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Thermal Wilson loop
In quantum field theory, the Polyakov loop is the thermal analogue of the Wilson loop, acting as an order parameter for confinement in pure gauge theories
Polyakov_loop
Russian theoretical physicist
Alexander Markovich Polyakov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Ма́ркович Поляко́в; born 27 September 1945) is a Russian theoretical physicist, formerly at the Landau
Alexander Polyakov (physicist)
Alexander_Polyakov_(physicist)
Gauge field loop operator
duals to Wilson loops, and Polyakov loops, which are the thermal version of Wilson loops. To properly define Wilson loops in gauge theory requires considering
Wilson_loop
Magnetic loop operator dual to the Wilson loop
't Hooft lines are determined by Λ w {\displaystyle \Lambda _{w}} . Polyakov loop 't Hooft, G. (1978). "On the phase transition towards permanent quark
't_Hooft_loop
Quantum field theory at non-zero temperatures
as Umezawa formalism or thermo field dynamics. Matsubara summation Polyakov loop Quantum thermodynamics Quantum statistical mechanics Mustafa, Munshi
Thermal_quantum_field_theory
Phenomenon in quantum chromodynamics
order operator for confinement are thermal versions of Wilson loops known as Polyakov loops. The confinement scale or QCD scale is the scale at which the
Color_confinement
Yang–Mills–Higgs magnetic monopole
In theoretical physics, the 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole is a topological soliton similar to the Dirac monopole but without the Dirac string. It arises in
't_Hooft–Polyakov_monopole
Gauge symmetry cannot be spontaneously broken
are Wilson loops and their thermal equivalents, Polyakov loops. Another nonlocal operator that acts as a order operator is the 't Hooft loop. Since gauge
Elitzur's_theorem
D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 't Hooft loop 't Hooft symbol 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole (2+1)-dimensional topological gravity (n-p) reaction
Index of physics articles (!$@)
Index_of_physics_articles_(!$@)
Nuclear physicist
1103/PhysRevD.73.014019. Rößner, S.; Ratti, C.; Weise, W. (8 February 2007). "Polyakov loop, diquarks, and the two-flavor phase diagram". Physical Review D. 75
Claudia_Ratti
Russian-American physicist (b. 1945)
work was subsequently developed by Migdal and Polyakov, working independently, into the Migdal–Polyakov conformal bootstrap, and was a precursor to the
Alexander_Migdal
Type of Lie algebra of interest in physics
In mathematics, loop algebras are certain types of Lie algebras, of particular interest in theoretical physics. For a Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak
Loop_algebra
2D conformal field theory used in string theory
In physics, the Polyakov action is an action of the two-dimensional conformal field theory describing the worldsheet of a string in string theory. It was
Polyakov_action
Breakdown of conformal symmetry at the quantum level
ISBN 0-521-63303-6. Vol. 2: Superstring theory and beyond. ISBN 0-521-63304-4. Polyakov, A.M. (1981). "Quantum geometry of bosonic strings". Physics Letters B
Conformal_anomaly
American mathematician
Knizhnik–Polyakov–Zamolodchikov (KPZ) relation for fractal scaling dimensions in Liouville quantum gravity. Sheffield also defined the conformal loop ensembles
Scott_Sheffield
26-dimensional string theory
theory can be said to be defined by the path integral quantization of the Polyakov action: I 0 [ g , X ] = T 8 π ∫ M d 2 ξ g g m n ∂ m x μ ∂ n x ν G μ ν (
Bosonic_string_theory
Duality between theories of gravity on anti-de Sitter space and conformal field theories
on in two articles, one by Steven Gubser, Igor Klebanov and Alexander Polyakov, and another by Edward Witten. By 2015, Maldacena's article had over 10
AdS/CFT_correspondence
This is a list of string theory topics. Strings Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
List_of_string_theory_topics
World governing body for air sports
FAI President Frits Brink and Noosphere Ventures Managing Partner Max Polyakov signed the agreement, making Noosphere Ventures FAI's Global Technical
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
Fédération_Aéronautique_Internationale
Functions that can't be described by perturbation theory
perturbation theory, at any finite order. In quantum field theory, 't Hooft–Polyakov monopoles, domain walls, flux tubes, and instantons are examples. A concrete
Non-perturbative
Theory of subatomic structure
elaborated in articles by Steven Gubser, Igor Klebanov, and Alexander Markovich Polyakov, and by Edward Witten. By 2010, Maldacena's article had over 7000 citations
String_theory
Riemannian manifold with SU(n) holonomy
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Calabi–Yau_manifold
Lower energy limit in string theory
gauge theories. Specifically, it was shown that the mass of a 't Hooft-Polyakov monopole and a Julia-Zee dyon is bounded from below by a quantity proportional
Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound
Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield_bound
Manifold with Riemannian, complex and symplectic structure
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Kähler_manifold
Class of quantum field theory models
Chiral model Little Higgs Skyrmion, a soliton in non-linear sigma models Polyakov action WZW model Fubini–Study metric, a metric often used with non-linear
Non-linear_sigma_model
Belgian-American theoretical physicist
amplitudes for the bosonic Polyakov string, Nucl. Phys. B, vol. 269, 1986, pp. 205–234 doi:10.1016/0550-3213(86)90372-X with Phong: Loop amplitudes for the fermionic
Eric_D'Hoker
Theory in physics
ISBN 0-521-63303-6. Vol. 2: Superstring theory and beyond. ISBN 0-521-63304-4. Polyakov, A.M. (1981). "Quantum geometry of bosonic strings". Physics Letters B
Non-critical_string_theory
Compact astronomical body
microstates and need not have a singularity or an event horizon. The theory of loop quantum gravity proposes that the curvature and density at the centre of
Black_hole
Theory with particles of spin more than two
of interest as models of AdS/CFT correspondence. In 2002, Klebanov and Polyakov put forward a conjecture that the free and critical O ( N ) {\displaystyle
Higher-spin_theory
Seven-dimensional Riemannian manifold
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
G2_manifold
Extended physical object in string theory
open (forming a segment with two endpoints) or closed (forming a closed loop). D-branes are an important class of branes that arise when one considers
Brane
Extension of quantum field theory to curved spacetime
Thirring–Wess Toda Conformal 2D free massless scalar Liouville Logarithmic Minimal Polyakov Wess–Zumino–Witten Supersymmetric 4D N = 1 N = 1 super Yang–Mills Seiberg–Witten
Quantum field theory in curved spacetime
Quantum_field_theory_in_curved_spacetime
theory known as string theory. These theories are without supersymmetry. Polyakov action Nambu-Goto action Bosonic string theory Kondo model (s-d model)
List of quantum field theories
List_of_quantum_field_theories
Principle in quantum field theory
change by integrating out massive degrees of freedom. 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole 't Hooft loop 't Hooft symbol In the context of quantum field theory, "UV"
Anomaly_matching_condition
Dutch theoretical physicist
magnetic monopoles. These monopoles are called 't Hooft–Polyakov monopoles, after Alexander Polyakov, who obtained the same result independently. As another
Gerard_'t_Hooft
of bosonic string theory. String theory is formulated in terms of the Polyakov action, which describes how strings move through space and time. Like springs
History_of_string_theory
Computer programming language
Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2023. Polyakov, Konstantin. "Doklady na konferenciyah i seminarah [Reports at conferences
PascalABC.NET
Unobservable spacetime curves needed to describe Dirac monopoles
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Dirac_string
Award
astronaut Thomas Patten Stafford Russian cosmonaut Valeri Vladimirovich Polyakov German astronaut Thomas Reiter American astronaut William Shepherd Canadian
Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
Medal_"For_Merit_in_Space_Exploration"
Secondary characteristic classes of 3-manifolds
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Chern–Simons_form
Surname list
theory terminology: 't Hooft matching condition 't Hooft loop 't Hooft symbol 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole Hooft at the Database of Surnames in The Netherlands
Hooft
Physics concept of subatomic structure
In string theory, a heterotic string is a closed string (or loop) which is a hybrid ('heterotic') of a superstring and a bosonic string. There are two
Heterotic_string_theory
Mathematical concept
≤ σ < 2 π {\displaystyle 0\leq \sigma <2\pi } . In order to define the Polyakov action, the world-sheet is equipped with a world-sheet metric g {\displaystyle
Worldsheet
Principle in theoretical physics
elaborated in articles by Steven Gubser, Igor Klebanov, and Alexander Markovich Polyakov, and by Edward Witten. By 2015, Maldacena's article had over 10,000 citations
Holographic_principle
Hypothetical elementary particle that mediates gravity
semiclassical corrections such as one-loop diagrams behave normally. However, Feynman diagrams with at least two loops lead to ultraviolet divergences. These
Graviton
Aspect of theoretical physics
Neveu Nielsen van Nieuwenhuizen Novikov Olive Ooguri Ovrut Polchinski Polyakov Rajaraman Ramond Randall Randjbar-Daemi Roček Rohm Sagnotti Scherk Schwarz
Type_II_string_theory
Mathematical theory
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Twisted_K-theory
Hypothetical particle with one magnetic pole
sophisticated theories, it is superseded by a smooth solution such as the 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole. A gauge theory like electromagnetism is defined by a gauge field
Magnetic_monopole
Type of Riemannian manifold
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Hyperkähler_manifold
Type of 2D conformal field theory
the existence of this symmetry is through repeated application of the Polyakov–Wiegmann identity regarding products of G {\displaystyle G} -valued fields:
Wess–Zumino–Witten_model
Eight-dimensional Riemannian manifold
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Spin(7)-manifold
Concept in theoretical physics
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Orientifold
Lie algebra, usually infinite-dimensional
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Kac–Moody_algebra
Theoretical process
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Hanany–Witten_transition
American physicist (1931–2023)
He died in Pasadena, California on April 21, 2023, at the age of 92. Polyakov action Stanley Deser, John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Chang, Kenneth (May
Stanley_Deser
Type of smooth complex surface of kodaira dimension 0
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
K3_surface
Framework of superstring theory
string theory, there is only one kind of string, which may look like a small loop or segment of ordinary string, and it can vibrate in different ways. On distance
M-theory
Generalization of a manifold
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Conifold
Type of geometry in mathematics
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Ricci-flat_manifold
Two-form field
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Kalb–Ramond_field
critical systems was suggested by Alexander Belavin, Alexander Markovich Polyakov and Alexander Zamolodchikov in 1984, which eventually led to the development
History of quantum field theory
History_of_quantum_field_theory
Collection of possible string theory vacua
"Counting flux vacua", JHEP 0401, 060 (2004). Baggott, Jim (2018). Quantum Space Loop Quantum Gravity and the Search for the Structure of Space, Time, and the
String_theory_landscape
Asymmetry of classical and quantum action
mean that a non-perturbative global anomaly cannot be captured by one loop or any loop perturbative Feynman diagram calculations—examples include the Witten
Anomaly_(physics)
Object in six-dimensional spacetime
Neveu Nielsen van Nieuwenhuizen Novikov Olive Ooguri Ovrut Polchinski Polyakov Rajaraman Ramond Randall Randjbar-Daemi Roček Rohm Sagnotti Scherk Schwarz
NS5-brane
Formalism in string theory
D'Hoker, Eric; Giddings, Steven B. (1987). "Unitarity of the closed bosonic Polyakov string". Nuclear Physics B. 291. Elsevier BV: 90–112. Bibcode:1987NuPhB
String_field_theory
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Hořava–Witten_theory
Definition of scientific term
PMID 9725825. Retrieved 2015-10-16. Sheval EV, Prusov AN, Kireev II, Fais D, Polyakov VY (2002). "Organization of higher-level chromatin structures (chromomere
Chromomere
1995 American crewed spaceflight to Mir
Commander Alexander Viktorenko; Flight Engineer Yelena Kondakova; and Valery Polyakov, a physician who had broken Titov's record for extended time in space.
STS-63
Process in particle physics
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Tachyon_condensation
Solitons in Euclidean spacetime
't Hooft–Polyakov monopoles play the role of instantons. In his 1977 paper Quark Confinement and Topology of Gauge Groups, Alexander Polyakov demonstrated
Instanton
Superstring quantization approach
have no branch cuts. Secondly, the OPEs must also closed. Lastly, the one-loop amplitudes must be modular invariant. The GSO projection is the projection
RNS_formalism
Candidate "Theory of Everything"
in a mathematically consistent way. In comparison, other theories such as loop quantum gravity are considered by physicists and researchers to be less elegant
Introduction_to_M-theory
Superstring quantization approach
Green, J. H. Schwarz, J. H., "Supersymmetrical Dual String Theory (III): Loops and Renormalization," Nucl. Phys. B198 (1982), 441–460. Green, Michael B
GS_formalism
Hypothetical faster-than-light particle
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Tachyon
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
N_=_2_superstring
Conjectured duality combining S-duality and T-duality
Neveu Nielsen van Nieuwenhuizen Novikov Olive Ooguri Ovrut Polchinski Polyakov Rajaraman Ramond Randall Randjbar-Daemi Roček Rohm Sagnotti Scherk Schwarz
U-duality
Invariant action in bosonic string theory
classical value. For strings the analog correction is provided by the Polyakov action, which is classically equivalent to the Nambu–Goto action, but gives
Nambu–Goto_action
Theories in particle physics and cosmology
been used to put weak limits on large extra dimensions. Kaluza–Klein theory Loop quantum cosmology "Session D9 - Experimental Tests of Short Range Gravitation"
Brane_cosmology
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
S-brane
Award
Anatoly Solovyev 1988 — Musa Manarov 1989 — Sergei Krikalev 1989 — Valeri Polyakov 1990 — Aleksandr Nikolayevich Balandin 1991 — Gennadi Manakov 1991 — Viktor
Pilot-Cosmonaut_of_the_USSR
Black brane solution in eleven-dimensional supergravity
Neveu Nielsen van Nieuwenhuizen Novikov Olive Ooguri Ovrut Polchinski Polyakov Rajaraman Ramond Randall Randjbar-Daemi Roček Rohm Sagnotti Scherk Schwarz
M5-brane
Set of equations that describe superstring theory in a non-perturbative framework
Neveu Nielsen van Nieuwenhuizen Novikov Olive Ooguri Ovrut Polchinski Polyakov Rajaraman Ramond Randall Randjbar-Daemi Roček Rohm Sagnotti Scherk Schwarz
Matrix_string_theory
52-dimensional exceptional simple Lie group
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
F4_(mathematics)
Quantum mechanical model based on mathematical matrices
Neveu Nielsen van Nieuwenhuizen Novikov Olive Ooguri Ovrut Polchinski Polyakov Rajaraman Ramond Randall Randjbar-Daemi Roček Rohm Sagnotti Scherk Schwarz
Matrix_theory_(physics)
Theory of rapid universe expansion
Sidney Coleman applied the instanton techniques developed by Alexander Polyakov and collaborators to study the fate of the false vacuum in quantum field
Cosmic_inflation
Elementary particle involved with rest mass
ISBN 978-981-238-231-3, containing Higgs's story of the Higgs Boson. Migdal, A. A.; Polyakov, A. M. (1966). "Spontaneous Breakdown of Strong Interaction Symmetry and
Higgs_boson
Simple Lie group; the automorphism group of the octonions
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
G2_(mathematics)
Mechanism in superstring theory
to see that a tree diagram cancels a one-loop diagram, but in reality, both of these diagrams arise as one-loop diagrams in superstring theory in which
Green–Schwarz_mechanism
Modular space station in low Earth orbit
non-toxic, water coolant loop used to cool and dehumidify the atmosphere, which transfers collected heat into an external liquid ammonia loop. From the heat exchangers
International_Space_Station
In physics and geometry: conjectured relation between pairs of Calabi–Yau manifolds
one-dimensional objects called strings. These strings look like small segments or loops of ordinary string. String theory describes how strings propagate through
Mirror symmetry (string theory)
Mirror_symmetry_(string_theory)
Theoretical framework in physics
non-Abelian gauge theories. The 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole was discovered theoretically by 't Hooft and Alexander Polyakov, flux tubes by Holger Bech Nielsen
Quantum_field_theory
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Ramond–Ramond_field
Extended objects found in string theory
two D-branes approach each other the interaction is captured by the one loop annulus amplitude of strings between the two branes. The scenario of two
D-brane
Mathematical symbol used in algebras
different duality properties. Instanton 't Hooft anomaly 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole 't Hooft loop 't Hooft, G. (1976). "Computation of the quantum effects due
't_Hooft_symbol
Generalization of electrodynamics
integrals of the force field or its dual over closed loops and they depend only on the homology class of the loop : therefore are homotopical in nature. A Recent
P-form_electrodynamics
Strong-weak duality in supersymmetric theories of theoretical physics
took a step forward in 1974 when Gerard 't Hooft and Alexander Markovich Polyakov independently constructed monopoles not as quantized point particles, but
Montonen–Olive_duality
248-dimensional exceptional simple Lie group
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
E8_(mathematics)
Property of a differential manifold that includes complex structures
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Generalized_complex_structure
Brane in eleven-dimensional supergravity
Neveu Nielsen van Nieuwenhuizen Novikov Olive Ooguri Ovrut Polchinski Polyakov Rajaraman Ramond Randall Randjbar-Daemi Roček Rohm Sagnotti Scherk Schwarz
M2-brane
Diagrams describing the matter content
superstring revolution String theory landscape Theory Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string
Quiver_diagram
POLYAKOV LOOP
POLYAKOV LOOP
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Natural; Original; Innate; Simply; Loop
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian
Loop; Autumn
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Spotted Deer; Name of a God; Loop Spotted Deer; Lord Krishna
POLYAKOV LOOP
POLYAKOV LOOP
Boy/Male
Tamil
Famous
Boy/Male
Tamil
Companionate person, Kind to others
Boy/Male
Indian
Mountain
Girl/Female
Tamil
Pranavasri | பà¯à®°à®¨à®¾à®µà®¾à®¸à®°à¯€
Om, Sacred Mantra
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Pronunciation
Girl/Female
Bengali, British, English, Indian
Shine
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : habitational name from places in Cheshire and Lancashire called Hollingworth, from Old English hole(g)n ‘holly’ + worð ‘enclosure’. The surname was taken to Ireland in the 17th century.Jewish (American) : presumably an Americanized form of some like-sounding Jewish name.
Male
English
Low German pet form of Latin Silvester, FESTER means "from the forest."
Boy/Male
Scandinavian Latin
Boy/Male
English
From the estate on the ridge.
POLYAKOV LOOP
POLYAKOV LOOP
POLYAKOV LOOP
POLYAKOV LOOP
POLYAKOV LOOP
n.
A stick with a hole in one end through which passes a loop, which can be drawn tightly over the upper lip or an ear of a horse. By twisting the stick the compression is made sufficiently painful to keep the animal quiet during a slight surgical operation.
a.
Bent, folded, or tied, so as to make a loop; as, a looped wire or string.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Loop
n.
A weaver's cutting instrument; for severing the loops of the pile threads of velvet.
n.
A wooden pin tapering toward both ends with a groove around its middle, fixed transversely in the eye of a rope to be secured to any other loop or bight or ring; a kind of button or frog capable of being readily engaged and disengaged for temporary purposes.
n.
A link or loop, as in a chain, fitted with a movable bolt, so that the parts can be separated, or the loop removed; a clevis.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Loop.
n. pl.
An extensive division of gastropod Mollusca in which the loop or visceral nerves is twisted, and the sexes separate. It is nearly to equivalent to Prosobranchiata.
imp. & p. p.
of Loop
n.
A wire for changing a loop from one needle to another, as in narrowing, etc.
n.
An instrument, as a bodkin, for forming a loop in yarn, a cord, etc.
v. t.
To make a loop of or in; to fasten with a loop or loops; -- often with up; as, to loop a string; to loop up a curtain.
a.
Provided with loopholes.
n.
A curve of any kind in the form of a loop.
n.
A small narrow opening or window in a tower or fortified wall; a loophole.
v.
A loop forming an eye to a button.
n.
The metal loop which travels around the ring surrounding the bobbin, in a ring spinner.
n.
A loop or sleeve with a screw thread at one end and a swivel at the other, -- used for tightening a rod, stay, etc.
n.
A small, narrow opening; a loophole.