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Drugs to treat parasitic worms and insect pests
The avermectins are a group of 16-membered macrocyclic lactone derivatives with potent anthelmintic and insecticidal properties. These naturally occurring
Avermectin
Insecticide and anti-parasitic worm chemical
Abamectin (also called avermectin B1) is a widely used insecticide and anthelmintic. Abamectin, is a member of the avermectin family and is a natural fermentation
Abamectin
Medication for parasite infestations
or applied to the skin for external infestations. It belongs to the avermectin family of medications. William Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura were awarded
Ivermectin
Chemical compound
ash trees. Emamectin is derived from avermectin B1, also known as abamectin, a mixture of the natural avermectin B1a and B1b. Emamectin has also shown
Emamectin
Species of bacterium
of circular chromosomes. Avermectins are industrially derived from the fermentation products of S. avermitilis. Avermectin itself was discovered by the
Streptomyces_avermitilis
Japanese biochemist, Nobel laureate in medicine (born 1935)
of Streptomyces avermitilis that produce the anti-parasitical compound avermectin. Campbell later acquired these bacteria and developed the derived drug
Satoshi_Ōmura
Parasitic disease caused by a family of nematode worms
year's Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the drug avermectin, which, in the further developed form ivermectin, has decreased the occurrence
Filariasis
Anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter
receptors has been the therapeutic goal of anthelmintic therapy using avermectins. Avermectins target the alpha subunit of glutamate-gated chloride channels with
Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)
Irish-American microbiologist and Nobel laureate in medicine (born 1930)
Physiology or Medicine. He helped to discover a class of drugs called avermectins, whose derivatives have been shown to have "extraordinary efficacy" in
William C. Campbell (scientist)
William_C._Campbell_(scientist)
Class of chemical compounds
The milbemycins are a group of macrolides chemically related to the avermectins and were first isolated in 1972 from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. They
Milbemycin
Veterinary anti-parasitic medication
Eprinomectin is an avermectin used as a veterinary topical endectocide. It is a mixture of two chemical compounds, eprinomectin B1a and B1b. "Eprinex Pour-On
Eprinomectin
Species of fly
leaving most of the larva behind. Oral use of ivermectin, an antiparasitic avermectin medicine, has proven to be an effective and noninvasive treatment that
Dermatobia_hominis
Irish contributions to science, technology, and engineering
her supervisor. 1970s: Avermectin – William C. Campbell, a parasitologist from Ramelton, County Donegal, discovered the avermectin family of anti-parasitic
Timeline of Irish inventions and discoveries
Timeline_of_Irish_inventions_and_discoveries
Animal disease caused by hosting of mites (genus Demodex)
by skin scrapings. Demodectic mange in dogs can also be managed with avermectins, although there are few countries which license these drugs, which are
Demodicosis
Family of copepods
Avermectins belong to the family of macrocyclic lactones and are the major drugs used as in-feed treatments to kill sea lice. The first avermectin used
Sea_louse
Combination medication
immitis. It contains esafoxolaner, an aryl isoxazoline; eprinomectin, an avermectin anthelmintic; and praziquantel, a pyrazinoisoquinoline anthelmintic. In
Esafoxolaner/eprinomectin/praziquantel
Esafoxolaner/eprinomectin/praziquantel
Naturally occurring glutamate receptor agonist neurotoxin
vertebrates, it has become a valuable target for anti-parasitic drugs such as Avermectin and Ivermectin. Treatment of ibotenic acid toxicity centres around supportive
Ibotenic_acid
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ethanol
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Pharmacology_of_ethanol
Human helminthiasis (infection by parasite)
the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the avermectin family of compounds, the forerunner of ivermectin. The latter has come
Onchocerciasis
Intravenous medication used in anesthesia
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Propofol
Class of CNS depressant drugs
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Benzodiazepine
Insecticide
Spinosyn A resembles a GABA antagonist and is comparable to the effect of avermectin on insect neurons. Spinosyn A is highly active against neonate larvae
Spinosad
Benzodiazepine medication
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Alprazolam
Chemical compound
ticks and mange (and other ectoparasites). Doramectin is a derivative of avermectin. Similarly to other drugs of this family, it is produced by fermentation
Doramectin
Sole college of the University of Dublin
Vincent Barry in 1954, and it significantly improved leprosy treatment. * Avermectin was discovered by William C. Campbell in 1973. * Nuclear transmutation
Trinity_College_Dublin
Simplest secondary alcohol
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Isopropyl_alcohol
SSRI antidepressant
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Fluoxetine
Group of antibiotics derived from fungi
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
Penicillin
Chemical compound
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
Γ-Hydroxybutyric_acid
CHCl3, historical anaesthetic and common solvent
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Chloroform
Colourless non-flammable greenhouse gas
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Nitrous_oxide
Hydrocarbon compound (C6H6)
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Benzene
Common parasitic skin disease in dogs
sensitively to some avermectins due to the insufficient blood-brain barrier (→ MDR1 defect) and that there is only one avermectin preparation approved
Canine_demodicosis
Benzodiazepine used for anesthesia and procedural sedation
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Midazolam
Benzodiazepine medication
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Clonazepam
CH3OH; simplest possible alcohol
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Methanol
Species of flowering plant
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Valerian_(herb)
Primary male sex hormone
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Testosterone
Species of plant
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Kava
Substance of biological origin that is soluble in nonpolar solvents
polyketides or polyketide derivatives, such as erythromycins, tetracyclines, avermectins, and antitumor epothilones. Eukaryotic cells feature the compartmentalized
Lipid
Class of depressant drugs derived from barbituric acid
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Barbiturate
Fluoroquinolone antibiotic
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
Ciprofloxacin
Species of fly
deal of research has been done on the effects of avermectins on populations of S. stercoraria. Avermectins are used to control endoparasites in livestock
Scathophaga_stercoraria
Small neuroactive peptide
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Cyclic_glycine-proline
Benzodiazepine sedative
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Diazepam
Antiparasitic drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) from the body
lactones are glutamate-gated chloride channel agonists, and include: Avermectins (including ivermectin and moxidectin) - effective against most common
Anthelmintic
Anticonvulsant medication
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Carbamazepine
Borough in Somerset County, New Jersey, US
products, including cyanocobalamin (a synthetic form of Vitamin B12), the avermectins and other important antibiotics Adella Wotherspoon (1903–2004), youngest
Watchung,_New_Jersey
This prevents EGFR from causing activation of the Akt and ERK pathways. Avermectin (AVM) derivatives abamectin (ABM) and doramectin (DOM) inhibit N2a differentiation
N2a_cell
Colorless gas with the formula NO
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Nitric_oxide
Species of flowering plant
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Scutellaria_baicalensis
Barbiturate
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Amobarbital
Barbiturate general anesthetic
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Sodium_thiopental
Benzodiazepine sedative
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Flunitrazepam
Organic compound and a form of vitamin B3
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Nicotinic_acid
Benzodiazepine used for severe insomnia
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Temazepam
Hydrocarbon compound (C3H8)
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Propane
Chemical compound (C4H9OH)
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
1-Butanol
Group of drugs used against malaria
awarded jointly to William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura for discovering avermectin, "the derivatives of which have radically lowered the incidence of river
Artemisinin
Muscle relaxant medication
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Carisoprodol
Obsolete sedative-hypnotic
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Secobarbital
Species of bat
in particular) to loss of habitat and redundancy of farming methods. Avermectin kills off insect larvae and thus a decrease in the abundance of food for
Greater_horseshoe_bat
Chemical compound
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Benzodiazepine medication
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Chlordiazepoxide
Medication of the barbiturate type
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Phenobarbital
CNS depressant medication
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
Phenibut
Heterocyclic Structure in Organic Chemistry
development of screening libraries. Avermectins have been found in fungus and are antiparasitic drugs. The avermectins appear to paralyze nematodes and arthropods
Spiroketals
Pharmaceutical compound
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
Piperidine-4-sulfonic_acid
Pharmaceutical compound
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Diphenhydramine/lorazepam/zolpidem
Diphenhydramine/lorazepam/zolpidem
Medication used to treat epilepsy and migraine
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Topiramate
Carbamate derivative used as an anti-anxiety medication
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Meprobamate
Explosive chemical compound
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
RDX
Aromatic hydrocarbon
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Toluene
Gabapentinoid and skeletal muscle relaxant
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
Baclofen
Group of four possible stereoisomers found in various plants: a.o., absinthe and mint
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
Thujone
One of four stable isomers of butanediol
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
1,4-Butanediol
Organochlorine chemical and an isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
Lindane
Antibiotic
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
Levofloxacin
Pharmaceutical compound
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
ASP-8062
Chemical compound
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
Γ-Butyrolactone
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Bromoureide
Volatile anaesthesia medication
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Methoxyflurane
Hypnotic medication
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Eszopiclone
GABA receptor antagonist drug and benzodiazepine antidote
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
Flumazenil
Hypnotic medication
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Zopiclone
Benzodiazepine medication
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Lorazepam
Obsolete sedative–hypnotic drug
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Methaqualone
Loop diuretic medication
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
Furosemide
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his part in the discovery of avermectin Yossef Av-Gay (born 1961), Israeli microbiologist and researcher Everett
List_of_microbiologists
Pharmaceutical compound
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Methallatal
Sleep medication
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Zolpidem
Chemical compound
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Barbital
Benzodiazepine medication
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Oxazepam
Pharmaceutical compound
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
CF2-Etomidate
Benzodiazepine research chemical
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Pynazolam
Ionic compound (KBr)
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Potassium_bromide
Benzodiazepine antagonist
list): α-EMTBL Alcohols (e.g., drinking alcohol, 2M2B) Anabolic steroids Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines
Ro_19-4603
Chemical compound
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Chloral
Genus of bacteria
most widely employed drugs against nematode and arthropod infestations, avermectin, and thus its derivatives including ivermectin. Less commonly, streptomycetes
Streptomyces
Class of psychoactive drugs
Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium
Nonbenzodiazepine
AVERMECTIN
AVERMECTIN
AVERMECTIN
AVERMECTIN
Girl/Female
Hindu
Name of a Raga, A flowering creeper
Boy/Male
Basque Latin
Ardent.
Boy/Male
Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Telugu
Small; Quick; Innocent; Lord Ganesha
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Christian, French, German, Swedish
Little and Womanly; Man; Free Man; Female Version of Charles
Boy/Male
Arabic
Who Advices
Girl/Female
Indian
Friendly, Of good company
Boy/Male
French, German, Latin, Swedish
Blessed; Happy
Girl/Female
Tamil
Desire
Boy/Male
Hindu
Giving light, Flood
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Reincarnated
AVERMECTIN
AVERMECTIN
AVERMECTIN
AVERMECTIN
AVERMECTIN