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Variation of the redox potential with distance (or depth)
A redox gradient is a series of reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions sorted according to redox potential. The redox ladder displays the order in which
Redox_gradient
Chemical reaction with oxidation state changes
nitric acid. In soils, sediments, and water, redox gradients drive the biogeochemical cycling of elements. "Redox" is a portmanteau of "reduction" and "oxidation"
Redox
Energy-producing metabolic pathway
is an exergonic process. The energy from the redox reactions creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate
Electron_transport_chain
Earth, a natural material
providing critical information for soil interpretation. Understanding the redox gradient is important to managing carbon sequestration, bioremediation, wetland
Soil
Human disease
the capsid appears to undergo a redox-dependent assembly/maturation event, which is tied to a natural redox gradient spanning both suprabasal and cornified
Human papillomavirus infection
Human_papillomavirus_infection
Targeted drug delivery systems
endogenous chemical stimuli include environmental pH, redox reactions, and chemical gradients, each of which are typically out of physiological range
Stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems
Stimuli-responsive_drug_delivery_systems
Geologic eon, 4031–2500 million years ago
redoxcline, a water layer between oxygenated and anoxic layers with a strong redox gradient, which would become a feature in later, more oxic oceans. Despite the
Archean
Electrochemical principle that enables cellular respiration
into the cell as above. Furthermore, due to redox-driven proton pumping by coupling sites, the proton gradient is always inside-alkaline. For both of these
Chemiosmosis
Measure of the tendency of a substance to gain or lose electrons
Redox potential (also known as oxidation / reduction potential, ORP, pe, E r e d {\displaystyle E_{red}} , or E h {\displaystyle E_{h}} ) is a measure
Reduction_potential
Organism not requiring oxygen for its growth
Clostridia, Enterobacteriaceae, and Gram-positive cocci. Aerobic organism Redox gradient This study was later retracted over ethical oversight concerns. Pommerville
Anaerobic_organism
Saturated soil type
Anaerobic respiration Fougerite, the natural form of green rust Blue goo Redox Redox gradient Look up gley in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Profile photos (with
Gleysol
Measure of how acidic or alkaline the soil is
Cation-exchange capacity Fertilizer Liming (soil) Organic horticulture Redox gradient Thomas, Grant W. (1996). "Soil pH and soil acidity". In Sparks, Donald
Soil_pH
Condition when water is both anoxic and sulfidic
is often limited to occurring in seabed sediments that have a strong redox gradient and become anoxic at some depth below the sediment-water interface.
Euxinia
Equation used in cyclic voltammetry
on the peak current (ip) for a cyclic voltammetry experiment. For simple redox events where the reaction is electrochemically reversible, and the products
Randles–Sevcik_equation
Breakdown of organic matter to simple chemicals by living organisms
chemical reactions with depth in order of energy provided is called a redox gradient. Redox zonation refers to how the processes that transfer terminal electrons
Remineralisation
Chemical transfer pathway between Earth's biological and non-biological parts
Hydrogen exchange between the living and non-living world Redox gradient – Variation of the redox potential with distance (or depth) "CK12-Foundation". flexbooks
Biogeochemical_cycle
Known extent to which a planet is suitable for life
NASA and ESA for that reason: it provides a Mars analog and the moisture gradients along its edges are ideal for studying the boundary between sterility
Planetary_habitability
Gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane
electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two
Electrochemical_gradient
Accumulated material on seafloor
Organic-rich sedimentary rocks Paleolimnology § Paleoclimate proxies Redox gradient Seafloor depth versus age Sediment-water interface Sedimentary rock
Marine_sediment
Biochemical process in photosynthesis
source of energy used to generate the proton gradient—light energy in photosynthetic systems and redox energy derived from chemical substrates in respiratory
Photophosphorylation
Membrane enclosed compartments in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria
redox reaction. The ATP synthase uses the chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation. These photosystems are light-driven redox centers
Thylakoid
Anaerobic microorganisms using a metal as terminal electron acceptor to respirate
"Long-range electron transport in Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms is redox gradient-driven". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
Dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms
Dissimilatory_metal-reducing_microorganisms
Metabolic pathway
acceptors in a series of redox reactions ending in oxygen, whose reaction releases half of the total energy. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are catalyzed
Oxidative_phosphorylation
Assessments of possible life on Mars
chemical compositions and structures, especially for water, salts, and redox-sensitive components such as organic molecules." Regardless of the source
Life_on_Mars
Drug and first antibiotic identified by a deep learning algorithm
mitochondrial dysfunction and acute liver injury". Redox Biology. 6: 552–564. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2015.09.040. PMC 4625008. PMID 26491845. De SK, Stebbins
Halicin
Mass extinction ending the Triassic period
Jonathan L. (5 February 2025). "Calcium isotopes support spatial redox gradients on the Tethys European margin across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary"
Triassic–Jurassic_extinction
Class of bacteria
worldwide in estuarine and marine habitats associated with opposing steep redox gradients of reduced (ferrous) iron and oxygen, either as a minor detectable
Zetaproteobacteria
Cellular molecule transport mechanism against the concentration gradient
concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement. There
Active_transport
Landlocked body of water with underground connection to the sea
This stratification and available nutrient resources establishes redox gradients with depth which can support a variety of stratified communities of
Anchialine_system
Substance providing scientific evidence of past or present life
antibiosignatures. All known life relies on redox gradients to obtain energy, so a lifeless environment may accumulate large redox imbalances or significant amounts
Biosignature
American chemical oceanographer
developed benthic microbial fuel cells that generate power based on the redox gradient between reduced seafloor sediments and the oxidized seawater above the
Clare_Reimers
Lake under a glacier
from ice melt and the consumption of oxygen by microbes may create redox gradients in the subglacial lake water column, with aerobic microbial mediated
Subglacial_lake
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction. In general outline, photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular
Photosynthesis
Chemical bonding involving attraction between ions
melting point in a process known as melting. Ionic bonding can result from a redox reaction when atoms of an element (usually metal), whose ionization energy
Ionic_bonding
Application of oxidation state to the study of the Earth's mantle
Mantle oxidation state (redox state) applies the concept of oxidation state in chemistry to the study of the Earth's mantle. The chemical concept of oxidation
Mantle_oxidation_state
Process of releasing energy from nutrients using inorganic electron acceptors
overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, some of which are redox reactions. Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction
Cellular_respiration
Component of stress coplanar with a material cross section
second-order tensor) is proportional to the flow velocity gradient (the velocity is a vector, so its gradient is a second-order tensor): τ ( u ) = μ ∇ u . {\displaystyle
Shear_stress
Ocean/atmosphere carbon exchange process
presence of oxygen, microbes utilizing a variety of chemical species (via redox gradients) can degrade organic matter in anoxic sediments. The burial depth at
Oceanic_carbon_cycle
Microbial communities including microorganisms which use light as their energy source
layers based on availability of light, the presence of oxygen, and redox gradients produced by the species. Light exposure early in biofilm development
Phototrophic_biofilm
Structural units of protein involved in photosynthesis
This redox process is coupled to the pumping of four protons across the membrane. The resulting proton gradient (together with the proton gradient produced
Photosystem
Boundary between bed sediment and the overlying water column
different organisms or be released back into the water column. The steep redox gradients present at/within the sediment-water interface allow for a variety
Sediment–water_interface
its structure and by the environmental conditions it experiences. Redox gradients in soils, sediments or aquifers often determine which transformations
Pesticide_degradation
Outermost layer of the Earth
the chemical gradient. An oxidized environment has high redox potential, whereas a reduced environment has a low redox potential. The redox potential is
Pedosphere
Chemical reaction
(non-physiological oxidants) in a direction against the chemical potential gradient as part of photosynthesis. Robin Hill discovered the reaction in 1937.
Hill_reaction
Life arising from non-living matter
had a leaky membrane and been powered by a naturally occurring proton gradient near a deep-sea white smoker hydrothermal vent; or, life may have originated
Abiogenesis
Protein domain
electrochemical gradient using protons. The gradient is only used to power transport across the thylakoid membrane, however, while the gradient in the mitochondria
TIC/TOC_complex
Chemical added to show pH of a solution
whereas the third compound class, the redox indicators, are used in redox titrations (titrations involving one or more redox reactions as the basis of chemical
PH_indicator
Coenzyme
serine as a source of one-carbon units to sustain nucleotide synthesis and redox homeostasis in mitochondria. Mitochondrial folate cycle has been recently
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate
Transmembrane protein that moves ions across a biological membrane
triphosphate (ATP), sunlight, and other redox reactions—to potential energy by pumping an ion up its concentration gradient. This potential energy could then
Ion_transporter
Potassium compound and alternative to salt
surfaces) dN/dT (expansion coefficient)= −33.2×10−6/°C dL/dT (refractive index gradient)= 40×10−6/°C Thermal conductivity = 0.036 W/(cm·K) Damage threshold (Newman
Potassium_chloride
American geochemist
Microbial Polar Lipids Suggests Adaptation to Hot Spring Temperature and Redox Gradients". Frontiers in Microbiology. 11: 229. Bibcode:2020FrMic..11..229B.
Everett_Shock
Form of insidious localized corrosion in which a pit develops at the anode site
oxygen: O2 + 4H+ + 4e− → 2 H2O Global redox reaction: 2 Fe + O2 + 4 H+ → 2 Fe2+ + 2 H2O Acidic conditions favor the redox reaction according to Le Chatelier
Pitting_corrosion
from donor to acceptor. Due to PET a charge separation is generated, i.e., redox reaction takes place in excited state (this phenomenon is not observed in
Photoinduced electron transfer
Photoinduced_electron_transfer
respiration, oxygen is reduced to water, thus closing the biological water-oxygen redox cycle. In nature, free oxygen is produced by the light-driven splitting
Dioxygen in biological reactions
Dioxygen_in_biological_reactions
Biochemical conversion of six-carbon sugars into acids in bacteria
The major limiting factor for this engineering is the need to maintain a redox balance in the mixture of acids produced by the fermentation pathway. Ethanol
Mixed_acid_fermentation
Molecular interface between a surface and a fluid
through the aqueous solution has been attributed to a diffuse region between redox partner proteins (cytochromes c and c1) that is depleted of cations in comparison
Double layer (surface science)
Double_layer_(surface_science)
Type of wetland fed by mineral-rich ground or surface water
(September 2011). "Mosses influence phosphorus cycling in rich fens by driving redox conditions in shallow soils". Oecologia. 167 (1): 253–264. Bibcode:2011Oecol
Fen
Chemical compound
facilitating reversible endogenous radical and redox reactions, and thereby enabling the formation of a proton gradient that drives mitochondrial ATP synthesis
Indolepropionamide
Spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater
quinones transported to the environment would generate redox reactions conducive to proton gradients. Without continuous wet-dry cycling to maintain stability
Hot_spring
solutes to passively pass through the membrane down their electrochemical gradient. They are studied using a range of channelomics experimental and mathematical
Membrane_channel
Special glass type used for optical systems
graded-index material. Gradients can also be divided into three types of profile: spherical gradients, cylindrical gradients and axial gradients. There are several
Optical_glass
Cascade of intracellular and molecular events for transmission/amplification of signals
in a process called redox signaling. Examples include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Redox signaling also includes
Signal_transduction
Acronym for process of disposition of pharmaceutical compounds
majority of small-molecule drug metabolism is carried out in the liver by redox enzymes, termed cytochrome P450 enzymes. As metabolism occurs, the initial
ADME
Enzyme
thylakoid space, contributing to the generation of an electrochemical (energy) gradient that is later used to synthesize ATP from ADP. The cytochrome b6f complex
Cytochrome_b6f_complex
Component of photosynthesis
near it, like the iron–sulfur protein, ferredoxin (Fd), which has a higher redox potential, i.e. a greater affinity for electrons. Photosystem I produces
P700
Membrane protein involved in transportation
one molecule down its concentration gradient to the transport of another molecule against its concentration gradient, and both molecules diffuse in the
Membrane_transport_protein
Set of chemical reactions in organisms
phototrophs convert sunlight to chemical energy, chemotrophs depend on redox reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from reduced donor molecules
Metabolism
Type of lithium-ion cell
cathode materials can interact with oxygen atoms in the electrolyte to cause redox reactions. The electrolyte will be reduced on the anode surface and oxidized
Lithium ion manganese oxide battery
Lithium_ion_manganese_oxide_battery
Iron and oxygen-binding protein
consumer market since 2003. If fresh meat is left to an environment where the redox potential is high, oxymyoglobin will eventually turn into metmyoglobin (Fe+3)
Myoglobin
Part of a cell
an electrochemical gradient is generated, which is combined by forces due to a H+ gradient (pH gradient) and a voltage gradient (membrane potential)
Intermembrane_space
Process used by obligate anaerobes
Reactive Sulfur Species the New Reactive Oxygen Species?". Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 33 (16): 1125–1142. doi:10.1089/ars.2020.8132. ISSN 1523-0864
Anoxygenic_photosynthesis
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
three types of functions: Those that perform the electron transport chain redox reactions ATP synthase, which generates ATP in the matrix Specific transport
Mitochondria
Class of transmembrane transporter protein
its electrochemical gradient to power the energetically unfavorable movement of another molecule up its electrochemical gradient. This is in contrast
Antiporter
Polymer derived from more than one species of monomer
physicochemical properties, such as phase transitions, thermal decompositions, and redox reactions. Size-exclusion chromatography can separate copolymers with different
Copolymer
Earth's most severe extinction event
B.; Wang, L. N.; Chen, Y. L.; Lai, X. L. (1 June 2015). "High amplitude redox changes in the late Early Triassic of South China and the Smithian–Spathian
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic_extinction_event
Chemical element with atomic number 33 (As)
elements, especially iron and manganese. The main factors are pH and the redox potential. Generally, the main forms of arsenic under oxic conditions are
Arsenic
High-capacity electrochemical capacitor
electroactive materials store charge in bulk solid phases by virtue of redox chemical reactions. Electrochemical supercapacitors (ECSCs) fall in between
Supercapacitor
Gas layer surrounding Earth
; Waldbauer, Jacob R. (June 29, 2006). "The Carbon Cycle and Associated Redox Processes through Time". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
Atmosphere_of_Earth
Method of chemical analysis
is the measure of charge (coulombs) transfer during an electrochemical redox reaction. It can be used for precision measurements of charge, but coulometry
Coulometry
Polyphyletic group of bacteria
movement of MTB in a drop of water would be only one aspect of a sophisticated redox-controlled response. One hint for the possible function of polar magnetotaxis
Magnetotactic_bacteria
Land adjacent to a water body which is flooded during periods of high water
greatly impacts phosphorus availability because it alters water level, redox state, pH, and physical properties of minerals. Dry soils that were previously
Floodplain
Method of casting in manufacturing
slurry to a directional temperature gradient, ice crystals will nucleate on one side and grow along the temperature gradient. The ice crystals will redistribute
Freeze-casting
Type of rechargeable battery
He, P.; Zhou, H. (2012). "Li-Redox Flow Batteries Based on Hybrid Electrolytes: At the Cross Road between Li-ion and Redox Flow Batteries". Advanced Energy
Lithium-ion_battery
group participates in the Krebs cycle—in which it goes through a series of redox reactions, catalyzed by enzymes, to further harness the energy from the
Carbohydrate_catabolism
Membrane protein involved in the electron transport chain
pumping of protons to create a proton-motive force (PMF). This proton gradient is used for the generation of ATP. These complexes play a vital role in
Cytochrome_b
Accumulation of brine in a seafloor depression
For deep-sea brine pools, salt is necessary to increase the salinity gradient. The salt can come from one of two processes: the dissolution of large
Brine_pool
Experiment testing the origin of life
varying amounts of H2, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and H2S. Therefore, if the redox state of Earth's mantle — which dictates the composition of outgassing –
Miller–Urey_experiment
Electrochemical cell in which a temperature difference produces a voltage
essential property of these compounds is that they must be able to undergo redox reactions in order to shuttle electrons from one electrode to the other
Thermogalvanic_cell
Key enzyme of photosynthesis involved in carbon fixation
substrate's quadrupole moments and a high electrostatic field gradient. This gradient is established by the dimer form of the minimally active RuBisCO
RuBisCO
Inflammatory disease involving a buildup of lesions in the walls of arteries
with platelets adhering to the area of insult. This may be promoted by redox signaling induction of factors such as VCAM-1, which recruits circulating
Atherosclerosis
Method of analyzing electrochemical reactions
Electrochemical cells are used in voltammetric experiments to drive the redox reaction of the analyte. Like other electrochemical cells, two half-cells
Voltammetry
First protein complex in light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis
(protons) generated by the oxidation of water help to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP. The energized electrons transferred
Photosystem_II
Bio-electrochemical system
in this type of MFC the bacteria typically have electrochemically active redox proteins such as cytochromes on their outer membrane that can transfer electrons
Microbial_fuel_cell
Plants that can produce heat
a part of the electron transport chain. The reduction of mitochondrial redox potential by alternative oxidase increases unproductive respiration. This
Thermogenic_plant
Medical intervention
control over electrode potentials, passivation, anode consumption, cell REDOX potentials as well as the introduction of ultrasonic sound, ultraviolet
Electrocoagulation
Peptide hormone
UpToDate, Inc. Cordes CM, Bennett RG, Siford GL, Hamel FG (May 2011). "Redox regulation of insulin degradation by insulin-degrading enzyme". PLoS One
Insulin
Polymerization reaction among insoluble monomers in a solution
initiation. Redox initiation takes place when an oxidant such as a persulfate salt, a reducing agent such as glucose, Rongalite, or sulfite, and a redox catalyst
Emulsion_polymerization
Branch of biology
to donate electrons to a series of redox reactions that take place in electron transport chain complexes. These redox reactions take place in enzyme complexes
Bioenergetics
Type of thin-film solar cell
oxidized photosensitizer (S+) accepts electrons from the redox mediator, typically I− ion redox mediator, leading to regeneration of the ground state (S)
Dye-sensitized_solar_cell
Pork from a leg cut that has been preserved by wet or dry curing
redox potential, and salt content all have an effect on the meat. The salt content in dry-cured ham varies throughout a piece of meat, with gradients
Ham
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