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Protein-produced toxins that create pores in cell membrane
Pore-forming proteins (PFTs, also known as pore-forming toxins) are usually produced by bacteria, and include a number of protein exotoxins but may also
Pore-forming_toxin
Tripartite protein complex secreted by virulent strains of Bacillus anthracis
translocation, pore formation, endocytosis, and other biochemical processes. Anthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming, Gram positive
Anthrax_toxin
Naturally occurring organic poison
produces a pore forming toxin Neurotoxins primarily affect the nervous systems of animals. The group neurotoxins generally consists of ion channel toxins that
Toxin
Staphylococcus aureus and the first identified member of the pore forming beta-barrel toxin family. This toxin consists mostly of beta sheets (68%) with only about
Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin
Staphylococcus_aureus_alpha_toxin
Perivitellin-2 (PV2) is a pore-forming toxin present in the egg perivitelline fluid of the apple snails Pomacea maculata (PmPV2) and Pomacea canaliculata
Perivitellin-2
Protein family
The AB toxins are two-component protein complexes secreted by a number of pathogenic bacteria, though there is a pore-forming AB toxin found in the eggs
AB_toxin
Insecticide
pore-forming toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis species of bacteria. They are useful for their insecticidal action and are the primary toxin produced
Delta_endotoxins
Cytotoxin forming pores in cell membranes
β-pore-forming toxins. PVL is a bicomponent pore-forming toxin composed of LukS-PV and LukF-PV subunits. These assemble into octameric β-barrel pores on
Panton–Valentine_leukocidin
Extremely potent neurotoxin
Tetanus toxin (TeNT) is an extremely potent neurotoxin produced by the vegetative cell of Clostridium tetani in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus
Tetanus_toxin
Chemical compound
metabolizes to HT-2 mycotoxin (a major metabolite). The toxicity of T-2 toxin is due to its 12,13-epoxy ring. Epoxides are in general toxic compounds;
T-2_mycotoxin
Group of chemical compounds
smelled or tasted and cannot be destroyed by cooking. Rapid testing for this toxin in food is not standard. Some ciguatoxins lower the threshold for opening
Ciguatoxin
Toxin found in earthworms
Lysenin is a pore-forming toxin (PFT) present in the coelomic fluid of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Pore-forming toxins are a group of proteins that
Lysenin
Toxin from a microorganism affecting the intestines
intestinal wall. They are mostly pore-forming toxins (mostly chloride pores), secreted by bacteria, that assemble to form pores in cell membranes. This causes
Enterotoxin
Group of neurotoxins in spider venom
cells. No major enzymatic activities are associated. Instead, the toxin can form pores in the lipid membranes and induce Ca2+ ion flow. The onset of effects
Latrotoxin
Toxin harmful to nervous tissue
Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity). Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological
Neurotoxin
Family of toxins from bacteria
depending on the toxin) is formed and inserted into the target cell membrane. The presence of cholesterol in the target membrane is required for pore formation
Cholesterol-dependent cytolysin
Cholesterol-dependent_cytolysin
Species of bacterium
results in energy production. Membrane-damaging enzymes, pore-forming toxins, intracellular toxins, and hydrolytic enzymes are the functional categories
Clostridium_perfringens
Toxin from bacteria that destroys or disrupts cells
the channel-forming toxins and toxins that function as enzymes that act on the membrane. Most channel-forming toxins, which form pores in the target
Exotoxin
Species of bacterium
gangrene). C. septicum alpha toxin does, however, exhibit similarities to aerolysin, another beta-pore forming toxin. Alpha toxin and aerolysin share approximately
Clostridium_septicum
Exotoxin
Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted mainly by Corynebacterium diphtheriae (but also by Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis)
Diphtheria_toxin
Family of toxins
Amatoxins are a subgroup of at least nine related cyclic peptide toxins found in three genera of deadly poisonous mushrooms (Amanita, Galerina and Lepiota)
Amatoxin
Toxin excreted by ''Bacillus cereus''
nutrient availability. Further studies showed that Cytotoxin-K is a pore-forming toxin that can create small holes in cell membranes, leading to cell death
Cytotoxin_K
Bacteria-produced protein complex and disease agent
Cholera toxin (also known as choleragen, CTX, CTx and CT) is a potent enterotoxin produced by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae which causes severe watery
Cholera_toxin
Substances toxic to individual cells
the pores are formed, the pore forming cytolysins fall into two categories. Those forming pores with α-helices are named α-PFTs (Pore forming toxins). Those
Cytolysin
Highly modified saliva containing zootoxins
surface of muscle cells and cause depolarisation → the toxin prevents muscle contraction. These toxins may cause the heart to beat irregularly or stop beating
Snake_venom
Chemical compound
and batrachotoxinin A. Due to the difficulty of handling such a potent toxin and the minuscule amount that could be collected, a comprehensive structure
Batrachotoxin
Toxin produced by a fungus
improve the environment for further fungal proliferation. The production of toxins depends on the surrounding intrinsic and extrinsic environments and these
Mycotoxin
Paralytic shellfish toxin
Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent neurotoxin and the best-known paralytic shellfish toxin. Ingestion of saxitoxin by humans, usually by consumption of shellfish contaminated
Saxitoxin
Neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum toxin, botulinum neurotoxin, or botox is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species, and it is
Botulinum_toxin
theta toxin, is cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) produced by many strains of Clostridium perfringens. It is a secreted pore-forming toxin encoded
Perfringolysin_O
Species of annelid worm
called coelomocytes secrete a protein called lysenin, which is a pore-forming toxin, which is able to permeabilize and lyse invading cells. It is best
Eisenia_fetida
Type of lectin
RY-sin) is a lectin (a carbohydrate-binding protein) and a highly potent toxin produced in the seeds of the castor plant, Ricinus communis. The median
Ricin
Molecule destroying the membrane of red blood cells
sphingomyelin and ultimately caused cell lysis. γ-Hemolysins are pore-forming toxins in the same family as α-hemolysin. They are unique in that they come
Hemolysin
ROMK1. Lq2 is also known as Potassium channel toxin alpha-KTx 1.2, Charybdotoxin-2, ChTX-Lq2, ChTx-d, Toxin 18-2 or Lqh 18-2. The name Lq2 refers to the
Lq2
Family of related toxins
for toxin-receptor complex uptake into the cell. These tubules are essential for uptake into the host cell. The Shiga toxin (a non-pore forming toxin) is
Shiga_toxin
Class of chemical compounds
mushrooms. The exact composition varies greatly with the specific source of the toxin. Bufotoxins can contain 5-MeO-DMT, bufagins, bufalin, bufotalin, bufotenin
Bufotoxin
Group of toxins
Pertussis toxin (PT) is a protein-based AB5-type exotoxin produced by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough. PT is involved
Pertussis_toxin
Species of endospore forming bacterium
gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium that has the ability to produce botulinum toxin, which is a highly potent neurotoxin.
Clostridium_botulinum
Poisoning of heart electrophysiology or muscle
cardiomyopathy Recreational drugs: cocaine, methamphetamine Biological toxins such as diphtheria toxin Radiation therapy is known to cause radiation-induced heart
Cardiotoxicity
Toxin produced by microorganisms
the ability to reproduce quickly producing toxins relating to the cause of diseases. The pore-forming toxin perfringolysin has the ability to cause gangrene
Microbial_toxin
Bacterial toxins
thuringiensis during sporulation. This protein is a member of the alpha pore forming toxins family, which gives it insecticidal qualities advantageous in agricultural
Cry6Aa
Foodborne illness
lethargy. The onset of symptoms varies with the amount of toxin absorbed. If a large quantity of toxins is consumed, symptoms may appear within half an hour
Ciguatera_fish_poisoning
Pore-forming toxin produced by the bacteria Staphylococcus
created by some types of bacteria (Staphylococcus). It is a type of pore-forming toxin. Leukocidins fall into the category of bacterial invasin. Invasins
Leukocidin
Large family of chemically related mycotoxins
these are neosolaniol with a hydroxyl substitution at carbon 8, and T-2 toxin with an ester substitution at carbon 8. Type B trichothecenes are classified
Trichothecene
cholesterol. It is related to streptolysin O and the θ-toxin of Clostridium perfringens. Cytolysins form pores in the cytoplasmic membrane that allows for the
Tetanolysin
Toxin produced by bacteria
are vulnerable to this pore-forming activity varies among the toxins. The acylation of lysines is required for the pore-forming cytotoxic effects of all
Adenylate_cyclase_toxin
Gill-bearing non-tetrapod aquatic vertebrates
paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone. These contractions form S-shaped curves that move down the body. As each curve reaches the tail fin
Fish
Toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin is a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and is responsible for gas gangrene and
Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin
Clostridium_perfringens_alpha_toxin
Topics referred to by the same term
Accelerator, a storage ring and test facility at Fermilab Iota toxin, a type of pore-forming toxin that acts to destroy the actin cytoskeleton SARS-CoV-2 Iota
Iota_(disambiguation)
Group of proteins
cholesterol found in the target membrane and then forming an oligomeric transmembrane pore. This toxin excreted by a Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus
Streptolysin
Protein family
novel pore-forming toxin of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella flexneri. HlyE is unrelated to the well characterised pore-forming E. coli
Haemolysin_E
Chemical compound
concern to livestock and poultry producers, namely deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and zearalenone. Particularly, ZEN is produced
Zearalenone
Pore forming toxin
In molecular biology, Aerolysin is a cytolytic pore-forming toxin exported by Aeromonas hydrophila, a Gram-negative bacterium associated with diarrhoeal
Aerolysin
Protein family
linkage to the B subunit through the B subunit's central pore. The A1 chain for cholera toxin catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose from Nicotinamide adenine
AB5_toxin
Chemical compound
eight amino acids. It is possibly the most deadly of all the amatoxins, toxins found in several species of the mushroom genus Amanita, one being the death
Α-Amanitin
Family of amphibians
case, toxic arthropods – from which they absorb and reuse the consumed toxins. The secretion of these chemicals is released by the granular glands of
Poison_dart_frog
Group of exotoxins from bacteria
reclassification of RTX toxin subgroups into two families: pore-forming leukotoxins (RTX-toxin family, 1.C.11.1.1) and the MARTX toxins (CCT family, 1.C.57
RTX_toxin
Scorpion toxin
An Important site of the toxin is the K27 side chain (a lysine at place 27 of the protein sequence), which enters the pore and protrudes into the selectivity
Kaliotoxin
Chemical compound
motion caused by ACh binding may be responsible for pore opening and that this motion is inhibited by toxin binding. The following section describes the ADME
Α-Bungarotoxin
Neurotoxin
porcupinefish, ocean sunfish, and triggerfish; several of these species carry the toxin. Although tetrodotoxin was discovered in these fish, it is found in several
Tetrodotoxin
Large group of transport proteins
C8β and C9) and perforin (PF). Members of this protein family are pore-forming toxins (PFTs). In eukaryotes, MACPF proteins play a role in immunity and
MACPF
Type of molecules produced by a pathogen that might cause potential harmful effects
potent known exotoxins are the tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin) secreted by Clostridium tetani and the botulinum toxin secreted by Clostridium botulinum. Exotoxins
Virulence_factor
Species of bacterium
the pore-forming toxin leukotoxin A. It has also been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis and as an etiologic agent in endocarditis. The pore-forming
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Aggregatibacter_actinomycetemcomitans
Toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus beta toxin is a toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus. It is a form of sphingomyelinase called sphingomyelinase C. This enzyme
Staphylococcus aureus beta toxin
Staphylococcus_aureus_beta_toxin
Genus of grass cultivated for grain
kompetitive allele specific PCR can be used. A KASP genetic marker for a pore-forming toxin-like gene provides FHB resistance. In 2003 the first resistance genes
Wheat
found in the venom, Pi2. Pi3 toxin stands for Pandinus imperator-3 toxin. It is also known as pandinotoxin-beta and toxin PiTX-K-beta. The classification
Pandinus imperator (Pi3) toxin
Pandinus_imperator_(Pi3)_toxin
Chemical compound
quinine with the molecular oxygen. Upon forming the aldehyde in the ring opening step, it is oxidized to form the carboxylic acid and subsequently a decarboxylation
Aflatoxin_B1
Cytotoxin produced by Clostridioides difficile
attenuation of toxin B activity. The translocation region contains a hydrophobic stalk-like structure, which may help residues 958–1130 in forming membrane
Clostridioides difficile toxin B
Clostridioides_difficile_toxin_B
Chemical compound
Vanillotoxins have close homology to other inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) toxins. ICK toxins are best known as blockers of cation channels. The exact structure
Vanillotoxin
Chemical compound
molecule such as resiniferatoxin is forming the three-ring backbone of the structure. The Wender group was able to form the first ring of the structure by
Resiniferatoxin
Human bacterial infection
virulence factor is a pore-forming toxin called alpha-toxin, though it is unrelated to the Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin. Clostridium sordellii
Gas_gangrene
Cytotoxin produced by Clostridioides difficile
Clostridioides difficile toxin A (TcdA) is a toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridioides difficile, formerly known as Clostridium difficile. It is similar
Clostridioides difficile toxin A
Clostridioides_difficile_toxin_A
Class of molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
with LPS, although there are a few endotoxins (in the original sense of toxins that are inside the bacterial cell that are released when the cell disintegrates)
Lipopolysaccharide
Toxins that destroy red blood cells
Haemotoxins, hemotoxins or hematotoxins are toxins that destroy red blood cells, disrupt blood clotting, and/or cause organ degeneration and generalized
Hemotoxin
Crystal protein
leading to the pore formation that disrupts the transport of the membrane, resulting in the protoxin becoming entomocidal. Cry1A toxins in different lepidopteran
Cry1Ac
Subspecies of bacterium
Cyt proteins are pore-forming toxins; they lyse midgut epithelial cells by inserting into the target cell membrane and forming pores. Commercial formulations
Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
Bacillus_thuringiensis_israelensis
Listeria monocytogenes, the pathogen responsible for causing listeriosis. The toxin may be considered a virulence factor, since it is crucial for the virulence
Listeriolysin_O
Delta toxin degrades the membrane on contact and forms short-lived pores, causing cell lysis and subsequent cell death. S. aureus delta toxin is encoded
Staphylococcus aureus delta toxin
Staphylococcus_aureus_delta_toxin
Chemical compound
N-terminal of SloTx) is situated in the face opposite to the site of toxin-pore interaction, and might have implications for the modulation of channel
Slotoxin
Chemical compound
Satratoxin-H, a trichothecene mycotoxin, is a naturally occurring toxin produced by the ascomycetes Stachybotrys chartarum and Trichoderma cornu-damae
Satratoxin-H
Group of poisons produced by molds
improvements were seen. Mycotoxins in animal feed Sterigmatocystin, a related toxin Other ways in which aspergillus can cause disease in mammals: Aspergillosis
Aflatoxin
Superantigen
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is a superantigen with a size of 22 kDa produced by 5 to 25% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. It causes toxic
Toxic_shock_syndrome_toxin-1
β-barrels, structural formations commonly seen in transmembrane pore-forming toxins including anthrax. Aβ channels are selective for cations over anions
Ion channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease
Ion_channel_hypothesis_of_Alzheimer's_disease
Chemical compound
interactions with the anionic sites (negatively charged amino acids) in the pore of potassium channels. A single dendrotoxin molecule associates reversibly
Dendrotoxin
Fungal toxic chemical in grains
associated with lower amount of vomitoxin in wheat grain due to leaching of toxins. Furthermore, deoxynivalenol contents are significantly affected by the
Vomitoxin
Chemical compound
Figure 3 below for comparison of both structures). There are two mirror forms of muscarine, named: 2S-muscarine and 2R-muscarine. Figure 1. The structural
Muscarine
Subspecies of rod-shaped bacterium
also produces a small β-pore-forming-toxin called phobalysin (PhlyP). Multiple PhlyP come together as oligomers to form small pores on cells that cause potassium
Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae
Photobacterium_damselae_subsp._damselae
Broad-spectrum calcium channel blocker
Phoneutria nigriventer toxin-3 is more commonly referred to as PhTx3. The PhTx3 neurotoxin is a broad-spectrum calcium channel blocker that inhibits glutamate
Phoneutria nigriventer toxin-3
Phoneutria_nigriventer_toxin-3
Fungal disease of cereals
"Wheat Fhb1 encodes a chimeric lectin with agglutinin domains and a pore-forming toxin-like domain conferring resistance to Fusarium head blight". Nature
Fusarium_ear_blight
Toxic chemical from some poison dart frogs
IUCN protected status in 1984. Furthermore, these frogs do not produce the toxin when bred and reared in captivity, because they do not synthesize epibatidine
Epibatidine
serves as a binding site for Hmtx-1 forming both hydrophobic and hydrophilic bonds. Interaction between the toxin and the potassium channel induces a
Heteroscodratoxin-1
Chemical compound
Isopimaric acid (IPA) is a toxin which acts as a large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (BK channel) opener. IPA originates from many sorts of trees
Isopimaric_acid
Snake venom toxin
Calcicludine is a toxin in the venom of the green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps). Calcicludine is a 60-amino acid polypeptide with six cysteines forming three disulfide
Calcicludine
Lipid component of lipopolysaccharide endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria
Cholera toxin/Heat-labile enterotoxin Pertussis toxin Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming
Lipid_A
Neurotoxin
neurotoxin isolated from the black mamba Dendroaspis p. polylepis venom. This toxin consists of 60 amino acids with four disulfide bonds. Calciseptine specifically
Calciseptine
Group of chemical compounds
Cholera toxin/Heat-labile enterotoxin Pertussis toxin Pseudomonas exotoxin Extracellular adenylate cyclase Mechanisms type I Superantigen type II Pore-forming
Cytochalasin
Neurotoxin
“short-chain” scorpion toxins is built of two important dyads (Lys and Tyr) on the β-sheet side. Lysine plugs deep into the channel pore and Tyrosine, as penultimate
BmTx3
Chemical compound
cells, have also been investigated in cellular models. Some of the bufagin toxins are used in low doses in traditional Chinese medicine for similar applications
Bufagin
Chemical compound
studies have found that because 3-nitropropionic acid is a mitochondrial toxin, it can produce striatal alterations in rats similar to those observed in
3-Nitropropionic_acid
Topics referred to by the same term
etc. Pulmonary Function Testing, testing of the respiratory system Pore-forming toxins, a class of proteins Patrimoine Ferroviaire et Tourisme, a Belgian
PFT
PORE FORMING-TOXIN
PORE FORMING-TOXIN
PORE FORMING-TOXIN
PORE FORMING-TOXIN
PORE FORMING-TOXIN
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PORE FORMING-TOXIN
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PORE FORMING-TOXIN