. doi:10.1145/355602.361306. S2CID 6434322. "Multics Execution
Virtual_memory
Character encoding standard
what terminals and printers needed to receive, to display that material. Multics introduced an innovation: it used only one character (LF), to represent
ASCII
Relational database for the Multics operating system
The Multics Relational Data Store, or MRDS for short, was the first commercial relational database management system. It was written in PL/1 by Honeywell
Multics_Relational_Data_Store
Computing resource shared by concurrent users
Thesis, 1973. "40 years of Multics, 1969-2009", an interview with Professor Fernando J. Corbató on the history of Multics and origins of time-sharing
Time-sharing
Type of malware
a US Air Force report in 1974 on the analysis of vulnerability in the Multics computer systems. The term "trojan horse" was popularized by Ken Thompson
Trojan_horse_(computing)
Software that translates code from one programming language to another
CMU team went on to develop BLISS-11 compiler one year later in 1970. Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service), a time-sharing operating
Compiler
System allowing a device to imitate another
DPS8M Simulator running Multics on Linux
Emulator
Utility software for combining files
computing, Multics provided the archive command – a basic archiver without compression – that descended from the CTSS command of the same name. Multics also
File_archiver
Hobbyist use of older computer equipment
holder of Multics) which released the source code for MR12.5, the final official 1992 Multics release, to MIT in 2006. The release of Multics source code
Retrocomputing
Family of text editors
Bernard Greenberg wrote Multics Emacs almost entirely in Multics Lisp at Honeywell's Cambridge Information Systems Lab. Multics Emacs was later maintained
Emacs
American computer scientist (1926–2019)
second project, Multics, which was adopted by General Electric for its high-end computer systems (later acquired by Honeywell). Multics pioneered many
Fernando_J._Corbató
Mainframe computer
645 mainframe computer was a development of the GE 635 for use in the Multics project. This was the first computer that implemented a configurable hardware
GE_645
American cryptographer (1932–2011)
compiler called EPL for the Multics project. The pair also contributed a version of runoff text-formatting program for Multics. Morris's contributions to
Robert_Morris_(cryptographer)
1970 mainframe computer
the 6180, and supported Multics. Lower-end Level 66 and Level 68 processors were introduced in 1975; in the case of the Multics compatible 68/60, the key
Honeywell_6000_series
Operating system from General Electric
information. Multics today, under the DPS8M simulator, retains the capability of running GCOS jobs, both batch and timesharing, via the "Multics GCOS Environment
General Comprehensive Operating System
General_Comprehensive_Operating_System
Form of computer communication over the internet or locally
Time-Sharing System (CTSS) and Multiplexed Information and Computing Service (Multics) in the mid-1960s. Initially, some of these systems were used as notification
Instant_messaging
Direct interface to an operating system
Tool for Calling and Chaining Procedures in the System In 1964, for the Multics operating system, Louis Pouzin conceived the idea of "using commands somehow
Shell_(computing)
General-purpose programming language
implemented in a language other than assembly. Earlier instances include the Multics system (which was written in PL/I) and Master Control Program (MCP) for
C_(programming_language)
Programming language for automation scripts
Retrieved March 9, 2012. Van Vleck, Thomas (ed.). "Multics Glossary – A — (active function)". Multics. Retrieved March 9, 2012. Varian, Melinda (April 1991)
Scripting_language
Code-breaking game
known as MOO was widely available for early mainframe computers, Unix and Multics systems, among others. The game is usually played with four digits, but
Bulls_and_cows
Cooling of air in an enclosed space
Sally; Rognoni, Magda (2006). "Vulnerability to Heat-Related Mortality: A Multicity, Population-Based, Case-Crossover Analysis". Epidemiology. 17 (3): 315–323
Air_conditioning
Fatal error condition in Unix-like operating systems
difference between the design philosophies of Unix and its predecessor Multics. Multics developer Tom van Vleck recalls a discussion of this change with Unix
Kernel_panic
American mathematician and computer scientist (1931–2012)
head of the Multics project at Bell Labs and later executive director of Research in the Information Systems Division of AT&T Bell Labs. Multics directly
Victor_A._Vyssotsky
General Electric mainframe computers
used by the Dartmouth Time-Sharing System (DTSS) and the Multics operating system. Multics was supported by virtual memory additions made in the GE 645
GE-600_series
Command-line interpreter for Unix operating system
It was modeled after the Multics shell, developed in 1965 by American software engineer Glenda Schroeder. Schroeder's Multics shell was itself modeled
Unix_shell
Command in various operating systems
which was rewritten by Daniel Papasian using the C programming language. Multics uses the command where abbreviated as wh. The command is available as a
Which_(command)
1979 computer spreadsheet application
developed for the Apple II computer using a 6502 assembler running on the Multics time-sharing system, VisiCalc was ported to numerous platforms, both 8-bit
VisiCalc
Line-oriented text editor for the SDS 940
introducing regular expressions. Thompson rewrote QED in BCPL for Multics. The Multics version was ported to the GE-600 system used at Bell Labs in the
QED_(text_editor)
Topics referred to by the same term
an Ethernet protocol Early PL/I, a PL/I subset dialect used to write Multics Extensor pollicis longus muscle External plexiform layer École polytechnique
EPL
American multinational conglomerate (1892–2024)
Bell Laboratories (which soon dropped out) joined with MIT to develop the Multics operating system on the GE 645 mainframe computer. The project took longer
General_Electric
Procedural, imperative computer programming language
publishing it in the GY33-6003 manual. These manuals were used by the Multics group and other early implementers. The first compiler was delivered in
PL/I
1969 video game
Bell Labs on the Multics operating system on a GE 645 mainframe. During his work, Thompson developed Space Travel on the system. Multics was a collaborative
Space_Travel_(video_game)
Software that manages computer hardware resources
multiple users could access the computer simultaneously. The operating system MULTICS was intended to allow hundreds of users to access a large computer. Despite
Operating_system
Computer file containing plain text
keep track of the file size in bytes. Some operating systems, such as Multics, Unix-like systems, CP/M, DOS, the classic Mac OS, and Windows, store text
Text_file
descriptor from Multics. The definitions include a structure for the base array information and a structure for each dimension. (Multics ran on systems
Data_descriptor
Filename suffix indicating file type
operating systems to adopt the same concept, first with CP/M and then DOS. The Multics file system took this concept further by adopting the concept of making
Filename_extension
Programmable text editor
TECO Screenshot of Multics TECO opening a file Original author Dan Murphy Release 1962/63 Operating system OS/8, ITS, TOPS-10, TOPS-20, RT-11, RSTS/E
TECO_(text_editor)
Security by granting only essential access
Jerome H. (1974). "Protection and the control of information sharing in multics". Communications of the ACM. 17 (7): 388–402. doi:10.1145/361011.361067
Principle_of_least_privilege
Shell command for writing to standard output
Windows Multics OS/2 DOS TSC FLEX MetaComCo TRIPOS Zilog Z80-RIO OS-9 Panos FlexOS ReactOS MPE/iX KolibriOS SymbOS EFI shell. echo began within Multics. After
Echo_(command)
Reliance on design or implementation secrecy for security
Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS) say it was coined in opposition to Multics users down the hall, for whom security was far more an issue than on ITS
Security_through_obscurity
American software engineer
changes for MR 4.0, T. H. Van Vleck, MULTICS OPERATING STAFF NOTE MOSN-A001, Honeywell, April 23, 1976 The Multics System Programming Process, Van Vleck
Tom_Van_Vleck
Message shown to computer users on login
the day are fetched from a system file: Compatible Time-Sharing System; Multics: the motd info segment; TOPS-10 Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS) Unix-like
Message_of_the_day
Shell command that reports the working directory
print_wdir, pwd (Multics help segment)". MIT. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2020. Van Vleck, Tom. "Unix and Multics". Multicians
Pwd
Computer memory management scheme
70/46 and the Time Sharing Operating System (TSOS) (1967), the GE 645 and Multics (1969), and the DEC PDP-10 with added BBN-designed paging hardware and
Memory_paging
Historical programming language
McIlroy and Bob Morris wrote Multics runoff in BCPL based on Jerry Saltzer's MAD version of RUNOFF for CTSS.", "Multics Software Features: Section 1.7
MAD_(programming_language)
Computing process created by another process
which introduced sub-tasking (see task). The current form in Unix draws on Multics (1969),[dubious – discuss] while the Windows NT form draws on OpenVMS (1978)
Child_process
Minicomputer introduced in 1964
first UNIX system, then named Unics as a pun on Multics despite only using two design elements from Multics, in assembly language on a PDP-7, as the operating
PDP-7
Form of interprocess communication
found already in the 1971 description of the input-output subsystem of the Multics OS. However, prior to the introduction of UNIX OS with its "pipes", redirection
Redirection_(computing)
American multinational industrial automation company pvt ltd
GE's ongoing Multics operating system project. The design and features of Multics greatly influenced the Unix operating system. Multics influenced many
Honeywell
TOS/360 (IBM's Tape Operating System) Livermore Time Sharing System (LTSS) Multics (MIT, GE, Bell Labs for the GE-645) (announced) Pick operating system SIPROS
Timeline_of_operating_systems
in 1961 and in production use from 1964 to 1974. It paved the way for Multics, CP/CMS, and all other time-sharing environments. Time-sharing concepts
History_of_CP/CMS
American computer scientist (born 1932)
Unix. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s McIlroy contributed programs for Multics (such as RUNOFF) and Unix operating systems (such as diff, echo, tr, join
Douglas_McIlroy
Topics referred to by the same term
Uniplexed, the rumored U in Unix (or Unics); as opposed to the multiplexed of Multics Uniplex (UK) Ltd., litigant in a European Court of Justice case regarding
Uniplex
Division of computer's primary memory into separately relocatable segments or sections
segmentation and paging support added, was designed in 1964 to support Multics. The Intel iAPX 432, begun in 1975, attempted to implement a true segmented
Memory_segmentation
Technology research and development agency of the U.S. Department of Defense
time-sharing. All modern operating systems rely on concepts invented for the Multics system, developed by a cooperation among Bell Labs, General Electric and
DARPA
Method of bypassing authentication or encryption in a computer
Schell (1974), which was a United States Air Force security analysis of Multics, where they described such an attack on a PL/I compiler, and call it a
Backdoor_(computing)
Technology for controlling access to file system items
the author of the file to change the file's permissions. Users on the Multics time-sharing system have a "Person_id", and projects have a "Project_id";
File-system_permissions
American computer scientist (1932–2026)
the principles that make them fail less often.. Neumann worked on the Multics operating system in the 1960s, and edited the RISKS Digest columns for
Peter_G._Neumann
List of permissions for a system resource
implementation; the first implementation of ACLs was in the filesystem of Multics in 1965. A filesystem ACL is a data structure (usually a table) containing
Access-control_list
Computer storage term
levels of storage types. Multics, for instance, had three levels originally: main memory, a high-speed drum, and disks. Multics was highly influential,
Single-level_store
Command in various command line shells
shell environment. The command is available in operating systems such as Multics, Heath Company HDOS, CP/M Plus, DOS, IBM OS/2, eComStation, ArcaOS, IBM
Help_(command)
Computer operating system
direction taken by CTSS, and later, Multics; the name was a parody of "CTSS", as later the name "Unix" was a parody of "Multics". CTSS and ITS file systems have
Compatible Time-Sharing System
Compatible_Time-Sharing_System
Software for editing plain text documents
original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2014-06-06. "Multics Emacs: The History, Design and Implementation". Some Multics users purchased these terminals ..., using
Text_editor
Software development philosophy
Addison-Wesley, September 17, 2003 (ISBN 0-13-142901-9) Final Report of the Multics Kernel Design Project by M. D. Schroeder, D. D. Clark, J. H. Saltzer, and
Unix_philosophy
Universities Joint Computer Centre, a large user of Multics requested the SWURCC team to produce a Multics version of ALGOL 68RS. A version for the Digital
ALGOL_68RS
463. ISBN 9781430219491. The things that I [Ken Thompson] liked [about Multics] enough to actually take were the hierarchical file system and the shell
Time-sharing_system_evolution
Laboratory at US university
early focuses of Project MAC was the development of a successor to CTSS, Multics, which became the first high availability computer system, and a testing
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory
Equal sharing of all resources by multiple identical processors
multiprocessor GE-635 systems ran in a master-slave asymmetric fashion, unlike Multics on multiprocessor GE-645 systems, which ran in a symmetric fashion. Starting
Symmetric_multiprocessing
Operating system
overall structure has much in common with Multics, and many of the system's features can be traced back to Multics to varying degrees. The system exposes
Stratus_VOS
Programming language used in many domains
of PL/I was used as the standard systems programming language for the Multics operating system. Since PL/I, the distinction between scientific and commercial
General-purpose programming language
General-purpose_programming_language
Coordinated cutover for incompatible changes in software or protocols
versions to coexist during the transition. The term is commonly traced to the Multics project: a system-wide change to the system's handling of the ASCII character
Flag_day_(computing)
Microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in the Earth's atmosphere
A; Talbott, EO; Rager, JR; Tolbert, PE; Sarnat, SE (November 2018). "A multicity study of air pollution and cardiorespiratory emergency department visits:
Particulate_matter
1960s computer command processor
CTSS circa 1963. He released a paper in 1965 describing a design for the Multics shell which includes a brief description of RUNCOM followed by a second
RUNCOM
Concurrent execution of multiple processes
preemptively. Preemptive multitasking was implemented in the PDP-6 Monitor and Multics in 1964, in OS/360 MFT in 1967, and in Unix in 1969, and was available
Computer_multitasking
List of programming languages types and the languages that meet its description
Corporation 1961 ALGOL 60 MCP PL/I IBM, SHARE 1964 ALGOL 60, FORTRAN, some COBOL Multics PL360 Niklaus Wirth 1968 ALGOL 60 ALGOL W C Dennis Ritchie 1969 BCPL Most
List of programming languages by type
List_of_programming_languages_by_type
Operating system feature that integrates dynamic libraries into a program at runtime
where specific reentrant modules are loaded at system startup time. In the Multics operating system all files, including executables, are segments. A call
Dynamic_linker
Computer key
powerful Emacs text editor, which had, or would receive, influential ports on Multics, Unix, and many other operating systems, and saw wide adoption at institutions
Super_key_(keyboard_button)
Programming paradigm in which many processes are executed simultaneously
of speed-up due to parallelism. In 1969, Honeywell introduced its first Multics system, a symmetric multiprocessor system capable of running up to eight
Parallel_computing
2019 New York Times project
television series based on the 1619 Project were in development, along with a multicity exhibition. A children's picture book adaptation The 1619 Project: Born
The_1619_Project
Unix command interpreter
in Unix's precursor Multics. An early feature of the Thompson shell was a compact syntax for input/output redirection. In Multics, redirecting the input
Thompson_shell
Core of a computer operating system
For this reason, security and access control became a major focus of the Multics project in 1965. Another ongoing issue was properly handling computing
Kernel_(operating_system)
American computer scientist
scientist, known for his work on Multics and the Lisp machine. In 1978, Greenberg implemented Multics Emacs using Multics Maclisp. The success of this effort
Bernard_Greenberg
Function that interpolates text
functionally originates in MIT's Lisp Machine Lisp, where it was based on Multics. The format function is specified by the syntax: format destination controlString
Format_(Common_Lisp)
Organized collection of data in computing
one, Business System 12, both now discontinued. Honeywell wrote MRDS for Multics, and now there are two new implementations: Alphora Dataphor and Rel. Most
Database
American psychologist and computer scientist (1915-1990)
of the first online setups with the development of Multics (work on which commenced in 1964). Multics provided inspiration for some elements of the Unix
J._C._R._Licklider
travel, tourism, insurance
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MULTICS
MULTICS
MULTICS
MULTICS
MULTICS
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travel, tourism, insurance