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Computer science field
In computer science, model checking or property checking is a method for checking whether a finite-state model of a system meets a given specification
Model_checking
abstraction model checking is a form of model checking for systems where an actual representation is too complex in developing the model alone. So, the
Abstract_model_checking
Transition system
the transition system, originally proposed by Saul Kripke, used in model checking to represent the behavior of a system. It consists of a graph whose
Kripke structure (model checking)
Kripke_structure_(model_checking)
This article lists model checking tools and gives an overview of the functionality of each. The following table includes model checkers that have a web
List_of_model_checking_tools
Proving or disproving the correctness of certain intended algorithms
dictionary. Automated theorem proving Model checking List of model checking tools Formal equivalence checking Proof checker Property Specification Language
Formal_verification
In model checking, a subfield of computer science, a clock is a mathematical object used to model time. More precisely, a clock measures how much time
Clock_(model_checking)
Computer science textbook
Principles of Model Checking is a textbook on model checking, an area of computer science that automates the problem of determining if a machine meets
Principles_of_Model_Checking
Process of analyzing computer program behavior
[clarification needed] Model checking refers to strict, formal, and automated ways to check if a model (which in this context means a formal model of a piece of
Program_analysis
American computer scientist (1954–2024)
development of symbolic model checking. The citation reads: For their invention of symbolic model checking, a method of formally checking system designs, which
E._Allen_Emerson
In model checking, a subfield of computer science, a signal or timed state sequence is an extension of the notion of words in a formal language, in which
Signal_(model_checking)
In model checking, a field of computer science, a region is a convex polytope in R d {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}} for some dimension d {\displaystyle
Region_(model_checking)
Computer program for the Boolean satisfiability problem
verification of hardware and software. In model checking (in particular, bounded model checking), SAT solvers are used to check whether a finite-state system satisfies
SAT_solver
Modal temporal logic with modalities referring to time
computer science, this type of model checking is often used to verify that an algorithm is structured correctly. To check LTL specifications on infinite
Linear_temporal_logic
Mathematical program specifications
intervention. Model checkers can quickly get bogged down in checking millions of uninteresting states if not given a sufficiently abstract model. Proponents
Formal_methods
Computer language security feature
Taint checking is a feature in some computer programming languages, such as Perl, Ruby or Ballerina designed to increase security by preventing malicious
Taint_checking
Greek-French computer scientist
along with Edmund M. Clarke and E. Allen Emerson, for his work on model checking. Joseph Sifakis was born in Heraklion, Crete in 1946 and lives in France
Joseph_Sifakis
American computer scientist (1945–2020)
was an American computer scientist and academic noted for developing model checking, a method for formally verifying hardware and software designs. He was
Edmund_M._Clarke
Technique for symbolic model checking and logic calculi
Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement (CEGAR) is a technique for symbolic model checking. It is also applied in modal logic tableau calculi algorithms to optimise
Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement
Counterexample-guided_abstraction_refinement
Declarative specification language
designed for model-checking in that it permits the definition of infinite models. The Alloy Analyzer is designed to perform finite scope checks even on infinite
Alloy (specification language)
Alloy_(specification_language)
used for a variety of other purposes, including model checking of distributed applications model checking of user interfaces test case generation by means
Java_Pathfinder
Analysis of computer programs without executing them
language extended with ACSL (ANSI/ISO C Specification Language) ). Model checking, considers systems that have finite state or may be reduced to finite
Static_program_analysis
Statistics models class
In statistics, a generalized additive model (GAM) is a generalized linear model in which the linear response variable depends linearly on unknown smooth
Generalized_additive_model
Principle in AI development
systems. Much of this work showed how formal verification techniques like model checking could be used to gain a high level of assurance that agent based systems
Agent_verification
Tool for verifying the correctness of software models
then converted into Büchi automata as part of the model-checking algorithm. In addition to model-checking, SPIN can also operate as a simulator, following
SPIN_model_checker
path includes all members of F infinitely often. Fair CTL model checking restricts the checks to only fair paths. There are two kinds of fair quantifiers:
Fair_computational_tree_logic
Formal model in concurrency theory
support for analysis of CSP processes both through refinement checking, and LTL model-checking. ProB can also be used to verify properties of combined CSP
Communicating sequential processes
Communicating_sequential_processes
In computer science, especially model checking and abstract interpretation, widening refers to at least two different techniques in the analysis of abstract
Widening_(computer_science)
Class of process mining techniques
process conformance checking (a.k.a. conformance checking for short) is a family of process mining techniques to compare a process model with an event log
Conformance_checking
Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true
electronic design automation (EDA) include formal equivalence checking, model checking, formal verification of pipelined microprocessors, automatic test
Boolean satisfiability problem
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Formal specification language
are written in a formal language, they are amenable to finite model checking. The model checker finds all possible system behaviours up to some number
TLA+
Branching-time logic that is a superset of LTL and CTL
years later in 1981 E. M. Clarke and E. A. Emerson invented CTL and CTL model checking. CTL* was defined by E. A. Emerson and Joseph Y. Halpern in 1983. CTL
CTL*
Approach to static program analysis
multiplication. These domains can be combined using the reduced product. Model checking Symbolic simulation Symbolic execution List of tools for static code
Abstract_interpretation
Israeli computer scientist
model checking, program synthesis and runtime verification. With Edmund M. Clarke and Orna Grumberg, he is the coauthor of the book Model Checking (MIT
Doron_A._Peled
verification Tool (BLAST) is a software model checking tool for C programs. The task addressed by BLAST is the need to check whether software satisfies the behavioral
BLAST_model_checker
Application of model-based design
producing test cases. Model checkers can also be used for test case generation. Originally model checking was developed as a technique to check if a property
Model-based_testing
Israeli computer scientist
Chair of Science at the Technion. Grumberg is noted for developing model checking, a method for formally verifying hardware and software designs. With
Orna_Grumberg
specifications. Model checking and symbolic execution are used to verify the safety-critical properties of device drivers. The input to the model checker is
Device driver synthesis and verification
Device_driver_synthesis_and_verification
developed for checking that a program conforms to a hyperproperty. HyperLTL and some model checking algorithms have been developed for checking that a finite
Hyperproperty
Nonlinear relationship between stress and strain
elastic-plastic transition. As it is a phenomenological model, checking the fit of the model with actual experimental data for the particular material
Ramberg–Osgood_relationship
Subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic
Computer-aided proof Formal verification Logic programming Proof checking Model checking Proof complexity Computer algebra system Program analysis (computer
Automated_theorem_proving
Programming language
subsequently use mCRL2 for model checking against mu-calculus property specifications. (Alternatively, the Vereofy model checker also supports verification
Reo_Coordination_Language
Fragment of metric temporal logic
In model checking, the Metric Interval Temporal Logic (MITL) is a fragment of Metric Temporal Logic (MTL). This fragment is often preferred to MTL because
Metric interval temporal logic
Metric_interval_temporal_logic
Symbolic trajectory evaluation (STE) is a lattice-based model checking technology that uses a form of symbolic simulation. STE is essentially used for
Symbolic trajectory evaluation
Symbolic_trajectory_evaluation
ISBN 978-3-540-32419-5. Maler, Oded; Nickovic, Dejan; Pnueli, Amir (2008). "Checking temporal properties of discrete, timed and continuous behaviors". Pillars
Metric_temporal_logic
Extension of propositional modal logic
Doron A. Peled (1999). Model Checking. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT press. ISBN 0-262-03270-8., chapter 7, Model checking for the μ-calculus, pp
Modal_μ-calculus
continuous PDDL+ models with processes and events; also timed initial literals and timed initial fluents. rumur Model checking list of model checking tools Dill
Murφ
automata; a transformation is given here. In formal verification, the model checking method needs to obtain an automaton from a LTL formula that specifies
Generalized_Büchi_automaton
Reimplementation and extension of SMV model checker
model checker, the first model checking tool based on binary decision diagrams (BDDs). The tool has been designed as an open architecture for model checking
NuSMV
Extended static checking (ESC) is a collective name in computer science for a range of techniques for statically checking the correctness of various program
Extended_static_checking
Problem in math and computer science
exponential size in the size of the description. In symbolic model checking, the model (the underlying graph) is described with the aid of a symbolic
Reachability_problem
Graphical representation of a workflow
verify such a specification using model checking techniques. Specification and Description Language Business Process Modeling Notation Control-flow graph Data
Activity_diagram
Process of verifying information in non-fictional text
Fact-checking is the process of verifying the factual accuracy of questioned reporting and statements. Fact-checking can be conducted before or after
Fact-checking
American model, runway coach, and television personality (born 1958)
In 2026, he appeared in the Netflix documentary, Reality Check: Inside America's Next Top Model. Alexander was born in the South Bronx, New York City, the
J._Alexander_(model)
formal verification (a methodology from computer science), finite state model checking needs to find a Büchi automaton (BA) equivalent to a given linear temporal
Linear temporal logic to Büchi automaton
Linear_temporal_logic_to_Büchi_automaton
can be automatically generated by software using model checking or symbolic execution. Model checking can ensure all the paths of a simple program are
Test_design
American computer scientist
initial work on symbolic model checking based on binary decision diagrams culminated in the creation of the SMV/nuSMV family of model checkers. He also pioneered
Kenneth_L._McMillan
Data structure for Boolean functions
contains the set of problems with polynomially sized BDDs[citation needed] Model checking Radix tree Barrington's theorem Hardware acceleration Karnaugh map,
Binary_decision_diagram
Theory in computer science
computationally efficient to model check, it has become more common in industrial use, and many of the most successful model-checking tools use CTL as a specification
Computation_tree_logic
Concept in computer science
Sagiv, Mooly (2007). "Thread-Modular Shape Analysis". Verification, Model Checking, and Abstract Interpretation (PDF). Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Separation_logic
Type of machine learning model
Parity Benchmark. Fact-checking and misinformation detection benchmarks are available. A 2023 study compared the fact-checking accuracy of LLMs including
Large_language_model
Bug in the Intel P5 Pentium floating-point unit
bug, a technique applicable to the SRT algorithm called "word-level model checking" was developed in 1996. Intel went on to use formal verification extensively
Pentium_FDIV_bug
Technique used in formal verification of computer systems
technique for reducing the size of the state-space to be searched by a model checking or automated planning and scheduling algorithm. It exploits the commutativity
Partial_order_reduction
Finite-state model checker for concurrent and real-time systems
domains. It includes user interfaces, model editor and animated simulator. PAT implements various model checking techniques catering for different properties
PAT_(model_checker)
Automaton which either accepts or rejects infinite inputs
Büchi, who invented them in 1962. Büchi automata are often used in model checking as an automata-theoretic version of a formula in linear temporal logic
Büchi_automaton
Integrated tool environment
PRObabilistic reachability analysis. (Discontinued) SMC for Statistical Model Checking. "Case Studies". UPPAAL academic website UPPAAL commercial website Design
Uppaal_Model_Checker
Structured visual modeling technique
safety and security properties are satisfied. Model checking has often been applied to system models to check that hazardous states can’t be reached during
Behavior_tree
An alternating timed automaton (ATA) is a modeling formalism that combines features of timed automaton and an alternating finite automaton to succinctly
Alternating_timed_automaton
In model checking, a field of computer science, timed propositional temporal logic (TPTL) is an extension of propositional linear temporal logic (LTL)
Timed propositional temporal logic
Timed_propositional_temporal_logic
Ability to execute a task in a non-serial manner
nondeterminism which raises issues with model checking because it causes explosion in the state space and can even cause models to have an infinite number of states
Concurrency (computer science)
Concurrency_(computer_science)
Software testing tool written in Java
both model checking and program analysis with one formalism. When executed, CPAchecker performs a reachability analysis, i.e., it checks whether a certain
CPAchecker
Concept in model checking (computer science)
In model checking, a branch of computer science, linear time properties are used to describe requirements of a model of a computer system. Example properties
Linear_time_property
Concept in theoretical computer science
In model checking, a subfield of computer science, a timed word is an extension of the notion of words, in a formal language, in which each letter is associated
Timed_word
Loop transformation technique
part of certain formal verification techniques, in particular bounded model checking. The overhead in "tight" loops often consists of instructions to increment
Loop_unrolling
Dutch theoretical computer scientist
interests are formal methods, computer aided verification, in particular model checking and deductive program verification, concurrency theory, and semantics
Joost-Pieter_Katoen
Bounded model checker
Serdar; Tautschnig, Michael; Tuttle, Mark R. (April 2021). "Code-level model checking in the software development workflow at Amazon Web Services". Software:
C_Bounded_Model_Checker
Model for designing artificial intelligence
Semantics:2017 Model Checking Agent Programming Languages MCAPL (Zenodo) Brahms "Home". jacamo.sourceforge.net. A. S. Rao and M. P. Georgeff. Modeling Rational
Belief–desire–intention software model
Belief–desire–intention_software_model
Microsoft research project
Microsoft Research, aimed at verifying software safety properties using model checking techniques. It was implemented in OCaml, and has been used to find many
SLAM_project
accommodation of more elements, and applied the structure to explicit-state model checking. In 2011, Bender et al. penned the name "quotient filter", described
Quotient_filter
American computer scientist
Laboratories. His research has included formal modeling and analysis of reactive systems, hybrid systems, model checking, software verification, design automation
Rajeev_Alur
Italian computer scientist and academic
co-authored a number of verification and Model Checking toolkits, including: MCMAS (Symbolic Model Checking for Multi-Agent Systems) VENUS (Mixed Integer
Alessio_Lomuscio
Rules that guarantee predictable computer memory operation
guarantees sequential consistency. Verifying sequential consistency through model checking is undecidable in general, even for finite-state cache coherence protocols
Consistency_model
2015 Microsoft operating system version
with no TPM or TPM 1.2; it is also the last to officially lack a CPU model check before installation. Support ended on October 14, 2025, except for editions
Windows_10
Polish computer scientist living in the UK
Formal Methods 2024 conference, Milan, September 2024. 'Probabilistic Model Checking for the Data-Rich World' BCS 2020 Lovelace Lecture, on-line event, May
Marta_Kwiatkowska
Branch of computational complexity theory
parameterized model checking problem for this tuple. Each problem instance is: Input: ϕ ∈ Γ {\displaystyle \phi \in \Gamma } , and a finite model A {\displaystyle
Parameterized_complexity
Properties can be verified by checking equivalences between concrete and abstract system descriptions or by model checking temporal formulas (expressed
TAPAs_model_checker
fact-checking websites includes websites that provide fact-checking services about both political and non-political subjects. Whether a fact-checking site
List of fact-checking websites
List_of_fact-checking_websites
partial order reduction and symmetry reduction. Formal methods Model checking SPIN model checker M. Sirjani. Formal Specification and Verification of Concurrent
Rebeca_(programming_language)
Computer science and logic conference
Dill, "Model-checking for real-time systems" Jerry R. Burch, Edmund Clarke, Kenneth L. McMillan, David L. Dill, James Hwang, "Symbolic model checking: 10^20
Symposium on Logic in Computer Science
Symposium_on_Logic_in_Computer_Science
Dutch-American computer scientist
the US National Academy of Engineering in 2005 for the creation of model-checking systems for software verification. In 2011 he was inducted as a Fellow
Gerard_J._Holzmann
2026 American documentary television series
Reality Check: Inside America's Next Top Model is an American documentary television series directed by Mor Loushy and Daniel Sivan. The three-part series
Reality Check: Inside America's Next Top Model
Reality_Check:_Inside_America's_Next_Top_Model
Software verification technique
approach is also applicable to model checking. In a concolic model checker, the model checker traverses states of the model representing the software being
Concolic_testing
Branch of artificial intelligence
to model checking - both are essentially problems of traversing state spaces, and the classical planning problem corresponds to a subclass of model checking
Automated planning and scheduling
Automated_planning_and_scheduling
Logical formulation of graph properties
{\displaystyle G} . The algorithmic problem of model checking concerns testing whether a given graph models a given sentence. The algorithmic problem of
Logic_of_graphs
Austrian computer scientist
theoretical computer science. He was a co-editor of the Handbook of Model Checking. In 2014, he was co-chair of the Vienna Summer of Logic 2014, the largest
Helmut_Veith
Topics referred to by the same term
region in region-based memory management Zone (convex polytope), in model checking, a type of difference bound matrix Thermal zone, or just zone, in heating
Zone
Akin CTL suitability for model-checking PCTL extension is widely used as a property specification language for probabilistic model checkers. A possible syntax
Probabilistic_CTL
performance, thanks to the C++ language. Model checking offers a way to automatically prove that a modeled system behavior is correct by verifying properties
Libdmc
On linear-time algorithms for graph logic
on the parameter. An alternative approach works by translating the model checking problem into an instance of the Boolean satisfiability problem, which
Courcelle's_theorem
AgentSpeak as well as on formal verification of AgentSpeak programs using model checking. The language is also one of the most popular agent-oriented languages
AgentSpeak
List of concepts in artificial intelligence
model checking In computer science, model checking or property checking is, for a given model of a system, exhaustively and automatically checking whether
Glossary of artificial intelligence
Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
MODEL CHECKING
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MODEL CHECKING